• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.153-157
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• 2012

Obesity, which is characterized by excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissues, occurs by fat absorption by lipase and sequential fat accumulation in adipocyte through adipocyte differentiation. Thus, inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity and adipocyte differentiation would be crucial for the prevention and progression of obesity. In the present study, we attempted to evaluate anti-adipogenic activity of several algae extracts employing preadipocytes cell line, 3T3-L1 as an in vitro assay system. The effects on pancreatic lipase activity in vitro were also evaluated. Total methanolic extracts of Cladophora wrightiana and Costaria costata showed significant inhibitory activity on adipocyte differentiation as assessed by measuring fat accumulation using Oil Red O staining. Related to pancreatic lipase, C. wrightiana and Padina arborescens showed significant inhibition. Further fractionation of C. wrightiana, which showed the most potent activity, suggested that $CHCl_3$ and n-BuOH fraction are responsible for adipocyte differentiation inhibition, whereas n-BuOH and $H_2O$ fraction for pancreatic lipase inhibition. Our study also demonstrated that n-BuOH fraction was effective both in early and middle stage of differentiation whereas $CHCl_3$ fraction was effective only in early stage of differentiation. Taken together, algae might be new candidates in the development of obesity treatment.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2014

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effects water extract of fermented new korean medicinal mixture, combinations of Mori Folium, Adenophorae Radix, Phllostachyos Folium and Citri Pericarpium (F-MAPC), on adipocyte differentiation, adipogenesis and glucose uptake using undiffernentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myoblasts. Methods : Each herb and those mixture were respectively fermented and then extracted with water. We carried on MTT assay for check-up on cell toxicity, Oil Red O staining for determination of cell differentiation and intracelluar adipogenesis. Western blot analysis for measurement of pAMPK and pACC, $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$ and Glut-4 protein expressions were performed. Results : F-MAPC showed significant inhibitory activity on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes without affecting cell toxicity as assessed by measuring fat accumulation, and this effect was 2 fold higher in 0.2 mg/ml F-MAPC than that of the same dose of each fermented herbal extract alone. In addition, these effects were associated with modulation of adipogenic transcription factors, such as $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, as well as stimulated phosphorylations of AMPK and ACC. Translocation of Glut-4 was significantly increased by 10.2% in L6 cells treated with 0.2 mg/ml F-MAPC compared with that of control. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that F-MAPC may be an ideal candidate for therapy of obesity and diabetes by disturbing the differentiation into adipocytes, as well as the inducement of intramuscular glucose uptake from blood.

• 약학회지
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2007

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) induce insulin sensitization through the activation of PPAR${\gamma}$. However, the undesirable effect such as weight gain was observed. The purpose of this study was to find out an herbal drug that could reduce the side effects of pioglitazone. Among herbal formula that we have searched, oryung-san (OR) inhibited the differentiation of preadipocytes and did not affect on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In vitro, glucose uptake assay and Oil Red-O staining in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were conducted. In vivo, pioglitazone (PIO, 30 mg/kg), oryung-san (OR, 300 mg/kg), or pioglitazone co-administered with oryung-san (PIO+OR) were administered orally for 7 weeks in high fat diet (HFD) fed ICR mice and measured the body weight and blood glucose level every week. PIO+OR group significantly reduced body weight gain, triglyceride, and total cholesterol compared to PIO group. In addition, PIO+OR group showed a significant reduction of plasma glucose level (72%) compared to HFD control group. Insulin levels in PIO+OR group was also markedly decreased by 85% and 41% compared to HFD control and PIO group, respectively. Diameter of white adipocytes was decreased in the PIO+OR group compared to that in PIO group. Moreover, PIO+OR group reduced expression of PPAR${\gamma}$ and SREBP1a compared to PIO group. Taken together, oryung-san can improve side effects of pioglitazone, such as weight gain and edema, and shows a synergistic effect in plasma insulin levels.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate novel usability as natural anti-obesity supplement of Selaginella tamariscina extract. The total phenol contents and total flavonoid contents were $60.29{\pm}3.11GAE\;mg/g$ and $14.90{\pm}0.34QE\;mg/g$, respectively. To evaluate anti-obesity activity of Selaginella tamariscina extract, pancreatic lipase inhibition activity as well as its inhibition effect of lipid accumulation in adipocytes were conducted by Oil Red O staining and lipolysis assay. The result of pancreatic lipase inhibition activity of S. tamariscina extract showed a wide range between 40 and 73% dose dependently. While the incubation of 3T3-L1 cells with S. tamariscina extract inhibited differentiation of preadipocytes and reduced lipid accumulation, the level of released free glycerol into culturing medium was increased in multiple concentrations. These results showed that S. tamariscina extract inhibit adipogenesis and pancreatic lipase activity. Thus, S. tamariscina extract can be a candidate for regulating lipid accumulation in obesity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.306-312
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• 2020

Despite the importance of brown adipocytes as a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of obesity, the molecular mechanism underlying brown adipocyte differentiation is not fully understood. In particular, the role of post-translational modifications in brown adipocyte differentiation has not been extensively studied. Histidine phosphorylation is increasingly recognized an important process for protein post-translational modifications. In this study, we show that histidine phosphorylation patterns change during brown adipocyte differentiation. In addition, the expression level of protein histidine phosphatase 1 (PHPT1), a major mammalian phosphohistidine phosphatase, is reduced rapidly at the early phase of differentiation and recovers at the later phase. During white adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, however, the expression level of PHPT1 do not significantly change. Knockdown of PHPT1 promotes brown adipocyte differentiation, whereas ectopic expression of PHPT1 suppresses brown adipocyte differentiation. These results collectively suggest that histidine phosphorylation is closely linked to brown adipocyte differentiation and could be a therapeutic target for obesity and related metabolic diseases.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.145-150
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• 2010

일반적으로 보석란으로 알려진 금선련은 대만에서 폐나 간의 질병 및 발열이나 두통 치료를 위한 전통식물약제로 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 생물반응장치를 이용하여 조직배양된 금선련 식물체에 대하여 화장품 성분으로써 응용 가치를 평가하였다. 이미 몇몇 보고 된 논문에서 금선련은 항암활성, 면역 활성, 간 보호 활성 및 지질대사의 약리학적 활성 등에 대한 연구가 되고 있지만 화장품 성분으로 효능들에 대한 연구는 알려져 있지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 생물반응장치를 이용하여 조직배양된 금선련 추출물에 대하여 미백 및 항비만 관련한 효능 효과를 평가하였다. 실험 결과 조직배양된 금선련 추출물은 tyrosinase 활성 및 멜라닌 합성 억제 효과뿐만 아니라 지방 전구 세포의 지방세포로의 분화를 억제시킴으로써 세포 내 지질 축적을 억제하였다. 이러한 결과들은 피부보호를 위한 화장품 성분으로서 응용 가능성을 제공 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2013

소나무 껍질 추출물은 높은 항산화 활성을 가지는 것으로 많은 연구 결과를 통해 조사되어 왔으며, 해외에서는 이미 프랑스 해송 껍질 추출물인 피크노제놀(pycnogenol)에 관한 연구가 많이 이루어진 반면, 우리나라 적송 껍질 추출물(PineXol$^{(R)}$)의 생리활성 효과에 대해서는 아직 연구가 많이 이루어지지 못했다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 우리나라 적송 껍질 추출물인 PineXol$^{(R)}$의 항산화 활성 및 anti-adipogenic 활성을 평가하였다. PineXol$^{(R)}$의 총 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 $717.40{\pm}6.86$ GAE mg/g 및 $54.44{\pm}0.01$ RE mg/g으로 측정되었다. 또한 다양한 항산화 평가 모델(DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, 환원력)을 통하여 PineXol$^{(R)}$의 항산화 활성을 측정한 결과, 농도가 증가함에 따라 항산화 활성이 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 대조군으로 사용한 동일한 농도의 아스코르빈산과 유사한 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 또한 ORAC value는 $693.97{\pm}14.13{\mu}M$ TE/g으로 측정되었고, 1.0 mg/mL의 농도에서 55.39%의 아질산염소거능을 나타내었다. PineXol$^{(R)}$은 3T3-L1 지방세포에서 세포독성을 나타내지 않았으며, 분화과정동안 50, 100 및 200 ${\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서의 지방축적량은 각각 $66.85{\pm}5.87$, $44.59{\pm}5.71$ 및 $20.85{\pm}2.78%$의 농도가 증가함에 따른 유의적인 억제효과를 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터, PineXol$^{(R)}$은 항산화 활성 및 지방세포 분화억제 효능을 갖으며, 천연물 유래 항산화제로써 활용 가능성이 높은 것으로 기대된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.499-504
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• 2012

This study attempted to investigate the effects of resveratrol on the differentiation of adipocytes. After cells were treated with various concentrations of resveratrol (0, 10, 20, and 40 ${\mu}mol/L$), adipocyte proliferation, the protein expression of transcription factors, and MMPs' activities were determined. Cell proliferation was inhibited more within 4 days of incubation (P<0.05), and lipid accumulation in adipocyte was significantly inhibited by 93.8%, 92.4% and 91.5%, respectively, after two days of 10, 20, and 40 ${\mu}mol/L$ resveratrol treatment (P<0.05). Six days of incubation with the three resveratrol concentrations caused a significantly decreases of 63%, 59.9%, and 25.1% GPDH activity as a dose-dependent response. The triglyceride concentration also decreased significantly with the increase of resveratrol concentration (P<0.05). The protein expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/$EBP{\beta}$) was decreased significantly by 56% and 30% while $PPAR{\gamma}$ was significantly reduced by 57% and 15% with resveratrol treatments of 20 and 40 ${\mu}mol/L$, respectively (P<0.05). The protein expression of C/$EBP{\alpha}$ was decreased by 83%, 74%, and 38% to increased dosage levels, with significance determined for this decrease from 20 ${\mu}mol/L$ of resveratrol. The protein expression of fatty acid binding protein (FABP4) was decreased significantly by 88%, 72%, and 46% with the increase of resveratrol concentration. The activity of MMP-2 was decreased significantly by 84%, 70%, and 63% while MMP-9 activity was decreased significantly by 74%, 62%, and 39% with the increased resveratrol concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 ${\mu}mol/L$, respectively (P<0.05).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.257-267
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• 2017

Background: Heat-processed ginseng, sun ginseng (SG), has been reported to have improved therapeutic properties compared with raw forms, such as increased antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiobesity effects of SG through the suppression of cell differentiation and proliferation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells and the lipid accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods: To investigate the effect of SG on adipocyte differentiation, levels of stained intracellular lipid droplets were quantified by measuring the oil red O signal in the lipid extracts of cells on differentiation Day 7. To study the effect of SG on fat accumulation in C. elegans, L4 stage worms were cultured on an Escherichia coli OP50 diet supplemented with $10{\mu}g/mL$ of SG, followed by Nile red staining. To determine the effect of SG on gene expression of lipid and glucose metabolism-regulation molecules, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of genes were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. In addition, the phosphorylation of Akt was examined by Western blotting. Results: SG suppressed the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells stimulated by a mixture of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin (MDI), and inhibited the proliferation of adipocytes during differentiation. Treatment of C. elegans with SG showed reductions in lipid accumulation by Nile red staining, thus directly demonstrating an antiobesity effect for SG. Furthermore, SG treatment down-regulated mRNA and protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtype ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha ($C/EBP{\alpha}$) and decreased the mRNA level of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c in MDI-treated adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, mRNA expression levels of lipid metabolism-regulating factors, such as amplifying mouse fatty acid-binding protein 2, leptin, lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid transporter protein 1, fatty acid synthase, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, were increased, whereas that of the lipolytic enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 was decreased. Our data demonstrate that SG inversely regulated the expression of these genes in differentiated adipocytes. SG induced increases in the mRNA expression of glycolytic enzymes such as glucokinase and pyruvate kinase, and a decrease in the mRNA level of the glycogenic enzyme phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase. In addition, mRNA levels of the glucose transporters GLUT1, GLUT4, and insulin receptor substrate-1 were elevated by MDI stimulation, whereas SG dose-dependently inhibited the expression of these genes in differentiated adipocytes. SG also inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) at an early phase of MDI stimulation. Intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels were markedly decreased by MDI stimulation and recovered by SG treatment of adipocytes. Conclusion: Our results suggest that SG effectively inhibits adipocyte proliferation and differentiation through the downregulation of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$, by suppressing Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation and enhancing NO production. These results provide strong evidence to support the development of SG for antiobesity treatment.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2011

The current study was conducted to investigate effects of sera taken from Hanwoo at different age on adipocyte differentiation. Sera were taken from Korean native (Hanwoo) steers at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age, respectively and supplemented to 3T3-L1 preadipocytes after the cells reached confluence and maintained 10 days thereafter. For the first 2 days (48 h), cells were induced to differentiate by addition of differentiation factors, methylisobutylxanthine, daxamethasone, and insulin. After the differentiation, the cells were incubated without differentiation factors except insulin. The cells lost their fibroblastic shape and showed round-up appearances after 10 days incubation with FBS and the sera of Hanwoo steers. Big lipid droplets appeared in the cells cultured with FBS and the sera taken from Hanwoo at 18 and 24 months of age. After 18 months of age, GPDH activity was statistically higher than 6 and/or 12 months of age (P < 0.05). Based on morphology and Sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, Hanwoo steers expressed aged-dependent adipogenic activities, indicating that aged sera may result in high adipocyte differentiation. It is concluded that the 18 months of age may be 'threshold' to express major adipogenic activities. This may strongly support previous field studies reporting considerable increase in fat contents of Hanwoo carcass at over 18 months of age.