• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.262-267
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• 2007

Purpose : The prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in a certain community reflects that community's living standards and hygienic conditions. And the pattern of HAV infection differs over time and geography. Recently, a shift in prevalence has been observed in cases from chilhood to adulthood. We studied the HAV antibody prevalence in the general population in Busan. Methods : From October 2004 to March 2005, total 472 subjects were tested for HAV antibodies. All samples were collected from patients in Maryknol Hospital. Results : The overall seropositive rate was 22.8% (108/472). The seropositive rates were 1.7% in subjects aged 2-5 years, 1.7% in 6-10 years, 0% in 11-20 years, 40.5% in 21-30 years, 82.1% in 31-40 years, 94.7% in 41-50 years, and 100% in subjects aged over 50 years. There was no significant gap between gender groups. Conclusion : As the socioeconomic conditions in Korea have improved, the HAV seropositive rate in school-aged children has dramatically decreased in the last 20 years. But, the seropositive rate of HAV didn't differ according to gender. The seropositive rate of HAV in the pediatric group was very low, which suggests the increasing possibility of clinical HAV infection in adults in the near future. Therefore, we should actively prevent the spread of hepatits A virus. In order to do that, we need to reorganize our lifestyle and personel hygiene and carry out active and passive immunization to high risk groups.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3209-3212
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• 2012

Introduction: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal malignancy in the older population, but it is also quite frequent among young adults in developing countries. The aim of this study was to update the trends of clinicopathological features of CRC in young Nepalese. Methods: A retrospective comparative study on the data retrieved from the surgical records of all patients between 20 to 39 years of age with CRC was carried out for periods of 5 years each from 1999 to 2003 (early) and 2004 to 2008 (recent), treated at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Results: The number of young adults with CRC increased from 28 to 34. However, the proportion of young patients in both groups was 28% of all CRC patients. The mean ages were $34{\pm}4.7$ and $31.8{\pm}5.1$ years in early and recent 5 years, respectively, and the male female ratio changed from 2:3 to 4:3. Abdominal pain as the most common presenting symptom was replaced by bleeding per rectum in recent years. The mean duration from onset of symptoms to seeking medical advice decreased from 7.8 months to 5.6 months in recent years. More patients (85.3%) were subjected to endoscopic examination in recent years than early years (60.7%) and right colonic cancer increased from 10.7% to 26.5%. However, the rectum was the commonest site in both early (71.4%) and recent (50%) groups. CRC was detected significantly at an earlier stage (7.1% vs 32.4%) in recent years with large proportion of modified Dukes B stage. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma was the predominant histology in both groups (50% vs 60.7%). Curative resection had risen in recent years (39.3% vs 73.6%). Conclusion: CRC among Nepalese young adults accounts for a high incidence (28%) of all CRC cases. Although right sided colonic cancer has been increasing, rectum is the commonest site. There is also an increasing trend for diagnosis at earlier stages of the disease which can be treated with curative intent.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.568-579
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• 2001

This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of Korean diet in the view of food and food group intakes. The study subjects consisted of preschool children(PC), elementary school children(EC), high school students(HS), college students(CS), and adults over 30 years old living Seoul and the surrounding areas. The subjects over 30 years old were classified to 30-49 years, 50-69 years, and over 70 years. A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method and data were collected from 2392 subjects. Rice was a major contributor to many nutrients intake because of the amount of consumption. Vegetable oil made great contribution to fat intakes and eggs, squid, and anchovy supplied much cholesterol compared to other foods in all the age groups. Milk was major contributor of fat and cholesterol as well as calcium in younger age group, and seasoning gave much contribution to iron intakes. Mean dietary variety score(DVS) was 32 for EC group and 17 for subjects over 70 years, and tended to decrease along the increasing age. EC group consumed most variable number of foods of all groups but they consumed many junk foods, therefore the MAR value was low despite their high DVS value. Mean dietary diversity score(DDS) of each age group from PC group to subjects over 70 years was 4.34, 4.28, 3.79, 3.89, 3.76, 3.56, and 3.25, respectively. Food group, which was consumed below the minimum amount, was mainly fruits in all the age groups, and many subjects in HS group and over 30 years consumed dairy products below the minimum amount. From these results, age specific nutritional problems were found. PC group and subjects over 50 years seemed to need more diverse food intake than now, EC group did nutrient dense food, and HS group and subjects over 30 years did dairy products. Also, subjects took various nutrients from rice and seasoning contributed to some nutrients intakes. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 568∼579, 2001)

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.361-372
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the status of calcium intake and serum calcium level in perimenopausal women. The age distribution of the subjects was 49-55 years. Daily nutrient intake and dietary sources of calcium were analyzed by a convenient method and a food frequency questionnaire. At the same time, fasting blood samples were collected and serum calcium concentration was measured. The BMD of subjects was measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Fifty percent of the subjects under 50 years of age ($\leq$49 yr group) and 66.9% of the subjects from 50 years and up ($\geq$50 yr group) were classified as osteopenia or osteoporosis. Intake of energy (p<0.001), protein (p<0.05), fat (p<0.05), calcium (p<0.01) was significantly different between $\leq$49 yr group and $\geq$50 yr group. Mean daily intake of calcium was much lower than the Korean RDA : 94.9% in $\leq$49 yr group and 87.4% in $\geq$50 yr group. The average concentration of total calcium in serum was within the normal range in $\leq$49 yr group. Serum calcium concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) different between $\leq$49 yr group and $\geq$50 yr group. It was noteworthy that serum calcium concentration was positively related to the intake of protein, fat and calcium. Lettuce, sea mustard, bean-curd, anchovy, radish and perilla leaf was included among the major sources of dietary calcium. Further investigation is necessary to make sure of the relations between BMD and serum calcium level and calcium intake.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.250-259
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to confirm that calcium intake and healthy status play a role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, to assure that calcium intake and regular exercise are important in reducing serum lipid levels in middle-aged women. Daily nutrient intakes were analyzed by convenient method. Anthropometric measurement such as body weight and height and blood pressure were measured. The subjects divided into two groups : women in group I under 50 years of age($\leq$49 yr group) and those in group II 50 years up($\geq$50 yr group). Average ages of group I and II were 43.87 and 53.46 years. The nutrients intake of subjects were higher than Korean recommended dietary allowances(KRDA) except calorie, iron, calcium, vitamin B1. They showed significant difference each other in vitamin B2(p<0.05), calcium(p<0.01) intake. Mean daily calcium intake was 540.88mg in $\leq$49 yr group and 519.50mg in $\geq$50 yr group. The levels of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure, Atherogenic Index(AI), LDL/HDL and Cardiac Index(CI) were increased with age. The triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations and LDL/HDL in $\geq$50 yr group were significantly higher than those of $\leq$49 yr group. There was a highly significantly positive correlation between age and triglyceride, total cholesterol and Atherogenic Index(AI). Triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol concentration and Atherogenic Index(AI) were positively correlated with body weight and WHR(waist-hip ratio). Also ther was a significantly negative correlation between exercise and Cardiac Index(CI). Also a significantly negative correlation was found between Ca intake and LDL-cholesterol. Exercise and Cardiac Index(CI) also had a significantly negative relation. The results suggest that increased habitual physical activity and calcium intake should be recommended as a way of decreasing blood lipids and blood pressure in middle-aged women.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.51-61
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• 2018

Introduction: This study evaluated whether body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) cut-offs for predicting metabolic syndrome (MetS) were different according to Sasang constitutional type. Methods: Data were obtained from 3,117 South Koreans (20-90 years old), and MetS was defined according to the revised NCEP-ATPIII criteria. Age-adjusted BMI and WC cut-offs were calculated according to Sasang constitutional type (Soyangin [SY], Taeeumin [TE], and Soeumin [SE]), sex, and age (men: ${\geq}40$ vs. <40 years, women: ${\geq}50$ vs. <50 years). Results: The prevalences of MetS were 29.9% (<40-year-old men), 35.1% (${\geq}40$-year-old men), 14.8% (<50-year-old women), and 47.7% (${\geq}50$-year-old women). The BMI ($kg/m^2$) and WC (cm) cut-offs for <40-year-old men were 25.9 and 89.9 (SY), 25.5 and 90.5 (TE), and 21.8 and 86.2 (SE). The cut-offs for ${\geq}40$-year-old men were 23.1 and 88.9 (SY), 25.0 and 89.9 (TE), and 22.2 and 87.5 (SE). The BMI and WC cut-offs for <50-year-old women were 22.5 and 81.2 (SY), 25.1 and 83.0 (TE), and 21.5 and 79.8 (SE). The cut-offs for ${\geq}50$-year-old women were 22.2 and 80.5 (SY), and 25.2 and 89.1 (TE), and 21.9 and 80.3 (SE). Conclusions: The BMI and WC cut-offs for identifying MetS varied according to Sasang constitution type.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.243-254
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• 2019

This study investigates the yoga clothing market for women over 50 years old. The study found that the target demographic felt that many brands were participating in the Yoga Wear market, but most targeted 20-30 year old women. They felt it was difficult to find brands for women over 50 years old. One common complaint by the target demographic was that they experienced discomfort when wearing Yoga Wear currently available in the market. They attributed this to the fact that even the largest sizes available were not appropriate for their body size. They also noted that there is a large variety of designs presently available in the market; however, most are too colorful and revealing for their tastes. Females in their 50s or older preferred less colorful and less revealing clothes. They noted that they reacted sensitively to fat in the forearms due to changes in body shape as they grew older and wanted looser clothes. Elasticity and hygroscopicity of material are therefore very important buying criteria for the target demographic. These criteria were used to propose a prototype yoga suit designed for women over 50 years old.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.2137-2139
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• 2013

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females, worldwide, accounting for 22.9% of all cancers (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) in females. Mammography is a sensitive (77-95%) and specific (94-97%) screening method for breast cancer. Previously, females between the 40-50 years old were recommended to have mammograms every one to two years. However, based on current evidence, in 2009, USPSTF recommended that the decision to start regular, biennial screening mammography for females younger than 50 years should be an individual decision and take patient context into account, including the patient's values regarding specific benefits and harms. This decision was based on findings regarding radiation exposure, false-positive and false-negative rates, over-diagnosis, and pain and psychological responses. The goal of this paper is to focus on evidence for updating the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation against routine mammography for females between 40-49 years of age.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.44-49
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and mortality for hip fracture in the elderly in Jeju-do. Methods : We enrolled 254 cases among 318 patients older than 50 years of age with a hip fracture during two years period(2003-2004). We investigated the incidence and mortality during follow up 3~4 years period until December 31, 2007. Results : The crude incidences of hip fracture the age group ${\geq}50$ years were 141(11.2/10,000) in 2003, 177(13.6/10,000) in 2004, and 249(17.0/10,000), 69(6.3/10,000) for women and men, respectively. The mean age of them was 78.3 years, male was 69(21.7%), female was 249(78.3%) among 318 patients. Survivor was in the 146(57.5%), death was in the 108(42.5%) among 254 cases period for follow up. In the death group, activity was significantly lower at the time of post-fracture 3(p=0.013), 6(p=0.000), and 12 months(p=0.000). The mortality of hip fracture and crude death rate(CDR) were 108(42.5%, n=254), 11,884(1.7%, n=675,889) in 2003~2007 in Jeju. Conclusion : Developing and applying a variety of activity programs that increase activity in post-fracture may improve activities of daily living, reduce burden of family and society, be useful in improving the quality of life and ultimately lower the mortality.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.216-223
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• 2010

The study deals with classification of drought-flood intensity using Z index based on the precipitation data in Hyesan of the past 50 years(1957~2006). The frequencies of years and four seasons of flood drought and their change features have also been analyzed based on tendency analysis and MESA and wavelet methods. Results show that the annual and seasonal frequencies of flood-drought exceed 24% in Hyesan and flood-drought disasters have been high frequency. Inter-decadal variability seems to be clear in autumn but those of inter-annual variability are obvious in other three seasons and years. Recently the probability of drought disaster become higher in autumn. The flood disaster in other three seasons and years are estimated to become higher in the future.