• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.1433-1438
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• 2002

The study was carried out to evaluate leucaena seeds as a protein replacement of mustard seed cake (MSC) in the concentrate mixture of growing lambs. Fifteen owing male lambs (Local${\times}$Corridale) with an average body weight of 16.3 kg were allocated into three dietary treatments (T1, T2, and T3) with five animals in each group. Animals were offered dry mixed grass, berseem hay and concentrate mixture to meet their nutrient requirements. In concentrate mixture of T1, (Control) MSC was used as protein source, while in T2 and T3 groups, 25 and 50% of MSC was replaced by leucaena leucocephala seeds. On completion of three months (90 days) of feeding, a digestion cum-metabolism trial was conducted to determine DMI, nutrient utilization, and nitrogen balance. Changes in body weight were recorded at 15 day internals and eating patterns were recorded for 3 consecutive days at the end of the feeding trial. MSC had higher CP contents than leucaena seeds (27.0%). Mimosine contents in leucaena seeds were 1.1 compared to 0.2 and 0.4% in concentrate mixture of T2 and T3 group, respectively. Dry matter intake varied non-significantly ($79.3{\pm}1.2$ to $83.4{\pm}1.3g/kg$ $w^{0.75}$) across the dietary treatments. Digestibility of DM and cell wall polysaccharides (NDF, ADF. Cellulose and hemicellulose) were comparable, however CP digestibility was relatively lower in leucaena luecocephala seeds based groups (T2 $45.5{\pm}1.7$ and T3 $46.7{\pm}3.5$) compared to MSC supplemented group (T1 $47.7{\pm}0.9%$). The growth rate of lambs was non-significantly higher in T1 ($79.2{\pm}5.4$) compared to T2 ($73.8{\pm}8.8$) and T3 ($73.9{\pm}7.0$), respectively. The animals were in positive nitrogen balance and N-balance varied from 1.8 to 2.9 g/d across treatment groups. The eating rate (% of total offered) of concentrate up-to 15 min was relatively higher in T1 (82.4) than T2 (74.2) and T3 (77.8%). However no effect of leucaena seeds was recorded on total DMI of animals. The results of the study revealed that the inclusion of up to 50% leucaena seeds, as protein source in concentrate mixture of lambs had no adverse effect on DMI, nutrient utilization, eating patterns, nitrogen balance and growth performance of lambs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.1059-1066
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary sulfur (S) and vitamin E (Vit E) supplementation on the quality of beef from longissimus muscle of Hanwoo bulls. Eleven, 29 months-aged Hanwoo bulls were randomly divided into three feed supplementation groups (S (n = 4), Vit E (n = 4) and S+Vit E (n = 3)). S was given as much as 12 g/head/d and Vit E was given as much as 1,200 IU/head/d; both supplements were given for 3 months prior to slaughter. At 24 h post-slaughter, the carcasses were weighed and evaluated by official grader for carcass traits. At 48 h post-slaughter, the M. longissimus from each carcass was collected and stored at $4{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. There were no significant differences in yield and quality grades of carcass and proximate composition, physical properties and aroma pattern of meat among all groups. At 5 days of storage, the TBARS value of meat from cattle with S+Vit E supplementation was significantly lower (p<0.05) than other groups; and at 10 days of storage, the TBARS value of meat from cattle with Vit E and S+Vit E supplementations was significantly lower (p<0.05) than from cattle with S supplementation. At 5 days of storage, MetMb concentration of meat from cattle with S+Vit E supplementation was significantly lower (p<0.05) than from cattle with Vit E supplementation; and at 10 days of storage, MetMb concentration of meat from cattle with S+Vit E supplementation was significantly lower (p<0.05) than from other groups. At 10 days of storage, the redness value of meat from cattle with S supplementation was significantly higher (p<0.05) than from cattle with Vit E supplementation and the hue-angle value of meat from cattle with S and S+Vit E supplementations was significantly lower (p<0.05) than from cattle with Vit E supplementation. Dietary Vit E supplementation had a better effect on lipid stability whereas dietary S supplementation had a better effect on OxyMb stability. The dietary combination of S and Vit E created the highest protection for beef from myoglobin oxidation and thus improved the color stability of meat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.1542-1548
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• 2001

Wheat straw was treated on laboratory scale with 4% urea at a moisture level of 50% along with different amount of HC1 to fix various levels of ammonia (30, 40, 50 and 60%) and stored for 4 weeks. Result, revealed a significant (p<0.01) increase in CP content of the samples where HC1 was added. The CP content of the straw was only 7.8%, which increased to 14.1, 16.0, 15.0 and 15.2% with the addition of acid. Similarly the concentrations of NDF, ADF and hemicellulose was significantly different due to HC1 addition. The level of HC1 recommended was to trap 30% ammonia as there was not significant difference in CP content of straw due to addition of 4 levels of acids. Results of in vivo experiment conducted on nine buffaloes divided randomly into three groups of three animals in each revealed no significant difference in the intake of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose in group I (ammoniated straw), group II (HC1 treated ammoniated straw) and group III (HC1 treated ammoniated straw + 1 kg barley grain), but the intake of CP was significantly (p<0.01) more in group III as compared to other 2 groups. The digestibility of DM, OM and CP was significantly (p<0.01) more in groups where HCI treated straw was fed as compared to only ammoniated straw fed group, whereas there was no significant difference in the digestibility of NDF, ADF and cellulose in 3 groups. Intake was significantly higher of nitrogen (p<0.05), calcium (p<0.01) and phosphorus (p<0.01) in group III as compared to other two groups. Animals in all the 3 groups showed positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance, though the balances of all the 3 nutrients were significantly higher in group III as compared to other 2 groups. Rumen fermentation study conducted in 3 rumen fistulated buffaloes in $3{\times}3$ latin square design offering the same 3 diets as in group I to III revealed that rumen pH was alike statistically in 3 groups and at various time intervals. The mean ammonia-N concentration was significantly (p<0.01) more in group II and III as compared to group I. The mean TVFA concentration (mM/100 ml SRL) were 6.46, 7.84 and 8.47 in 3 groups respectively and different statistically (p<0.01). Results revealed no significant difference in the activities of carboxy methyl cellulase, urease or protease at both the time of sampling (0 h and 4 h) in all the 3 groups of animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.623-635
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• 2011

Inefficient rumen microbial fermentation is a major factor limiting intake of low quality roughage in ruminants. In this study, the effect of energy supplementation on rumen microbial fermentation, absorption of balanced digestion products and voluntary feed intake in sheep was investigated. A basal diet of a urea-treated mixture of wheaten chaff and barley straw (3:1 DM) containing 22.2 g N/kg DM was used. Four Merino-cross wethers weighing $45{\pm}4.38\;kg$ and fitted with permanent rumen and abomasal cannulae were allocated to four treatments in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were basal diet ($E_0$), or basal diet supplemented with sucrose (112.5 g/d) administered to the animals intra-ruminally ($E_R$), abomasally ($E_A$), or through both routes (50:50) ($E_{RA}$). Feed intake (basal and dietary) was increased (p<0.05) by sucrose supplementation through the rumen ($E_R$) or abomasum ($E_A$). However, there was no difference (p>0.05) in intake between animals on the control diet and those supplemented with sucrose through both intraruminal and abomasal routes ($E_{RA}$). The digestibility of DM and OM was highest in $E_R$ and $E_A$ supplemented animals. Although the rumen pH was reduced (p<0.001) in animals supplemented with sucrose entirely intra-ruminally ($E_R$), the in sacco degradation of barley straw in the rumen was not adversely affected (p>0.05). Intra-ruminal sucrose supplementation resulted in a higher concentration of total VFA, acetate and butyrate, while the pattern of fermentation showed a higher propionate: acetate ratio. Intra-ruminal supplementation also increased (p<0.05) the glucogenic potential (G/E) of the absorbed VFA. However, there was no difference (p>0.05) in microbial protein production between the four dietary treatments. Protozoa numbers were increased (p<0.05) by intra-ruminal supplementation of sucrose.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1237-1246
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to estimate variance components and genetic parameters for lactation milk yield (LY), lactation length (LL), average milk yield per day (YD), initial milk yield (IY), peak milk yield (PY), days to peak (DP) and parameters (ln(a) and c) of the modified incomplete gamma function (MIG) in an Ethiopian multibreed dairy cattle population. The dataset was composed of 5,507 lactation records collected from 1,639 cows in three locations (Bako, Debre Zeit and Holetta) in Ethiopia from 1977 to 2010. Parameters for MIG were obtained from regression analysis of monthly test-day milk data on days in milk. The cows were purebred (Bos indicus) Boran (B) and Horro (H) and their crosses with different fractions of Friesian (F), Jersey (J) and Simmental (S). There were 23 breed groups (B, H, and their crossbreds with F, J, and S) in the population. Fixed and mixed models were used to analyse the data. The fixed model considered herd-year-season, parity and breed group as fixed effects, and residual as random. The single and two-traits mixed animal repeatability models, considered the fixed effects of herd-year-season and parity subclasses, breed as a function of cow H, F, J, and S breed fractions and general heterosis as a function of heterozygosity, and the random additive animal, permanent environment, and residual effects. For the analysis of LY, LL was added as a fixed covariate to all models. Variance components and genetic parameters were estimated using average information restricted maximum likelihood procedures. The results indicated that all traits were affected (p<0.001) by the considered fixed effects. High grade $B{\times}F$ cows (3/16B 13/16F) had the highest least squares means (LSM) for LY ($2,490{\pm}178.9kg$), IY ($10.5{\pm}0.8kg$), PY ($12.7{\pm}0.9kg$), YD ($7.6{\pm}0.55kg$) and LL ($361.4{\pm}31.2d$), while B cows had the lowest LSM values for these traits. The LSM of LY, IY, YD, and PY tended to increase from the first to the fifth parity. Single-trait analyses yielded low heritability ($0.03{\pm}0.03$ and $0.08{\pm}0.02$) and repeatability ($0.14{\pm}0.01$ to $0.24{\pm}0.02$) estimates for LL, DP and parameter c. Medium heritability ($0.21{\pm}0.03$ to $0.33{\pm}0.04$) and repeatability ($0.27{\pm}0.02$ to $0.53{\pm}0.01$) estimates were obtained for LY, IY, PY, YD and ln(a). Genetic correlations between LY, IY, PY, YD, ln(a), and LL ranged from 0.59 to 0.99. Spearman's rank correlations between sire estimated breeding values for LY, LL, IY, PY, YD, ln(a) and c were positive (0.67 to 0.99, p<0.001). These results suggested that selection for IY, PY, YD, or LY would genetically improve lactation milk yield in this Ethiopian dairy cattle population.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.20-25
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• 1982

1965년(年)과 1980년(年)에 촬영(撮影)한 항공사진(航空寫眞)을 이용(利用)하여 대관령지역(大關嶺地域)의 산지이용상태(山地利用狀態)가 15년간(年間) 어떻게 변천(變遷)하였는가를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같다. 1) 임지(林地), 경지면적(耕地面積)은 감소(減少)한 반면(反面), 초지면적(草地面積)은 3배(培) 이상(以上) 증가(增加)하였는데, 이는 대관령지역(大關嶺地域)의 입지조건(立地條件)이 목축업(牧畜業)에 적당(適當)하여 대단위(大單位) 초지(草地)가 조성(造成)된 데에 기인(起因)한다. 2) 임지(林地)가 초지(草地)나 경지(耕地)로 전환(轉換)된 것은 산지이용면(山地利用面)에서 개발효과(開發效果)가 크다고 하겠으나, 경지중(耕地中) 상당수(相當數)가 임지(林地)로 전환(轉換)된 현상(現狀)은 앞으로의 산지이용(山地利用)에 있어 고려(考慮)해야 할 점(點)이다. 3) 목축업(牧畜業)과 레저산업(産業) 등(等) 제산업(諸産業)의 발달(發達)은 이 지역발전(地域發展)에 크게 이바지하여 주댁(主宅), 축사(畜舍), 공공건물(公共建物) 등(等)이 증가(增加)하고 이 지역(地域) 상주인구(常住人口)가 증가하였다. 따라서 앞으로의 산지이용(山地利用)은 목재생산(木材生産)뿐만 아니라 국토보전(國土保全), 보건휴양(保健休養), 환경보전(環境保全) 등(等) 간접적(間接的) 효용(效用)을 증가(增加)시킬 수 있는 종합적(綜合的)이고 효율적(效率的)인 산림경영(山林經營)을 고려(考慮)하여 산지이용(山地利用) 계획(計劃)을 수립(樹立)하여야 한다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2003

본 연구의 목적은 차광스크린 및 인공광을 이용하여 온실에 적절한 일일적산 광합성유효광량자속을 공급하는 기술을 개발하는 것이다. 차광율이 55%와 85%인 두 가지 종류의 차광스크린을 이용하여 목표광량을 얻는데 필요한 차광시간대를 분석한 결과, 조절하고자 하는 목표광량의 크기에 따라 적절한 차광율을 가진 차광재를 선택할 필요가 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 기상조건에 따라 광량변화가 많은 7월과 8월에 대하여 55%의 차광재를 이용하여 광조절 실험을 실시한 결과 무차광시의 실측값과 계산값의 차이가 최대 5 mol$.$ $m^{-2}$ $.$$d^{-1}$ 정도로 나타났다. 이러한 차이는 기상조건에 따라 일일적산 광량이 큰 차이가 있음을 감안하면 대체로 만족할 만한 결과로 판단된다. 광분포 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 적절한 광배치를 찾을 수 있었기 때문에 실제 인공광을 배치하는데 소요되는 시간을 많이 단축할 수 있었지만, 정확하게 목표한 광강도를 고르게 분포하도록 할 수 있는 광배치를 찾기가 쉽지 않았으며, 이에 대한 보다 더 많은 분석이 요구되었다. 목표한 일일적산 광합성유효광량자속을 얻는데 필요한 보광강도별 보광시간을 기상조건 및 월별로 계산하여 분석한 결과 보광강도는 필요보광량의 크기에 따라 적절한 값을 선택하여야 할 것으로 판단되었다. 55%차광재 및 300$\mu$mol$.$ $m^{-2}$ $.$ $s^{-1}$의 보광강도를 이용하여 5월말에서 6월초까지 광량 제어실험을 실시한 결과 최대 3mol$.$ $m^{-2}$ $.$$d^{-l}$ 정도의 오차를 보여주었다. 이러한 차이는 동일한 달에 같은 기상조건에서도 일일적산 광량의 차이가 있고 하루 중 기상상태도 많은 변화가 있기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 기상조건에 따른 일별 최대차이가 30 mol$.$ $m^{-2}$ $.$$d^{-l}$ 정도임을 감안하면 조절효과는 만족할 만한 결과로 판단된다. 본 연구의 결과는 비록 상추재배를 위한 광량조절기술이지만 다른 작물에 대해서도 본 연구에서 제시한 자료 및 조절방법을 동일하게 적용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.489-495
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• 1998

한국 재래 간장으로부터 분리한 Scopulariopsis brevicaulis가 생성하는 ${\alpha}-galactosidase$의 최적 생산조건은 tryptone 1.5%, $NH_4NO_3$ 0.2%, raffinose 2.5%, $KH_2PO_4$ 0.5%, yeast extract 0.5%, pH 7.0, $27^{\circ}C$에서 3일간 배양 했을 때였다. ${\alpha}-galactosidase$의 최적 pH는 7.0, 최적온도는 $27^{\circ}C$였으며, $pH\;6.0{\sim}8.0$범위와 $40^{\circ}C$이하에서 안정하였다. $Ag^{2+},\;Hg^{2+},\;Cu^{2+}$ 등의 금속이온 및 p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, Iodine에 의해 강하게 저해되어 본 효소의 catalytic부위에 -SH기가 있음이 추정되었다. Km값은 1.9 mM, Vmax값은 $9.66{\times}10^2\;{\mu}M/min$이었다. 배양기간에 따른 raffinose의 분해양상을 high performance liquid chromatography로 살펴본 결과 배양초기에 raffinose가 분해되어 sucrose, glucose, fructose가 관찰되었다. 배양기간이 경과함에 따라 raffinose가 감소하였고 sucrose, glucose, fructose도 소실됨을 확인하였다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.99-110
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• 2022

본 연구는 일반적인 체형의 여성과 구분되는 특징을 가지고 있는 플러스 사이즈 여성을 대상으로 상반신 의류 제작의 기초가 되는 보디스 원형을 개발하고자 한다. 이를 통하여 비만 인구의 증가로 시장이 활성화되고 있는 플러스 사이즈 여성 의류 개발의 기초가 되는 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 1차 외관 및 의복압 평가를 통해 옆목점 이동, 뒤진동다트 분량 추가, 앞처짐분 추가 등의 패턴을 수정하였다. 2차 평가를 통해 옆선 수직, 뒤중심선 목부분 들뜸, 뒤진동다트 분량 추가 등을 수정하였다. 3차 평가를 통해서는 옆선의 수직 분량 추가, 뒤진동다트 분량 추가를 통해 최종 패턴 제도법을 개발하였다. 20대 플러스 사이즈 여성 체형의 경우 복부의 돌출로 옆선의 설정 및 밑단의 설정 방법에 일반 체형과 구별되는 제도법이 요구되었다. 본 연구는 20대 플러스 사이즈 여성의 체형에 적합한 보디스 원형 제도법을 제시하였다는 점에 그 의의가 있다. 후속 연구에서는 실제 의복 제작을 통한 착용감 평가가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.261-273
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• 2024

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth performance, rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial community of post-weaning dairy calves in response to five diets varying in corn silage (CS) inclusion. Methods: A total of forty Holstein weaned bull calves (80±3 days of age;128.2±5.03 kg at study initiation) were randomized into five groups (8 calves/group) with each receiving one of five dietary treatments offered as total mixed ration in a 123-d feeding study. Dietary treatments were control diet (CON; 0% CS dry matter [DM]); Treatment 1 (T1; 27.2% CS DM); Treatment 2 (T2; 46.5% CS DM); Treatment 3 (T3; 54.8% CS DM); and Treatment 4 (T4; 67.2% CS DM) with all diets balanced for similar protein and energy concentration. Results: Results showed that calves offered CS had greater average daily gain, body length and chest depth growth, meanwhile altered rumen fermentation indicated by decreased rumen acetate concentrations. Principal coordinate analysis showed the rumen bacterial community structure was affected by varying CS inclusion diets. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the predominant bacterial phyla in the calf rumens across all treatments. At the genus level, the abundance of Bacteroidales_RF16_group was increased, whereas Unclassified_Lachnospiraceae was decreased for calves fed CS. Furthermore, Spearman's correlation test between the rumen bacteria and rumen fermentation parameters indicated that Bacteroidales_RF16_group and Unclassified Lachnospiraceae were positively correlated with propionate and acetate, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the current study suggested that diet CS inclusion was beneficial for post-weaning dairy calf growth, with 27.2% to 46.5% CS of diet DM recommended to achieve improved growth performance. Bacteroidales_RF16_group and Unclassified Lachnospiraceae play an important role in the rumen fermentation pattern for post-weaning calves fed CS.