• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2008

Purpose: It is important to determine the bucco-lingual inclination of implants on radiographs before the implant surgery. The purpose of this study was to compare the buccolingual inclination in alveolar bone and the tooth with dental cone beam CT and to prepare the standard for the buccolingual inclination of implant. Materials and Methods: Axial, panoramic, and buccolingually sectioned images of 80 implant cases with stent including straight marker using CB $Mercuray^{TM}$ (Hitachi, Japan) were evaluated. The comparison of the buccolingual inclination of remained alveolar bone with the tooth and the marker on butcolingually sectioned views was performed statistically. Results: The average buccolingual inclination of remained alveolar bone and tooth was $82.8{\pm}4.6^{\circ}\;and\;85.8{\pm}4.7^{\circ}$ (p<0.05, r=0.96) at the 1st molar area and $76.4{\pm}1.7^{\circ}\;and\;82.7{\pm}1.7^{\circ}$ respectively (p>0.05, r=0.12) at the 2nd premolar area in upper jaw. The average buccolingua1 inclination of remained alveolar bone and tooth was $81.3{\pm}8.3^{\circ}\;and\;87.5{\pm}6.3^{\circ}$ (p>0.05, r=0.85) at the lower 2nd premolar area and $94.3{\pm}6.6^{\circ}\;and\;93.3{\pm}7.2^{\circ}$ respectively (p>0.05, r=0.91) at the 1st molar area in lower jaw. The inclinations of markers were very different from those of remained bone at the most of areas except the upper 2nd premolar area (r=0.79). Conclusion: We recommend dental CBCT analysis for determining the buccolingual inclination of dental implant, because of significant difference, in average, between the bucco1ingual inclination of remained alveolar bone and tooth.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.447-457
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• 2022

Notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1 are the main active ingredients of Panax notoginseng, exhibiting anti-fatigue, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. In a previous study, a GH39 β-xylosidase Xln-DT was responsible for the bioconversion of saponin, a natural active substance with a xylose group, with high selectivity for cleaving the outer xylose moiety of notoginsenoside R1 at the C-6 position, producing ginsenoside Rg1 with potent anti-fatigue activity. The optimal bioconversion temperature, pH, and enzyme dosage were obtained by optimizing the transformation conditions. Under optimal conditions (pH 6.0, 75℃, enzyme dosage 1.0 U/ml), 1.0 g/l of notoginsenoside R1 was converted into 0.86 g/l of ginsenoside Rg1 within 30 min, with a molar conversion rate of approximately 100%. Furthermore, the in vivo anti-fatigue activity of notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1 were compared using a suitable rat model. Compared with the control group, the forced swimming time to exhaustion was prolonged in mice by 17.3% in the Rg1 high group (20 mg/kg·d). Additionally, the levels of hepatic glycogen (69.9-83.3% increase) and muscle glycogen (36.9-93.6% increase) were increased. In the Rg1 group, hemoglobin levels were also distinctly increased by treatment concentrations. Our findings indicate that treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 enhances the anti-fatigue effects. In this study, we reveal a GH39 β-xylosidase displaying excellent hydrolytic activity to produce ginsenoside Rg1 in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 2010

In this note, we extend the Bresar and Vukman's result [1, Proposition 1.6], which is well-known, to higher left derivations as follows: let R be a ring. (i) Under a certain condition, the existence of a nonzero higher left derivation implies that R is commutative. (ii) if R is semiprime, every higher left derivation on R is a higher derivation which maps R into its center.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.21 no.3 s.52
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• pp.138-141
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• 1982

The insecticides aldicarb$(Temik^{(R)}\;15G)$, carbofuran$(Curaterr^{(R)}\;3G)$, and disulfoton$(Disyston^{(R)}\;5G)$ were evaluated in the field for the control of the pine gall midges(Thecodiplosis joponensis Uchida et Inouye) at rate of 5 a.i.g/cm dbh using the method of circle-furrow treatment(ca. loom in furrow depth), apart 50cm Iron the trunk of the pine trees. In addition, for improving the application method of granular insecticides the effects of conventional circle-furrow treatment were compared with those of pit treatments and radical-furrow treatments. A single root-zone treatment of aldicarb and carbofuran i the pine trees was significanlty effective for the pressure of the gall incidence by the insects. Control effectiveness in three-pit treatment was identical with those in conventional circle-furrow treatment. The pit treatment compared with the circle-furrow and radical furrow treatments would be a further feasible method in saving labor cost.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.18 no.2 s.39
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• pp.111-116
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• 1979

The experiments were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of some insecticides in the control of the pine gall midges (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) when the low-volume of the insecticides were applied by the mist foliar sprayer. The insecticides, Salithion $(24\%\;Ec)$, Omethoate $(Folimat^{(R)}\;50\%\;Ec)$, Monocrotopos $(Azodrin^{(R)}24\%\;Ec)$, Acephate $(Ortran^{(R)}\;50\%\;Wp)$, Metalkamate $(Bux^{(R)}24\%\;Ec)$. BPMC $(Bassae^{(R)}50\%\;Ec)$ and MIPC $(Mipcin\;50\%\;Wp)$ were tested with 100, 200 and 400 times of water solution on the basis of single application at the six different intervals. Salithion was the most effective for the pressure of the gall formation by the pine gall midges and Omethoate, Monocrotophos and Metalkamate were relativey effective and others no effective. The most reliable concentration of the insecticides was 100 times of water solution, and the feasible timing of insecticide application on the basis of single application would be from May 9 to July 1 with Salithion, June 6 with Metalkamate and June 20 with Omethoate and Monocrotophos. The number of pine needles with the larval injured signs (no larvae in the needles) excluded the gall-formed needles were relatively higher in the treatments of Omethoate, Salithion and Monocrotophos than other insecticides. The treatments of Omethoate, Salithion and Monocrotophos caused the lower larval population in the gall than other insecticides.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1995

The crystal sructures of $X(Ca_{46}Al_{92}Si_{100}O_{384})$ and $Ca_{32}K_{28}-X(Ca_{32}K_{28}Al_{92}Si_{100}O_{384})$ dehydrated at $360^{\circ}C$ and $2{\times}10^{-6}$ Torr have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd3 at $21(1)^{\circ}C.$ Their structures were refined to the final error indices, R_1=0.096,\;and\;R_2=0.068$ with 166 reflections, and R_1=0.078\;and\;R_2=0.056$ with 130 reflections, respectively, for which I > $3\sigma(I).$ In dehydrated $Ca_{48}-X,\;Ca^{2+}$ ions are located at two different sites opf high occupancies. Sixteen $Ca^{2+}$ ions are located at site I, the centers of the double six rings $(Ca(1)-O(3)=2.51(2)\AA$ and thirty $Ca^{2+}$ ions are located at site II, the six-membered ring faces of sodalite units in the supercage. Latter $Ca^{2+}$ ions are recessed $0.44\AA$ into the supercage from the three O(2) oxygen plane (Ca(2)-O(2)= $2.24(2)\AA$ and $O(2)-Ca(2)-O(2)=119(l)^{\circ}).$ In the structure of $Ca_{32}K_{28}-X$, all $Ca^{2+}$ ions and $K^+$ ions are located at the four different crystallographic sites: 16 $Ca^{2+}$ ions are located in the centers of the double six rings, another sixteen $Ca^{2+}$ ions and sixteen $K^+$ ions are located at the site II in the supercage. These $Ca^{2+}$ ions adn $K^+$ ions are recessed $0.56\AA$ and $1.54\AA$, respectively, into the supercage from their three O(2) oxygen planes $(Ca(2)-O(2)=2.29(2)\AA$, $O(2)-Ca(2)-O(2)=119(1)^{\circ}$, $K(1)-O(2)=2.59(2)\AA$, and $O(2)-K(1)-O(2)=99.2(8)^{\circ}).$ Twelve $K^+$ ions lie at the site III, twofold axis of edge of the four-membered ring ladders inside the supercage $(K(2)-O(4)=3.11(6)\AA$ and $O(1)-K(2)-O(1)=128(2)^{\circ}).$

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1633-1637
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• 2005

Five different plant cell wall degrading enzymes were tested for their ability to release p -hydroxybenzoic acid from carrot alcohol insoluble residue (AIR) and cellulose fraction. Phenolics of AIR from cell wall materi민 (CWM) in carrot were found to consist primarily of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1,977 $\mu$g/g AIR) with minor contribution from vanillin (55.9 $\mu$g/g AIR), ferulic acid (13.6 $\mu$g/g AIR) and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (10.6 $\mu$g/g AIR). The contents of ferulic acid in Driselase, Cellulase, Macerozyme R-200, Macerozyme R-10 and Sumyzyme MC were 2,319, 2,060, 391, 95.2, 34.1 $\mu$g/g, respectively. Incubation of Driselase with AIR released only 2.8$\%$ of the total 4 M NaOH extractable p-hydroxybenzoic acid. These results indicate that commercial five plant cell wall dograding enzymes can not release P-hydroxybenzoic acid from carrot AIR and cellulose fraction.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare three different CAD/CAM systems through the fracture strength of zirconia core and to evaluate the clinical availability of each system. Material and methods: The following three groups of 30 maxillary mesial incisor core for all-ceramics(each group 10) were fabricated as follows: group 1. $Adens^{(R)}$ CAD/CAM system, group 2. $Cerasys^{(R)}$ CAD/CAM system, group 3. 3M $Lava^{(R)}$ CAD/CAM system. All specimens were manufactured consistently thickness 0.5mm and relief $40{\mu}m$. Specimens were subjected to compressive loading on the lingual area by Z250/$SN5S^{(R)}$. Each group's mean and standard deviation were calculated and Kruskal Waillis test, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test were utilized to find out the relationship among the groups. Results: The results were as follows: 1. The mean fracture strength of $Adens^{(R)}$ system was $615.89{\pm}156.1N$, the $Cerasys^{(R)}$ system was $863.98{\pm}151.5N$, and the 3M $Lava^{(R)}$ system was $1143.1{\pm}286.6N$. 2. The fracture strength of the systems showed the significant statistical differences in order of 3M $Lava^{(R)}$ system, $Cerasys^{(R)}$ system, $Adens^{(R)}$ system. Conclusion: In this study, in spite of the differences among the groups, every group showed clinically useful results. It is necessary to study further clinical experiments on a long term basis.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.13D no.4 s.107
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• pp.463-476
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• 2006

R-trees have been traditionally optimized for the I/O performance with the disk page as the tree node. Recently, researchers have proposed cache-conscious variations of R-trees optimized for the CPU cache performance in main memory environments, where the node size is several cache lines wide and more entries are packed in a node by compressing MBR keys. However, because there is a big difference between the node sizes of two types of R-trees, disk-optimized R-trees show poor cache performance while cache-optimized R-trees exhibit poor disk performance. In this paper, we propose a cache and disk optimized R-tree, called the PR-tree (Prefetching R-tree). For the cache performance, the node size of the PR-tree is wider than a cache line, and the prefetch instruction is used to reduce the number of cache misses. For the I/O performance, the nodes of the PR-tree are fitted into one disk page. We represent the detailed analysis of cache misses for range queries, and enumerate all the reasonable in-page leaf and nonleaf node sizes, and heights of in-page trees to figure out tree parameters for best cache and I/O performance. The PR-tree that we propose achieves better cache performance than the disk-optimized R-tree: a factor of 3.5-15.1 improvement for one-by-one insertions, 6.5-15.1 improvement for deletions, 1.3-1.9 improvement for range queries, and 2.7-9.7 improvement for k-nearest neighbor queries. All experimental results do not show notable declines of the I/O performance.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.951-959
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• 1994

A sequence ${X_j : j \geq 1}$ of random variables is said to be pairwise positive quadrant dependent (pairwise PQD) if for any real $r-i,r_j$ and $i \neq j$ $$ P{X_i > r_i,X_j > r_j} \geq P{X_i > r_i}P{X_j > r_j} $$ (see [8]) and a sequence ${X_j : j \geq 1}$ of random variables is said to be associated if for any finite collection ${X_{i(1)},...,X_{j(n)}}$ and any real coordinatewise nondecreasing functions f,g on $R^n$ $$ Cov(f(X_{i(1)},...,X_{j(n)}),g(X_{j(1)},...,X_{j(n)})) \geq 0, $$ whenever the covariance is defined (see [6]). Instead of association Cox and Grimmett's [4] original central limit theorem requires only that positively linear combination of random variables are PQD (cf. Theorem $A^*$).