• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.131-142
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• 2003

본 연구는 유우의 생산성 향상을 위하여 유우 사료에 fibrolytic enzyme을 첨가하여 반추위내 발효 성상과 비유중인 젖소의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 본 실험의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. In vitro 실험을 통하여 NDF 함량 수준이 다른 TMR 사료에 fibrolytic enzyme을 3가지 수준(0, 0.05, 0.1%)으로 달리하여 첨가하였을 때 나타난 NDF 소화율은 효소 첨가시 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 NDF 수준별로는 NDF 38 및 43% 수준보다 NDF 34% 수준에서 NDF 소화율이 낮은 경향을 나타내었는데 이는 본 시험 사료의 조성 성분으로 보아 NDF 성분 구성상 hemicellulose 함량이 높아 이 점이 반추위내 NDF 소화율에 영향을 주었다고 사료된다. 반추위액의 pH는 fibrolytic enzyme의 첨가 수준에 의한 영향보다는 NDF 수준에 의해 영향을 더 받은 것으로 나타났으며(P<0.001) NH3-N 생성도 전체적으로 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가에 따른 효과가 나타나지 않았다. Acetic acid의 생성량은 NDF 수준에 의해 유의한 영향을 받았으나 (P<0.05) propionic acid의 생성량은 처리구간에 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. Acetic acid와 propionic acid 생성량 모두 효소 첨가에 의한 영향은 유의하게 나타나지 않았고 A/P ratio는 NDF 34% 수준의 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가구에서 무첨가구에 비해 다소 높은 경향을 나타내었다. CMCase의 효소 활성은 NDF 34 및 43% 수준에서 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가구(0.05, 0.1%)가 무첨가구에 비해 높은 효소 활성을 보였다. Xylanase의 효소 활성은 배양 개시 후 0시간대부터 12시간대까지는 효소 활성이 완만히 감소하였고 24시간 이후부터는 급격히 감소하였다. In vivo 실험을 이용하여 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가에 따른 착유우의 생산성 변화 결과는 다음과 같다. Fibrolytic enzyme 첨가에 의한 산유량은 enzyme 첨가구와 무첨가구에서 각각 25.80 및 23.90kg/d로서 enzyme 첨가구에서 약 8% (1.90kg/d) 증가하는 결과를 나타내었다. 유지방 및 유단백 함량의 경우는 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가구와 무첨가구간 차이가 없었으나 일일 생산량으로 환산하여 평가하면 enzyme 첨가시 유성분 생산량이 유의하게 증가하는 결과를 보였다 (P<0.01). 이상의 결과들로 볼 때, in vitro 실험의 경우 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가시 반추위내 발효성상에 명확한 변화를 보여주지 못했지만 enzyme 첨가에 따라 전반적으로 NDF 소화율이 다소나마 증가하는 경향을 보였다. In vivo 실험 결과를 종합하면 착유우 사료에 fibrolytic enzyme을 첨가시 유성분의 변화보다 유량의 증가 효과가 나타났으며 이는, 사료섭취량을 제한한 본 실험의 특성상, 사료섭취량 증진 효과가 아니라 체내 영양소 이용성 증진에 따르는 효과라고 판단되었다. 반추동물의 생산성 향상을 위한 방안으로서 fibrolytic enzyme 이용 효과는 연구자에 따라 다양한 결과를 나타내므로 효소의 적용 방법에 대한 연구가 더 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.251-263
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• 2020

Flagellin, a major structural protein of the flagellum found in all motile bacteria, activates the TLR5- or NLRC4 inflammasome-dependent signaling pathway to induce innate immune responses. Flagellin can also serve as a specific antigen for the adaptive immune system and stimulate anti-flagellin antibody responses. Failure to recognize commensal-derived flagellin in TLR5-deficient mice leads to the reduction in anti-flagellin IgA antibodies at steady state and causes microbial dysbiosis and mucosal barrier breach by flagellated bacteria to promote chronic intestinal inflammation. Despite the important role of anti-flagellin antibodies in maintaining the intestinal homeostasis, regulatory mechanisms underlying the flagellin-specific antibody responses are not well understood. In this study, we show that flagellin induces interferon-β (IFN-β) production and subsequently activates type I IFN receptor signaling in a TLR5- and MyD88-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. Internalization of TLR5 from the plasma membrane to the acidic environment of endolysosomes was required for the production of IFN-β, but not for other pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, we found that anti-flagellin IgG2c and IgA responses were severely impaired in interferon-alpha receptor 1 (IFNAR1)-deficient mice, suggesting that IFN-β produced by the flagellin stimulation regulates anti-flagellin antibody class switching. Our findings shed a new light on the regulation of flagellin-mediated immune activation and may help find new strategies to promote the intestinal health and develop mucosal vaccines.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2006

본 연구는 젖소에 있어서 삭제가 유 생산성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 2003년부터 2004년까지 2년간에 걸쳐 축산연구소 개방형 깔짚 우사에서 사육중인 홀스타인 착유우 17두를 대상으로 처리구 9두 및 대조구 8두를 공시하였고 삭제는 분만 후 20일을 전후하여 1회에 한해 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 유기에 따른 두당 1일 유량은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 $28.5{\pm}1.37kg$ 및 $29.0{\pm}0.54kg$, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 $24.5{\pm}0.59kg$ 및 $25.6{\pm}0.60kg$, 201일 이상의 경우 $19.9{\pm}0.42kg$ 및 $19.4{\pm}0.48kg$으로 두당 1일 유량은 유기에 따라 대조구와 삭제구간에 거의 비슷한 수준으로 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 305일 보정유량에 있어서도 대조구와 삭제구가 각각 $7,235{\pm}371$ 및 $7,472{\pm}356kg$으로 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 2. 유기에 따른 체세포수는 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 $220.4{\pm}27.4$ 및 $125.0{\pm}21.1x10^3\;cell/ml$로 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다. $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 $167.8{\pm}28.2$ 및 $147.8{\pm}18.2x10^3\;cells/ml$, 201일 이상의 경우 $125.8{\pm}27.2$ 및 $237.1{\pm}90.0X10^3\;cells/ml$로 101일 이상에서는 유기에 따라 대조구와 삭제구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다. 3. 유기에 따른 유지방은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 3.86% 및 3.56%, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 4.01 % 및 3.76%, 201일 이상의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 4.29% 및 3.78%로 201일 이상의 유기의 경우에 대조구와 삭제구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다. 유단백은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 3.22% 및 3.03%, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 공히 3.21%, 201일 이상의 경우 3.50% 및 3.28%로 유단백도 201일 이상의 유기의 경우에만 대조구와 삭제구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다. 유당은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 4.76% 및 4.81%, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 4.84% 및 4.74%, 201일 이상의 경우 4.59% 및 4.50%로 유당은 전유기에 걸쳐 대조구와 삭제구간에 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 유고형분은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 12.43% 및 12.36%, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 12.78% 및 12.44%, 201일 이상의 경우 13.17% 및 11.30%로 201일 이상의 유기의 경우에만 대조구와 삭제 구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2007

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Bo-du-san (BOS) on apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells, SNU-l cells. BOS, a drug preparation consisting of two herbs, that is, Crotonis Fructus (Strychni ignatii Semen, bodu in Korean) and Glycyrrhizae Radix (Glycyrrhizae uralensis FISCH, Gamcho in Korean). Methodss : In this study, methanol extract of BOS was examined for cytotoxic activity on human gastric cancer cells, SNU-1 cells, using XTT assay, with an IC50 value was 0.7 mg/ml and 0.3 mg/ml at 24 hrs and 48 hrs, respectively. Apoptosis induction by BDS in SNU-l cells was verified by the induction of DNA fragmentation, cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), and activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9. Inhibitors of caspase-3, -8 and -9 (Ac-DEVD-CHO, Z-IETD-FMK and Z-LEHD-FMK) efficiently blocked BOS-induced cell death of SNU-l. Resultss : BOS-induced cell death was via caspase dependent apoptosis. Moreover, treatment of BOS result in the decrease the G1/S cycle regulation proteins (cyclin D1 and E) expression and increase CDK inhibitor proteins (p21 and p27) expression, and increase apoptotic protein, p53 expression. Thus, BOS induces apoptosis in SNU-1 cells via cell cycle arrested in G1 phase. Conclusions : These results indicated that BOS has some potential for use as an anti-cancer agent.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.205-220
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the addition of glycine betaine to the diet on growth performance in pigs. A total of 400 pigs were divided into 4 feeding stages(Growing I: 23.10 $\pm$ 1.43, Growing II: 37.69$\pm$ 1.62, Finishing I: 66.51 $\pm$3.44 and Finishing II: 90.42$\pm$ 2.17 kg of initial body weight) then each feeding stage was divided into 4 treatment groups(Control: 0 0/0, Tl : 0.2 0/0, T2: 0.4% and T3 : 0.6 % of glycine betaine, respectively). The average daily gain and feed efficiency of T2 and T3 were significantly increased(p< 0.05) by dietary glycine betaine in stage I, 2 and 3. This result indicates that dietary glycine betaine could influence the pig growth performance. In feeding stage 4, the average daily gain and feed efficiency were significantly increased in 0.4% glycine betaine feeding group compared with other dietary groups(p < 0.05). Results suggest that feeding the pigs 0.4 % glycine betaine could be the most efficient dietary level. Crude protein, ether extract and crude ash digestibilities of 0.4% glycine betaine fed group were significantly increased compared with those of control group(p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found in nutrient digestibilities among glycine betaine fed groups. Apparent faecal amino acid digestibilities of 0.4% glycine betaine fed group were more significantly higher than that of control group. The 0.4% glycine betaine fed group was significantly increased in apparent faecal amino acid digestibility compared with those of other glycine betaine fed group. No significant difference was shown in amount of microflora population between control and glycine betaine fed groups. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas emission were significantly decreased in 0.4% glycine betaine feeding group compared with other dietary groups(p < 0.05).

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.73-86
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• 1988

간흡충(Clonorchis sinensis)의 조항원(WWA), 정제항원(ABA)의 민감도와 특이도를 비교해 보는 한편, 발육단계별로 충란 항원(EGA)-피낭유충 항원(MEA)-성충 항원(WWA)의 단백질 구성물질의 차이를 SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)로 관찰하고 이들 항원의 유용성을 효소면역반응(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: ELISA)으로 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 간흡충의 조항원으로부터 정제된 항원(ABA)은 항체와 결합한 결합항원(affinity-purified antibody(IgG) binding antigen:ABA)으로서 Ouchterlony 반응으로 간흡충 감염 가토혈청과 4개의 침모대 (WWA는 7개)를 형성하였다. WWA의 major protein들은 분자량 16,300∼18,500 및 28,000∼29,000 dalton의 Polypeptide band였고, ABA는 분자량 18,000∼21,000 및 29,000∼31,000 dalton의 단백질로 다소의 차이를 보였다. ELISA시첩에서 ABA는 WWA에 비해 현저히 민감도가 낮았다. WWA와 ABA에 대한 폐흡충 감염 사람혈청의 ELISA 정사에서 WWA는 Ouchterlony 양성자 8예중 3예에서 교차반응을 나타내었으나 ABA는 교차반응을 나타내지 않았다. 간흡충의 발육단계별 항원 단백질의 분자량 범위는 WWA 11,000∼80,000, MEA 15,000∼100,000, EGA 15,000∼200,000 dalton이었다. 주류원 단백질의 분자량은 EGA는 각각 36,600 (band No. 22), 38,500(No. 20), 64,000(No. 9), 62,000(No. 10), 54,500(No. 11), 53,000(No. 12) dalton, MEA는 각각 65,600(No. 3), 44,700 (No.7), 43,900(No. 8) dalton, WWA는 각각 16,300∼18,500(No. 31-32), 28,000∼29,000(No. 25), 11,000w13,000 (No. 35) 및 31,000(No. 24) dalton이었다. 즉, MEA와 EGA가 WWA보다 고분자의 단백질로 구성되어 있었다. 각 발육단계별 항원의 항원성은 ELISA 반응으로 볼 때 WWA가 가장 높았고, MEA는 약한 항원성만을 나타내었으며 EGA는 음성이었다. WWA와 간흡충 감염 가토혈청은 감염 4∼6주에 OD>1.0, 12주 이후 항체가의 plateau를 나타내었으나 MEA는 Ouchterlony 반응에서 EGA와 함께 음성반응을 보였다. ELISA에서도 중감염군(12∼20주)에서만 OD>0.6으로 미약한 항원성이 인정되었으며 경감염군은 전감염기간중 OD<0.6를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 성충 항원이 가장 강력한 함원성 물질을 포함하고 있음이 명백하다고 생각된다. 그러나 성충 조항원은 면역진단에 사용할 겹우 타흡충과의 빈번한 교차반응이 예상되므로 민감도 및 특이도가 높은 정제 항원물질을 분리하는 일이 중요하다고 생각된다.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.23-39
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• 2007

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of herbal medicine and other associated factors for abnormal liver function tests(especially total bilirubin, AST, ALT, and ${\gamma}GT$) levels in outpatients at an oriental medical clinic. Methods : A cross-sectional study based on clinical records was conducted on 1,871 patients at one Oriental medical clinic in Seoul, Korea. 504 patients received a liver function tests for screening and 497 patients ranging from the age of 4 to 74 were chosen for the study. Patients with basal liver disease or DM were excluded during the screening process. Patients were classified into case(abnormal) and control(normal) groups by normal liver function test references. Results and Conclusions : In this study, 33.0% of the patients were females, and 67.0% were males. The mean age was $34.7{\pm}11.9$ years old. The mean total protein value was $6.78{\pm}0.66g/dL$(male $6.79{\pm}0.61$, female $6.76{\pm}0.76$), albumin $3.89{\pm}0.50g/dL$(male $3.94{\pm}0.47$, female $3.81{\pm}0.54$), total bilirubin $0.51{\pm}0.35mg/dL$(male $0.54{\pm}0.39$, female $0.45{\pm}0.23$), AST $23.31{\pm}18.22U/L$(male $26.37{\pm}20.73$, female $17.09{\pm}8.72$), ALT $33.49{\pm}36.36U/L$(male $40.56{\pm}41.77$, female $19.13{\pm}12.64$), LDH $258.07{\pm}74.84mg/dL$(male $263.68{\pm}73.77$, female $246.70{\pm}75.92$), and ${\gamma}GT$ $39.64{\pm}59.16U/L$(male $50.15{\pm}69.43$, female $17.83{\pm}8.36$). The percentage of abnormal total bilirubin levels(>1.0) in these patients was 2.6%, abnormal AST levels(>39m, >29f) 8.5%, ALT levels(>47m, >32f) 18.8%, and ${\gamma}GT$ (>50m, >40f) 19.9%.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.50-61
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• 2020

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is an important legume species that produces seeds that are rich in phenolic compounds and dietary nutrients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the agricultural characters, phenolic and nutritional contents, and antioxidant capacities of seeds from 82 pigeon pea germplasms cultivated in the Republic of Korea. The accessions exhibited compact (24.39%), semi-spreading (74.39%), or spreading (1.22%) growth habits and determinate (89.02%), indeterminate (8.54%), or semi-determinate (2.44%) flowering patterns. Days to 75% maturity ranged from 30 to 72 d, and yield per plant ranged from 6.00 to 148.60 g. Meanwhile, total phenolic, crude protein, crude fiber, and dietary fiber contents ranged from 16.42 ± 0.62 to 29.67 ± 0.43 mg gallic acid equivalent per g of dried extract, from 16.76 ± 6.74% to 22.61 ± 0.05%, from 4.70 ± 0.24 to 8.63 ± 0.02%, and from 12.98 ± 0.71 to 33.19 ± 1.50%, respectively. In addition, DPPH radical-scavenging capacity ranged from 1.61 ± 0.10 to 16.04 ± 2.30 mg ascorbic acid equivalent per g of dried extract, and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity ranged from 3.03 ± 0.86 to 42.24 ± 0.72 mg Trolox equivalent per g of dried extract. Phenolic content was correlated with both DPPH radical-scavenging capacity (r = 0.63) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (r = 0.29). Nine accessions (IT170290, IT170291, IT170270, IT170276, IT170379, IT170386, IT170388, IT170418, and IT170340) exhibited early maturity, compact and erect growth habits, and above average antioxidant activities and phenolic and protein contents. In addition, accessions IT170290 and IT170291 were especially promising pigeon pea germplasms to grow, owing to various favorable characteristics (e.g., high yield and dietary fiber content). Hence, these accessions could be useful cultivars to the Republic of Korea if considered in future agricultural systems.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.236-250
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• 2020

Currently, many available anti-cancer therapies are targeting apoptosis. However, many cancer cells have acquired resistance to apoptosis. To overcome this problem, simultaneous induction of other types of programmed cell death in addition to apoptosis of cancer cells might be an attractive strategy. For this purpose, we initially investigated the inhibitory role of TRIP-Br1/XIAP in necroptosis, a regulated form of necrosis, under nutrient/serum starvation. Our data showed that necroptosis was significantly induced in all tested 9 different types of cancer cell lines in response to prolonged serum starvation. Among them, necroptosis was induced at a relatively lower level in MCF-7 breast cancer line that was highly resistant to apoptosis than that in other cancer cell lines. Interestingly, TRIP-Br1 oncogenic protein level was found to be very high in this cell line. Up-regulated TRIP-Br1 suppressed necroptosis by repressing reactive oxygen species generation. Such suppression of necroptosis was greatly enhanced by XIAP, a potent inhibitor of apoptosis. Our data also showed that TRIP-Br1 increased XIAP phosphorylation at serine87, an active form of XIAP. Our mitochondrial fractionation data revealed that TRIP-Br1 protein level was greatly increased in the mitochondria upon serum starvation. It suppressed the export of CypD, a vital regulator in mitochondria-mediated necroptosis, from mitochondria to cytosol. TRIP-Br1 also suppressed shikonin-mediated necroptosis, but not TNF-α-mediated necroptosis, implying possible presence of another signaling pathway in necroptosis. Taken together, our results suggest that TRIP-Br1/XIAP can function as onco-proteins by suppressing necroptosis of cancer cells under nutrient/serum starvation.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.36-49
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• 2016

Objectives: Two historical evidence supported the concept of Gamrosu. The first one was Jeho-tang, a selected thirst quencher in Chosun Dynasty and the second one was Saeng-Maek-san, Dongeuibogam's recommendation as one of the qi-vigorating summer beverages. Gamrosu is a modified fasting therapy beverage which is manufactured from those two prescriptions and the carbohydrates (420.6 kcal/d). A retrospective observational study was conducted to evaluate the clinical outcomes. Methods: Thirty-three cases were reviewed at three local Korean Medical clinics that each site's participant has finished the modified fasting for 10 consecutive days. Clinical outcomes were reviewed at pre- and post-fasting sessions by retrieving the changes of body composition, blood pressure, blood chemistries & urine tests, and subjective symptoms & fatigue scores. Results: Demographics of the observed participants were 17 of male and 16 of female. Post-Gamrosu session, -6.89% of body weight, -8.97% of body fat mass were reduced with the nutrition indices being improved (P<0.001). -8.72% of systolic blood pressure, -39.86% of serum triglyceride, -6.75% of fast blood sugar and -8.12% of waist circumference were improved (P<0.05). The levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (-58.34%), CRP (-43.55%) and eosinophil (-21.30%) showed the significant diminished profiles (P<0.05). Liver/kidney functions and the standard of electrolytes were maintained within normal range in stable manners. The fatigue scale scores indicated significant lower scores. Conclusions: Taken together, obesity-related clinical outcomes after a modified fasting therapy with Gamrosu were sufficiently feasible and the observed findings should be considered for further prospective clinical studies.