• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.521-530
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• 2009

This study was conducted to assess dietary pattern and dietary diversity of preschool children by investigating their food consumption. To accomplish this, dietary intake survey (24 hour-recall food diary) was administered to 508 children aged between 4 to 6 years old from 4 kindergartens in the Daegu area (415 were completed). By using CAN pro 3.0 for professionals, the dietary patterns and dietary diversity scores of each food group were examined by age and sex. Data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0, and $\chi^2$, t-test and Anova test, and Duncan's multiple range test used for verifying significance. For 4~5-year-old group, boys had significantly more fruit and meats than girls (p < 0.05), but girls had more dairy food than boys with no significance. For 6-year-old group, boys had significantly more foods, milk and dairy foods than girls (p<0.05), and also boys had more vegetables and fruit than girls with no significance. For DDS (Dietary Diversity Score), the score of 6-year-old group was significantly higher than that of younger children (p < 0.05) and the older the age was, the higher the score was. Dietary Pattern (GMVFD) was verified by 8 types, and the ratio of taking all five food groups (GMVFD = 11111) of the 6-year-old group was 48.8%. Children with older ages had more various foods than younger ones (p < 0.05). In addition, the ratio of taking less than the minimal intake of dairy foods of girls (48.1%) was higher than that of boys (41.3%). As results, unbalanced diet, overeating and not eating unbalanced diet were revealed as the problematic dietary habits among preschool children, and those habits may change positively with knowledge on nutrition grow on. Therefore, nutritional characteristics and importance of preschool children should be taught to parents and caregivers, and it must be practical and ready to use in cooking for these children to healthy dietary habits.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2003

Background: Snoring in children, is associated Kith adenotonsillar hypertrophy and sinusitis which contribute to upper airway obstruction, so we studied the sinusitis and adenoid size of snoring children with plain radiography Materials and method: Fifty patients having snoring, nasal obstruction in our hospital between November 2001 and November 2002 were studied using plain radiology PNS(water's view) and Neck lateral view(adenoid size with A/N ratio) Results: 1. In oriental medicine, Hu-Bi means laryngopharyngeal edema and obstruction, laryngopharyngeal disease are due to Hwa-Yeoul( fire and hot), sinus disease are due to Fung-Han(wind and cold) and Fung-Yeoul(wind and hot). 2. Age ranged from 2 to 17 year-old ( mean age: 6 years), 5-7 year-old were 18 patients (36%). Age of on set, 25 patients were 1-4 year-old (50%). 3. Of the 50 snoring patients, 37 patients were sinusitis(74%), 20 patients had enlarged adenoid(40%). Of the 20 large adenoid patients, 19 patients were sinusitis(95%). 4. Of the 50 snoring patients, size of tonsil were flowed. Fifteen were severe(3+), 17 patients were moderate(2+) and 15 patients were mild(1+). Of the 20 enlarged adenoid patients, size of tonsil flowed. Five were severe(3+), 11 patients were moderate(2+) and 4 patients were mild(1+). Conclusion : Of the 50 Snoring patients, 37 patients showed sinusitis(74%), 32 patients showed large tonsil(64%), 20 patients showed large adenoid(40%).

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to analyze the physical development and health status of 5 year-old children for more effective health management of preschool children. This study carried out examinations of height, weight, hemoglobin, visual acuity & dental examination for 5 years-old preschool children in Kwang-ju up, Kwang-ju gun, Kyunggi-Do from January to February, 1996. For height and weight, the data were compared with the 1985's Korean standard and the hemoglobin and visual acuity data were compared with the Korean standard. The results were as follows. The average height for 5 year-old male children was 106.3${\pm}$4.7(cm) and that of 5 year-old female children was 105.3${\pm}$4.3(cm). Sixty seven point eight percent of male subjects registered below the 50th percentile for the Korean standard height and 79.5% of the female subjects registered below the 50th percentile for female. The average weight for 5 year-old children was 18.6${\pm}$2.6(kg) for females. Also, it is estimated that obese subjects totaled 2.7%. For the visual acuity, 18.0% of subjects had weak vision in the left eye and 16.9% in the right eye. As a result, it was advised that these children undergo further examination. It was remarkable that there were so many anemic children. Children with a hemoglobin content of less than 11.9(g/dl) totaled 47.8%. It is anticipated that the results of this study will contribute to the on-going evaluation and subsequent planning for the children health management program within the health promotion program of public health center in Kwang-ju gun.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.583-590
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• 2009

This study analyzed temperament of ethnic Korean children residing in Korea comparing them with Korean children and American children residing in the USA. Parents of 169 Korean, Korean-American and American 4-7-year-old children rated them on the Very Short Form of Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ; Rothbart et al., 2001). On most subscales, Korean children were reported higher than ethnic Korean children in the US while Korean-American children were rated lower than others. Attention focusing was influenced by macro systems; shifting and impulsivity were more sensitive to biological or micro systems. The bilingual setting of Korean-American children may explain the difference in control of this group from others. This study clearly showed that ecological settings play important roles in temperament.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.227-235
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• 2007

This study investigated 4- and 5-year-olds' social knowledge and interpersonal problem solving strategies according to their sex, age, and hypothetical situation, and the relationships among them. Subjects were 116 preschoolers (73 boys and 43 girls; 68 four and 48 five-year-olds). Results showed that preschoolers had the higher scores of freindliness in potential entry situations than in support situations. Also, 4-year-old children were higher in forceful problem solving strategies than 5-year-olds. Furthermore, children's social knowledge assertiveness scores were positively related to their relevant problem solving strategies in conflict situations, while children's social knowledge friendliness scores were negatively related to their forceful problem solving strategies in conflict and potential entry situations.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.365-374
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• 2020

In this paper, we analyzed how 5-year-old children perceive a robot's ability to attribute mental states to oneself and to others, which shall hereafter be referred to as a robot's theory of mind (RToM). A total of 34 5-year-old children were given two typical false-belief tasks, an 'unexpected-contents task' and a 'change-of-location task', in order to evaluate whether a child's perceived RToM was connected to their own ToM. In addition, we investigated whether a child's perception of RToM was influenced by either a priori experience with robots or that child's gender. The results are as follows. Firstly, the 5- year-old preschool children universally recognized robots as beings that have a human-like mind both in 1st order and 2nd order perspectives, which indicates that children perceive robots as beings distinct from mechanical toys. Secondly, a priori child-robot interaction experience was found to have a positive influence on a child's perceived RToM. Thirdly, the gender of children did not significantly affect their perceived RToM. This study serves to add to the macroscopic results of prior research, which indicate that children perceive robots as intermediate beings between living and inanimate objects: significantly, it analyzes the children's perception of robots through the lens of theory of mind, which is one of the key elements of cognitive development. This research lays the foundations for designing effective child-robot interactions, in situations in which robots serve as peers or assistants for educational purposes.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.87-93
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the age-related changes in whole-body motor variability during sit-to-stand (STS) task. It has been reported that children perform motor tasks less accurately with greater variability as compared to adults. However, it is still unknown how they utilize the abundant degrees of freedom and accomplish voluntary actions. Uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis has been used to partition motor variabilities into two independent variability components, task-relevant variability (V_ORT) and task-irrelevant variability (V_UCM). We investigated what differences exist between children and adults with respect to these two motor variability components in relation to motor development stages. Method: Ten 6-year-old children (height: 116.2 ± 4.3 cm, weight: 23.1 ± 3.9 kg, motor development assessment percentile score: 77.5 ± 18.6%), ten 10-year-old children (height: 138.7 ± 7.2 cm, weight: 35.8 ± 10.3 kg, motor development assessment percentile score: 73.9 ± 12.7%), and ten young adults (age: 23 ± 1.6 year-old, height: 164.3 ± 11.4 cm, weight: 60.8 ± 12.0 kg) participated in this study. Each participant performed STS ten times, and a motion capture system was used to capture the whole-body kinematics. Each segment centers of mass and the whole-body center of mass were calculated, and UCM analysis was used to quantify motor variabilities, V_ORT and V_UCM. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results: We found that children produced more motor variabilities in V_ORT and V_UCM in all three dimensions, anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical. As age increased, both, V_ORT and V_UCM significantly decreased (p<.05). Conclusion: The greater V_ORT found in children compared to adults indicates that the repeatability over repetitions improves through development, while the greater V_UCM found in children suggests that children better utilize the abundant degrees of freedom during STS compared to adults.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.29-42
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• 2005

In this study on the development of children's understanding of varieties of expertise, forty-seven 3-, 4- and 5-year old children were asked to differentiate expertise in the minds of adults, using twenty-four questions consisting of 3 levels of inferences, False belief tasks were also provided to discover correlations with knowledge of various pockets of expertise, Results revealed that 4- and 5-year olds made more correct attributions than 3-year olds. Children also inferred attributions properly on familiar experts, understanding of stereotypical roles, normal functioning, and underlying principles, in that order. Children's concepts of varieties of expertise were correlated with their understanding of false beliefs.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.425-431
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• 2011

Purpose: For better understanding refractive error in Korean children and teenagers, a follow-up study on the changes of refractive error was performed in 1~13-year-old subjects for ten years. Methods: Among the people who had visited an ophthalmologic hospital in Seoul to examine the visual acuity and to correct refractive error from 2000 to 2010 years, 223 subjects (364 eyes) having the corrected visual acuity over 0.7 had been investigated the changes of spherical equivalent power of the cycloplegic clinical refraction and manifest clinical refraction from the accumulated medical record data for ten years. Results: The changes of spherical equivalent power for ten years in 1 to 13 years old were shown the highest change at 7-year-old. And annual change of spherical equivalent power was shown the highest change at from 9-year-old to 10-year-old (-0.64${\pm}$0.64 D) followed by from 8-year-old to 9-year-old (-0.64${\pm}$0.81 D). Conclusions: The changes of refractive error for Korean children and teenagers aged 1 to 13 years in an optometric practice were shown the tendency to proceeding to myopia with age, especially the largest increase at from 7-year-old to 10-year-old, and this period is important for vision care.

• Stress
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.312-318
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• 2018

Background: The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of daily mindfulness in parents with 3 to 5-year-old children on their stress and psychological well-being. Methods: Based on the previous studies, this study established a research model in which parent's mindfulness affects their psychological well-being by the mediation of stress, and verified the relationship between them using 283 parents data set. Results: First, mindfulness and psychological well-being in the ages of 40s was significantly higher than the 20s~30s. Second, parent's mindfulness and psychological well-being showed high positive correlation, and stress showed high negative correlation with mindfulness and psychological well-being. Third, it was verified that mindfulness not only directly affects psychological well-being but also indirectly influences psychological well-being by reducing their stress. Conclusions: This study suggests that daily mindfulness in parents with 3 to 5-year-old children is effective in managing their stress and improving their psychological well-Being.