• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.156-163
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• 2022

Background: This study attempted to apply resin infiltrant (RI) as a method to maintain the effect of tooth bleaching treatment and compared it with fluoride varnish (FV) or artificial saliva to evaluate the effect. Methods: Sixty healthy lozenge specimens were classified into five groups. Group 1 was the negative control group, and discoloration was induced after artificial saliva treatment of the tooth specimen (G1_S+C). Group 2 was a positive control group, in which pigmentation was induced after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment (G2 _B+S+C). Coloration was induced in group 3 (experimental group 1) after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment, followed by application of fluorine varnish (G3_B+FV+S+C). Coloration was induced in Group 4 (experimental group 2) after applying RI after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment (G4_B+RI+S+C). Pigmentation was induced in group 5 (experimental group 3) after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment, followed by acid treatment (etching) and treatment with RI (G5_B+E+RI+S+C). Coffee and wine were used to induce discoloration. The lightness value (L^*) of the CIE L^*a^*b^* color system was obtained by image analysis. Kruskal-Wallis H analysis was performed for the mean difference in L^* values by group. Results: When coloration was induced with coffee, there was no significant difference in L^* value between artificial saliva (G2 _B+S+C), FV (G3_B+FV+S+C), and RI (G4_B+RI+S+C, G5_B+E+RI+S+C) groups. There was no significant difference in L^* values between the artificial saliva (G2 _B+S+C), FV (G3_B+FV+S+C), and RI (G4_B+RI+S+C, G5_B+E+RI+S+C) groups, even in the case of wine induced coloration. Conclusion: It was confirmed that artificial saliva or RI treatment had similar effects to the FV previously used to maintain the effect of tooth bleaching treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2005

The chemical components of buckwheat seed and sprout were compared for predicting the usefulness of buckwheat sprout as food materials. The buckwheat sprout was harvested and lyophilized after germination for 7 days. Crude protein, lipid and ash contents of buckwheat sprout were 20.8, 1.3 and 2.6% in dry basis, respectively. Major amino acids of buckwheat sprout were glutamic acid (2,764 mg/l00 g) and aspartic acid (1,698 mg/l00 g). The contents of tryptophan, alanine, tyrosine and histidine of buckwheat sprout were about 1.7 to 1.9 times higher than those of buckwheat seed. Major fatty acids of buckwheat sprout were linoleic acid (45.9%) and oleic acid (18.4%). The contents of stearic acid (18:0) and oleic acid (18:1) were decreased by about 21% and 50%, whereas those of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) were increased by 1.3 and 5.4 times, respectively after germination for 7 days. The mineral contents of buckwheat sprout were 152.0 mg/l00 g for Ca, 9.9 mg/l00 g for Zn, 485.0 mg/l00 g for Mg and 5.4 mg/l00 g for Fe. Vitamin A, C and E contents of buckwheat sprout were 1,180 IU/100 g, 203 mg/l00 g and 32.1 mg/l00 g in dry basis, respectively. Especially, the content of $\alpha$ -tocopherol was increased by 27.5 times as compared to that of buckwheat seed. The rutin content of buckwheat sprout was 343.67 mg/l00 g, which was about 18 times higher than that of buckwheat seed.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2005

This study investigated air pollutant levels and physiological variation of Ginkgo biloba in Chuncheon. The results were as follows: The annual average concentrations of $SO_2,\;NO_2\;and\;PM10$ were 0.004ppm, 0.013 ppm and $66{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The volume weighted average concentrations of ionic components were $SO_4\;^{2-}\;3.584 mg/m^3,\;NO_3^-\; 2.803 mg/m^3,\;Cl^-\;1.485 mg/m^3\;and\;NH_4\;^+\;0.998 mgg/m^3$ in precipitation. The annual wet deposition amount of the major ions was shown to be $SO_4^{2-}\;3.865g/m^2/yr,\;NO_3^-\;2.924g/m^2/yr,\;Cl^-\;2.773g/m^2/yr\;and\; NH_4\;^+\;1.485 g/m^2/yr$ during this study period. The seasonal averaged pH in leaves were spring pH 5.9 0.5, summer pH 5.5 0.4 and fall pH 5.1 0.3. The seasonal average water soluble sulfur content in leaves were spring 0.012 0.004%, summer $0.012\;0.002\%\;and\;fall\;0.020\;0.007\%$. The seasonal average water soluble sulfur content in bark were spring $0.0071\;0.0003\%,\;summer\; 0.0066\;0.0004\%,\;fall\;0.0063\;0.0004\%\;and\;winter\;0.0071\;0.0003\%$.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.327-335
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• 2012

Nutrient uptake of each part of grapevine in the new grapevine cultivars (Jinok, Hongisul) was analyzed for making standard of annual fertilizations at four years. One year grown diploid cultivar 'Jinok' was showed more vigorous growth of root than other cultivar. Annually total nutrient of grapevine was absorbed with the same ratio of three major nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potassium). However about 30% of total absorbed nutrient of 3~4 year grown grapevine was distributed bunches. Potassium was measured as major nutrient in the bunch, accumulated in the peel and flesh (about 1% of D.W.). Magnesium was mainly accumulated in the petiole (about 1% of D.W.). Calcium has accumulated in the leaf (about 0.95% of D.W.), that concentration in this part was similar concentration of nitrogen (about 1.25% of D.W.). Nutrient requirement of four year grown 'Jinok' (N; 55.5 g, P; 7.7 g, K; 42.0 g, Ca; 34.6 g, Mg; 11.1 g) required less fertilizers than 'Campbell Early' (N; 57.4 g, P; 7.9 g, K; 44.4 g, Ca; 37.3 g, Mg; 12.2 g) needed. 'Hongisul' required less fertilizers compared to other grapevine cultivars, but cultural practice system for production of grape should be develop to improve their poor bud burst and fruit set.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.206-215
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• 2011

The purpose of this was to investigate the measurement of fluence dose map for the specific patient quality assurance. The measurement of fluence map was performed using 2D matrixx detector. The absorbed dose was measured by a glass detector, Gafchromic film and ion chamber in Hybrid Optimized VMAT Phantom (HOVP). For 2D Matrixx, the results of comparison were average passing rate $85.22%{\pm}1.7$ (RT_Target), $89.96%{\pm}2.15$ (LT_Target) and $95.14%{\pm}1.18$ (G4). The dose difference was $11.72%{\pm}0.531$, $-11.47%{\pm}0.991$, $7.81%{\pm}0.857$, $-4.14%{\pm}0.761$ at the G1, G2, G3, G4. In HOVP, the results of comparison for film were average passing rate (3%, 3 mm) $93.64%{\pm}3.87$, $90.82%{\pm}0.99$. We were measured an absolute dose in steep gradient area G1, G2, G3, G4 using the glass detector. The difference between the measurement and calculation are 8.3% (G1), -5.4% (G2), 6.1% (G3), 7.2% (G4). The using an Ion-chamber were an average relative dose error $-1.02%{\pm}0.222$ (Rt_target), $0.96%{\pm}0.294$ (Lt_target). Though we need a more study using a transmission detector. However, a measurement of real-time fluence map will be predicting a dose for real-time specific patient quality assurance in volume modulated arc therapy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.58-68
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• 2002

The model experiments for the Eastern sea bottom trawl were conducted for the 3 types of ground ropes and 2 types of seabeds to examine drag characteristics according to towing speed. The model net was based on the net of trawler with 750ps and made by 1/78 of a full scale net. This experiments focused on the drags for 3 types of ground rope, the serving wire, the original and the chain types and 2 types of seabeds, mud and sand of bottom. The results obtained are summarized as follows 1. In the case of the sand bottom, the drags by 3 types of ground rope were orderly increased in turn of the chain, the serving wire and the original type. But, in the case of the mud bottom, the drag of the original type is higher than that of the serving wire type and less than the chain type. 2. In the case of the serving wire type of ground rope, the drags by the diameters of ground rope, ø 1.3, ø 1.9, ø 2.6 and ø 3.25 were increased respectively by 23g, 25g, 32g and 42g at the towing speed of 0.4m/s. 3. The drags of ground ropes were increased exponentially in proportion to the towing speed, in the same way in all of three types of ground rope. 4. The ratios of drag of ground rope against that of the trawl net by the type of ground rope at the towing speed of 0.4m/s on the mud bottom were 0.69 in the chain type, 0.64 in the serving wire type and 0.67 in the original type respectively. 5. The Coefficient of drag($C_d$) by type of ground rope according to the towing speed were 10.0~56.7, 3.0~l6.0 and 1.5~8.5 respectively in turn of the chain type, the serving wire type and the original type on the mud bottom, and that on the sand bottom were 10.0~60.0, 3.0~14.0 and 1.2~6.0 respectively In turn of the chain type, the serving wire type and the original type.

• 산업보건소식
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• no.47
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• pp.4-14
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• 1987

The authors investigated estimated amounts of salt intake of workers in manufacturing industries who consisted of 1,506 males in 6 manufacturing fields and 476 females in 3 fields in Pusan area using filter paper method which was developed recently. The obtained results were as follows; 1. Mean excretion amounts of urinary electrolytes were Na 200.7 mEq/l, K 44.2 mEq/l and Cr 1.12g/l in male and Na 190.2 mEq/l, K 44.0 mEq/l and Cr 1.10g/1 in female. 2. Mean daily salt intake amounts were 19.4g in male and l5.3g in female. 3. By the fields of manufacturing industries in male, workers in metal product field had the highest salt intake as 20.0g, and the following were workers in food and tobacco field as 19.7g, workers in textile, wearing apparel and leather field as 19.6g in order. 4. In female, workers in textile, wearing apparel and leather field had the highest salt intake as l5.7g and the next were workers in chemical, coal and rubber products field as l5.0g and workers in fabricated metal products, machinery and equipments as l4.3g, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.287-291
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• 2002

This study was carried out to analyze the physical peroperties and components according to kinds and harvesting season for the Quality improvement and arangement of e99plants exporting in Japan. The size and weight of chukyang eggplants were larger than those of shikibu, and those of eggplants harvested in winter were smaller than those of eggplants in summer. The pH and brix were not different between cultivar of eggplants and were small different between harvesting seasons. The contents of glucose and fructose was 115.4∼155.4, 64.2∼102.1mg/100g-fr.wt., respectively. And total contents of free sugars was 211.4∼351.1mg/100g-fr.wt. and those of chukyang was higher than those of sikibu. Total contents of free amino acids were from 73.4mg/100g-fr.wt. to 111.8mg/100g-fr.wt and was higher in chukyang than shikibu. The contents of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid was 90.0∼118.3, 28.3∼32.3mg/100g-fr.wt., respectively. And total contents of ascorbic acids were 149.4, 119.9mg/100g-fr.wt., in eggplants harvested at summer. The content of potassium and sodium was 229.97∼233.59, 135.98∼156.28mg/100g-fr.wt., respectively. The total contents of minerals was 89.35∼420.2mg/100g-fr.wt., and those of chukyang was higher than those of shikibu.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.302-313
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• 2002

In order to facilitate and to meet the ever increasing demands for the wireless communication in the next decade and also to satisfy the high data rates for the new services, the future development of 3G (IMT2000) and systems beyond 3G (B3G) are foreseen. This article presents the need for these developments and motivations for systems beyond 3G taking into account both strategic and technological challenges to be faced. Moreover, the concepts and potential technologies involved including multiple airinterfaces, efficient spectrum allocation and utilisation for the success of systems B3G are briefly reviewed.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 1988

A bacterial isolate FRI-33 which produces hydrophillic polysaccharide was identified and its cultural condition was investigated. FRI-33 was identified as Enterobacter agglomerans. The optimum cultural conditions for polysaccharide production were 3$0^{\circ}C$, pH 5.7, using medium composed of glucose 25 g/$\ell$, peptone 2.0 g/$\ell$, yeast extract 0.5 g/$\ell$, KH$_2$PO$_4$ 1.0g/$\ell$, MgSO$_4$.7H$_2$ O 1.0g/$\ell$, CaCO$_3$ 2.5g/$\ell$. The polysaccharide production after 72 hours was 8.41 g/$\ell$. The polysaccharide was composed of galactose (1.0 mole), xylose (1.5 mole), gluconodeltalactone (1.9 mole) and ribose (0.03 mole). The apparent viscosity of 1% polysaccharide solution was 504 mPa.s at 60 rpm and intrinsic viscosity was 45.80 d$\ell$/ g.