• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 1999

The purpose of this study were to compare the balance performance with 44 children, who aged 6 and 7years old by means of the Pediatric Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance(PCTSIB), second is to determine whether age and gender-relatad difference were present, third is to found correlation of weight, height with duration of balance performance. All subjects were performed with different foot position that were feet-together, heel-toes. The starting position was that subject placed their hands on the hips. The results of each test were measured by stop watch. These collected data were analyzed by using oneway ANOVA, Sheffe test t-test and correlation. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. There were all significiant difference is all instances except condition 4 with heel-toes(p<0.05). The duration of balance performance of 7-year-olds group was more increased than 6-year-olds group. 2. There was statistically significiant difference in all instances by gender(p<0.05). 3. There was no correlation between weight or height duration of balance performance (p<0.05).

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.243-251
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• 2010

Although noodles occupy an important place in the dietary lives of Americans, up until the present time research and in-depth data on the noodle consumption patterns of the US population have been very limited. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the food consumption and diet patterns of noodle consumers and non-consumers according to age, gender, income, and ethnicity. The 2001-2002 NHANES databases were used. The NHANES 2001-2002 data showed that noodle consumers reporting noodle consumption in their 24-h recall were 2,035 individuals (23.3% of total subjects). According to the results, the mean noodle consumption was 304.1 g/day/person, with 334.3 g for males and 268.0 g for females. By age, the intake of those in the age range of 9-18 years old ranked highest at 353.0 g, followed by the order of 19-50 year-olds with 333.5 g, 51-70 year-olds with by 280.4 g, older than 71years old with 252.3 g, and 1-8 year-olds with 221.5 g. By gender, males consumed more noodles than females. Also, according to income, the intake amount for the middle-income level (PIR 1~1.85) of consumers was highest at 312.5 g. Noodle intake also showed different patterns by ethnicity in which the "other" ethnic group consumed the most noodles with 366.1 g, followed by, in order, Hispanics with 318.7 g, Whites with 298.6 g, and Blacks with 289.5 g. After comparing food consumption by dividing the subjects into noodle consumers and non-consumers, the former was more likely to consume milk, fish, citrus fruits, tomatoes, and alcoholic beverages while the latter preferred meat, poultry, bread, and non-alcohol beverages.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.583-590
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• 2009

This study analyzed temperament of ethnic Korean children residing in Korea comparing them with Korean children and American children residing in the USA. Parents of 169 Korean, Korean-American and American 4-7-year-old children rated them on the Very Short Form of Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ; Rothbart et al., 2001). On most subscales, Korean children were reported higher than ethnic Korean children in the US while Korean-American children were rated lower than others. Attention focusing was influenced by macro systems; shifting and impulsivity were more sensitive to biological or micro systems. The bilingual setting of Korean-American children may explain the difference in control of this group from others. This study clearly showed that ecological settings play important roles in temperament.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.139-158
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• 2013

Karmiloff-Smith was first to propose the 'Representational Redescription model'. It describes a process through which children elaborate their knowledge from the unconscious and implicit levels to the conscious and explicit levels. The model also assumes that children in perfectly explicit levels are able to express their own representation of knowledge verbally. This study was conducted to investigate Karmiloff-Smith's Representational Redescription(RR) model(1990, 1992, 1999) within the drawing domain. Additionally, how verbalization training influences children's development of representational redescription in drawing were also examined. First, 331 children (4- to 6-year-olds and an older comparison group of 7- to 9-year-olds) were asked to create six drawings of both familiar and novel topics. From these drawings, children were measured for procedural rigidity and developmental differences. Thereafter 80 5-year-olds children who were not able to manipulate their drawings with flexibility were selected. They were divided into an experimental group and two control groups. A group of verbalization training was given a session using 5 tasks. Compared to the control groups, children who practiced verbalization in the training group showed more advanced levels of representation than their previous levels in the pretest. The results were interpreted as meaning that verbalization is likely to facilitate children's reorganization of implicit knowledge within the drawing domain and to transfer this toward explicit forms. Further research needs to pay more attention to the educational applications of learning processes based on representational redescription.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.77-102
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• 2018

The objectives of this study were to analyze the longitudinal mediation effects of maternal parenting stress and psychosocial development of infant on the influence of paternal involvement during infancy to children's peer interactions. For these objectives, latent growth modeling was used and adapted to the data taken from the Panel Study on Korean Children(PSKC), Wave I (0-year olds) to Wave III (2-year olds) and Wave V(4-year olds) to Wave VII(6-year olds). During a total of six years, 1,018 parent responded. The major results of this study were as follows. First, maternal parenting stress(initial status) had a significant mediating effect on the influence of paternal involvement(initial status) to children's play interaction(initial status). Second, maternal parenting stress(initial status/change rate) had a longitudinal mediating eff ect on the influence of paternal involvements(initial status/change rate) to children's play disruption-disconnection interactions(initial status/change rate). Third, psychosocial development of infants(initial status/change rate) had a longitudinal mediating effect on the influence of paternal involvement(initial status/change rate) to children's play interactions(initial status/change rate). Fourth, psychosocial development of infant(initial status) had a significant mediating effect on the influence of paternal involvement(initial status) to children's play disruption-disconnection interactions(initial status). The implications of the findings of the current study and suggestions for future research were also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.91-119
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to determine whether using a dietary education program based on learning cycle model has any significant effect on enhancing their nutrition knowledge, dietary behavior, science-process skill and scientific attitude. The subjects of this study were children in H and G daycare center in G City. The experiment group of this study was 16 children in the class of five-year-olds and 7 children in the class of four-year-olds who passed their birthday and became five-year-olds in H daycare center. The Analysis of Covariance(ANCOVA) and Pared t-test was conducted using SPSS WINDOWS 20.0 program. The results of applying dietary education program were as follows. Experimental group indicated enhancements between pre and post test of Nutrition Achievement Test, Nutrition Quotient for Preschooler, Science Process Skill and Scientific Attitude Assessment compare to comparative group. Therefore, we can conclude that the dietary education program does have effects on enhancing of nutrition knowledge, dietary behavior, science process skill and scientific attitude. The result of this study can be used as basic data to study dietary related factors that present importance of health dietary life of young children and need to provide educational experience of healthy diet for young children.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.172-177
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• 2015

Purpose: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia epidemics have occurred in 3- to 4-year cycles in Korea. We evaluated the epidemiologic characteristics of MP pneumonia in Daejeon, Korea, from 2003 to 2012. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 779 medical records of children (0-15 years of old) with MP pneumonia admitted to our institution and compared the data from 3 recent epidemics. Results: In 779 patients, the mean age and male-to-female ratio were $5.0{\pm}2.2$ years and 1:1, and most cases were observed in autumn. There were three epidemics during the study period, in 2003, 2006-2007, and 2011. In our comparison of the three epidemics, we found no differences in mean age, the male-to-female ratio, hospital stay, or the rate of seroconverters during hospitalization. All three epidemics began in early summer and peaked in September 2003 and 2011 and in October 2006 and then gradually decreased until the next year's spring season, although the 2006 epidemic extended further into 2007. The peak age groups in the children in 2003 and 2006 were 3-6 year-olds (57.5% and 56%, respectively), but in the 2011 epidemic, the peak group was 1-4 year-olds (46.5%). The proportion of the <2 years of age group was 20%, 15.7% and 28.8%, and >10 years of age group was 5.2%, 13.8%, and 14.8% of total patients, respectively. Conclusion: MP pneumonia outbreaks occurred every 3-4 years. The pattern of 3 recent epidemics was similar in demographic characteristics and seasonality with some variations in each outbreak.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.145-155
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• 2005

This study was carried out to reveal Hangul acquisition processes in Korean-Chinese children who grow in a horizontal bilingual environment. In this experiment Grapheme substitution/deletion tasks and sensible/non-sensible Kulja reading tasks were administered to 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-year-old Korean-Chinese children growing up in a bilingual environment. Results were that Korean-Chinese children showed similar patterns of Hangul acquisition processes to Korean children but acquired grapheme-phoneme(G-P) correspondence earlier than Korean children. Hangul acquisition rates were 41.7%, 45.7%, 53% and 92.7% at age 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Both Korean-Chinese and Korean children showed higher sensitivity for the final consonant than for the initial and middle consonants. Correlation between phoneme perception and reading was only significant among 6-year-olds in non-sensible Kulja reading tasks. Training in transforming ideographic Chinese to a phonetic system could effect early acquisition of G-P correspondence in Korean-Chinese children.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2015

This study aimed to identify the development pattern of final stop consonant perception using the gating task. Sixty-four subjects participated in the study: 16 children aged 4 years, 16 children aged 5 years, 17 children aged 6 years, and 15 adults. One-syllable words with consonant-vowel-consonant(CVC) structure, mokㄱ-motㄱ and papㄱ-patㄱ were used as stimuli in order to remove the redundancy of acoustic cues in stimulus words, 40ms-length (-40ms) and 60ms-length (-60ms) from the entire duration of the final consonant were deleted. Three conditions (the whole word segment, -40ms, -60ms) were used for this speech perception experiment. 48 tokens (4 stimuli ${\times}3$ conditions ${\times}4$ trials) in total were provided for participants. The results indicated that 5 and 6 year olds showed final consonant perception similar to adults in stimuli, papㄱ-patㄱ and only the 6-year-old children showed perception similar to adults in stimuli, 'mokㄱ-motㄱ. The results suggested that younger typically developing children require more acoustic information to accurately perceive final consonants than older children and adults. Final consonant perception ability may become adult-like around 6 years old. The study provides fundamental data on the development pattern of speech perception in normal developing children, which can be used to compare to those of children with communication disorders.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.265-276
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to analyze the types of children's strategic thinking in the board games. Subject were 98 5-7-year-old children were participated in this study. Children divided by age were provided the same board game. Strategies used by the children to play the game were classified by age. The observational results were as follow; 1)Children used 9 strategies. Comparing to Kamii's study, children utilized 2 more strategic thinking. 2)Children used different game strategies based on children's age. Results showed that game strategies differentiated by child's age: five-year-olds used fewer strategies and older children applied a wider range of strategies.