• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.257-257
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• 2010

One of the critical issues for applications of flexible organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) for flexible electronic systems is the electrical stabilities of the OTFT devices, including variation of the current on/off ratio ($I_{on}/I_{off}$), leakage current, threshold voltage, and hysteresis, under repetitive mechanical deformation. In particular, repetitive mechanical deformation accelerates the degradation of device performance at the ambient environment. In this work, electrical stabilities of the pentacene organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) employing multi-stack hybrid encapsulation layers were investigated under mechanical cyclic bending. Flexible bottom-gated pentacene-based OTFTs fabricated on flexible polyimide substrate with poly-4-vinyl phenol (PVP) dielectric as a gate dielectric were encapsulated by the plasma-deposited organic layer and atomic layer deposited inorganic layer. For cyclic bending experiment of flexible OTFTs, the devices were cyclically bent up to $10^5$ times with 5mm bending radius. In the most of the devices after $10^5$ times of bending cycles, the off-current of the OTFT with no encapsulation layers was quickly increased due to increases in the conductivity of the pentacene caused by doping effects from $O_2$ and $H_2O$ in the atmosphere, which leads to decrease in the $I_{on}/I_{off}$ and increase in the hysteresis. With encapsulation layers, however, the electrical stabilities of the OTFTs were improved significantly. In particular, the OTFTs with multi-stack hybrid encapsulation layer showed the best electrical stabilities up to the bending cycles of $10^5$ times compared to the devices with single organic encapsulation layer. Changes in electrical properties of cyclically bent OTFTs with encapsulation layers will be discussed in detail.

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.2496-2503
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• 2018

The short-term stability of high efficiency polymer : nonfullerene solar cells was investigated by employing a quick (ten cycles) current density-voltage (J-V) cycling method. Polymer : nonfullerene solar cells with initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) of >10% were fabricated using bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films of poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5,7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione))] (PBDB-T) and 3,9-bis(2-methylene-((3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-6/7-methyl)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (IT-M). One set of the BHJ (PBDB-T : IT-M) films was thermally annealed at $160^{\circ}C$ for 30min, while another set was used without any thermal treatment after spin-coating. The quick J-V scan (cycling) measurement disclosed that the PCE decay was relatively slower for the annealed BHJ layers than the unannealed (as-cast) BHJ layers. As a result, after ten cycles, the annealed BHJ layers delivered higher PCE than the unannealed BHJ layers due to higher and more stable trend in fill factor. The present quick J-V cycling method is simple but expected to be useful for the prediction of short-term stability in organic solar cells.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2010

토양유기탄소는 산림의 형성에 도움을 주며, 대기 중의 이산화탄소양을 조절함으로써 지구 온난화에 영향을 미치는 중요한 인자 중 하나이다. 토양에 존재하는 인자의 분포를 정확히 파악하려면 모든 지역에 대해 샘플링을 수행 해야하나 이는 매우 비현실적인 방법이다. 따라서 알맞은 모델을 제작하여 토양유기탄소의 분포를 추정할 수 있다면 그 활용도가 높을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 의사결정나무 알고리즘을 이용해 경사 데이터, 경사향 데이터, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), 식생의 형태 데이터로부터 토양유기탄소를 상대적으로 다량 함유하고 있는 환경 인자를 파악할 수 있는 모델을 제작했으며, 정확도 검증은 10 집단 교차 검정을 통해 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 See 5와 Weka 소프트웨어를 이용하였다. See5 소프트웨어의 경우, 토양유기탄소 표층에 대해 식생의 형태에 의해 토양유기탄소량이 결정되는 것으로 나타났으며, 중간층에 대해서는 DEM에 의해 토양유기탄소량이 달라진다는 결론이 도출됐다. 생성된 모델의 정확도는 표층에 대해 70.8%, 중간층에 대해 64.7%인 것으로 나타났다. Weka 소프트웨어의 경우, 토양유기탄소 샘플의 표층에 대해 See5와 동일한 결과가 도출되었지만, 중간층에 대해서는 DEM이나 식생의 형태뿐만 아니라 경사향도 영향을 미친다는 결론이 도출되었다. 생성된 모델의 정확도는 표층에 대해 68.98%, 중간층에 대해 60.65%인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 토양유기탄소량의 파악 및 토양유기탄소 지도 제작에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 지구물리
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2002

지표레이다(GPR)를 이용하여 하상 퇴적물 조사를 수행하였다. 조사지역은 수심이 약 2.5 m 정도로 얕고, 물이 흐르지 않는 호수이며, 조사대상인 뻘(mud)층의 두께가 얇아 GPR이 매우 효율적인 탐사방법이다. 조사결과 수심하부 층서구조, 즉 mud층, 모래층, 자갈 및 기반암의 구조를 확실하게 파악할 수 있었다. 특히 mud층의 분포 및 총 퇴적량은 향후 이 지역에서의 준설을 위한 기초자료로 매우 중요하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.58-61
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• 1980

Water movements at nine different layers were observed from July 31 to August 2, 1976 at station H, which has water depth 42 meters and 3km far from the coast of Wolsong, and dispersion coefficients were computed from these current data, then relative magnitudes of dispersion coefficients were calculated at each layers. Relative magnitudes of dispersion coefficients based on the surface value are 62% at 5m layer, 24% at 10m layer, 20% at 15m and 20m layers, 17% at 25m layer, 24% at 30m layer, 28% at 35m layer and 15% at bottom layer, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.946-951
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• 2010

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of blood meal (BM) as a source of histidine, and magnesium oxide (MgO) as a catalyst of carnosine synthetase, on carnosine (L-Car) content in the chicken breast muscle (CBM), laying performance, and egg quality of spent old hens. Four hundred eighty laying hens (Hy-Line$^{(R)}$ Brown), 95wk old, were allotted randomly into five replicates of six dietary treatments: T1; 100% basal diet, T2; 100% basal diet+MgO, T3; 97.5% basal diet+2.5% BM, T4; 97.5% basal diet+2.5% BM+MgO, T5; 95% basal diet+5% BM, T6; 95% basal diet+5% BM+MgO. Magnesium oxide was added at 0.3% of diets. The layers were fed experimental diets for 5wk. There were no significant differences in the weekly L-Car content in CBM among all treatments during the total experimental period, but some of the contrast comparisions showed higher L-Car in CBM of T6. The L-Car contents linearly decreased (p<0.01 or p<0.05) as the layers got older except in T4 (p>0.05). There were significant differences in egg weight (p<0.01) and soft and broken egg ratio (p<0.05). The control (T1) was highest in egg weight and T6 was lowest in soft and broken egg ratio. Among the parameters of egg quality, there were significant differences in eggshell strength (p<0.01) and egg yolk color (p<0.05). Magnesium oxide supplementation increased the eggshell strength and BM tended to decrease egg yolk color. Eggshell color, eggshell thickness, and Haugh unit were not influenced by BM and MgO. In conclusion, BM and MgO did not significantly influence the L-Car in CBM of spent layers. The L-Car content rapidly decreased as the layers became senescent. Eggshell strength was increased by MgO supplementation.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2005

Methods used to study carbon sequestration by soil aggregates have often excluded the concentric spatial variability and other dynamic processes that contribute to resource accessibility and solute transport within aggregates. We investigated the spatial gradients of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) from the exterior to interior layers within macroaggregates, $6.3\sim9.5$ mm, sampled from conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) sites of a Hoytville silt clay loam. Spatial gradients in C accumulation within macroaggregates were related to the differences in C dynamics by determining the sizes and the turnover rates of fast C and slow C pools in the concentric layers of aggregates. Aggregate exteriors contained more labile C and were characterized by greater C mineralization rates than their interiors in both management systems. In contrast, C in the interior layers of aggregates was more resistant in both systems. These results indicated the spatial differentiation of C dynamics within macroaggregates, i.e., exterior layers as a reactive site and interior layers as a protective site. Greater total C distribution in the exterior layers of NT aggregates indicated more influx of C from the macropores in interaggregate space than C. mineralization (net gain of C), whereas lower C distribution within the exterior layers of CT aggregates indicated net loss of C by greater C mineralization than C influx. We found total C increased approximately 1.6-fold by the conversion of CT soils to NT management systems for a period of 36 years. Differences in total accumulation and the spatial distribution of C within aggregates affected by management were attributed to the differences in aggregate stability and pore networks controlling the spatial heterogeneities of resource availability and microbial activity within aggregates.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.302-307
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• 2006

The formation and processing of organic insulators on the device performance have been studied in the fabrication of organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). The series of polyvinyls, poly-4-vinyl phenol(PVP) and polyvinyltoluene (PVT), were used as solutes and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate(PGMEA) as a solvent in the formation of organic insulators. The cross-linking of organic insulators was also attempted by adding the thermosetting material, poly (melamine-co-formaldehyde) as a hardener in the compound. The electrical characteristics measured in the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures showed that insulating properties of PVP layers were generally superior to those of PVT layers. Among the layers of PVP series: PVP(10 wt%) copolymer, 5 wt% cross-linked PVP(10 wt%), PVP(20 wt%) copolymer, 5 wt% cross-linked PVP(20 wt%) and 10 wt% cross-linked PVP(20 wt%), the 10 wt% cross-linked PVP(20 wt%) layer showed the lowest leakage current characteristics. Finally, inverted staggered OTFTs using the PVP(20 wt%) copolymer, 5 wt% cross-linked PVP(20 wt%) and 10 wt% cross-linked PVP(20 wt%) as gate insulators were fabricated on the polyether sulphone (PES) substrates. In our experiments, we could obtain the maximum field effect mobility of 0.31 $cm^2/Vs$ in the device from 5 wt% cross-linked PVP(20 wt%) and the highest on/off current ratio of $1.92{\times}10^5$ in the device from 10 wt% cross-linked PVP(20 wt%).

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.308-311
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• 2008

Oxide layers were prepared on Al2021 alloys substrate under a hybrid voltage of AC 200 V (60 Hz) combined with DC 260 V value at room temperature within $5{\sim}60\;min$ by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). An optimized aluminate-fluorosilicate solution was used as the electrolytes. The surface morphology, thickness and composition of layers on Al2021 alloys at different reaction times were studied. The results showed that it is possible to generate oxide layers of good properties on Al2021 alloys in aluminate-fluorosilicate electrolytes. Analysis show that the double-layer structure oxide layers consist of different states such as ${\alpha}-{Al_2}{O_3}$ and ${\gamma}-{Al_2}{O_3}$. For short treatment times, the formation process of oxide layers follows a linear kinetics, while for longer times the formation process slows down and becomes a steady stage. During the PEO processes, the average size of the discharge channels increased gradually as the PEO treatment time increased.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제28권5_6호
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• pp.1347-1358
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• 2010

An upright drawing of a planar graph G on k layers is a planar straight-line drawing of G, where the vertices of G are placed on a set of k horizontal lines, called layers and no two adjacent vertices are placed on the same layer. There is a previously known algorithm that decides in linear time whether a planar graph admits an upright drawing on k layers for a fixed value of k. However, the constant factor in the running time of the algorithm increases exponentially with k and makes it impractical even for k = 3. In this paper, we give a linear-time algorithm to examine whether a biconnected planar graph G admits an upright drawing on three layers and to obtain such a drawing if it exists. We also give a necessary and sufficient condition for a tree to have an upright drawing on three layers. Our algorithms in both the cases are much simpler and easier to implement than the previously known algorithms.