흰깔대기버섯의 배양적 특성 및 인공재배에 관한 연구 (Cultural Characteristics and Artificial Cultivation of Edible Mushroom, Clitocybe maxima)
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- 현장농수산연구지
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- 제20권1호
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- pp.35-47
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- 2018
흰깔대기버섯(Clitocybe maxima) 총 6균주를 한국, 중국, 대만에서 수집 확보하였으며, 중국과 대만에서 각각 수집한 C. maxima와 L. giganteus는 중국명이 동일하고 배양적 특성 결과 동일종으로 판단되었다. 수집된 흰깔대기버섯 균주의 균사생장은 한천배지에서는 큰 차이가 없었으나 액체배양에서는 YPMG에서 가장 좋았다. 또한 균사생장 최적온도는 25℃, 자실체 유도 최적온도는 30℃로 밝혀졌으며 균사생장 최적 pH는 6.0-8.0으로 밝혀졌다. 흰깔대기버섯을 인공재배하기 위하여 농산부산물 및 임업부산물을 이용하여 배양적 특성 및 인공재배를 실시하였으며, 볏짚, 미루나무톱밥, 콘코브, 미송배지에서 균사 생장이 양호하여 이를 재배용 배지 재료로 선발하였다. 공시균주를 접종한 7 종류의 배지에서 균사생장 속도는 폐면, 혼합배지2, 미루나무톱밥 순으로 균사 생장이 양호하였다. 흰깔대기버섯을 인공재배하기에 가장 적합한 배지는 혼합배지2(배합비 : 활엽수톱밥 55%, 면실피펠렛 5%, 면실박 10%, 비트펄프 15%, 팽연왕겨 15%)이며, 배양에서부터 수확까지 30여일 소요되어 느타리버섯보다 빠른 수확이 가능하였다. CMA-003 균주는 공시된 모든 배지에서 자실체 유도처리 8~10일 후 자실체 원기 형성되었고, CMA-003 균주는 다발성 발이를, 그 외의 균주들은 개체발이를 보이며, 원기 발생 후 7~17일 생육으로 자실체 수확 할 수 있었다. 다발성인 CMA-003 균주의 대길이, 갓직경과 개체중량은 개체 발이하는 다른 균주들보다 작았지만, 수확률이 높아 농가 재배용 균주를 선발하였다. 흰깔대기버섯 자실체 유도 및 생육에 적합한 온도는 25~30℃, 백색형광등 8시간/1일 조사, 상대습도 : 90~95%, 재배실 CO2 농도 1,500 ppm 이하로 유지하여, 국내의 여름철 고온기에 냉방시설이 없는 간이재배사, 영세 느타리버섯 재배 농가에서 재배 가능하였다.
소나무 천연집단(天然集團)의 변이(變異)를 조사(調査)하기 위(爲)해 1971년(年), 1975년(年)에 각각(各各) 3개집단(個集團)을 조사(調査)한데 이어 1976년(年)에 강원도(江原道)의 이제군(麟蹄郡) 기린면(麒麟面) 진동리(鎭東里)(집단(集團) 7)와 정선군(旌善郡) 임계면(臨溪面) 약천리(藥川里) (집단(集團) 8) 그리고 삼척군(三陟郡) 하장면(下長面) 한소리(汗沼里)(집단(集團) 9)에서 각각(各各) 1개집단(個集團)(한 집단(集團)에서 20주(株))씩의 임분(林分)을 택(擇)하였으며 외형적(外形的)으로 우량(優良)하다고 생각되는 임목개체(林木個體)를 대상(對象)으로 조사(調査)하였다. 대상임목(對象林木)은 외부(外部) 형태학적(形態學的) 특성(特性), 침엽(針葉)의 특성(特性), 재질(材質)의 특성(特性)이 조사분석(調査分析)되었고 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 3개집단(個集團)의 평균임령(平均林齡)은 50~63년간(年間)에 있고 성장(成長)은 비슷하였다. 직관(直觀)으로 판단(判斷)할 때 삼척집단(三陟集團)이 우량수형(優良樹型)을 가진 것으로 생각되었다. 지하고율(枝下高率)은 정선집단(旌善集團)이 0.53으로 가장 높은 값이었고 수관지수(樹冠指數)는 0.91로서 불량(不良)하다고 생각되었다. 삼척집단(三陟集團)은 세지성(細枝性)이라는 점(點)과 분지각(分枝角)이 가장 예각(銳角)이란 점(點)에 있어서 바람직했다. 수관장(樹冠長)은 모두 비슷했다. 2. 지하고대(地下高對) 수고(樹高) 그리고 수관지수(樹冠指數)의 빈도분포(頻度分布)를 보면 집단간(集團間)에 차이(差異)가 있는 것으로 사료(思料)되었다. 3. 거치밀도(鋸齒密度)는 3개집단(個集團) 모두 약 27로서 집단간(集團間) 유의차(有意差)는 없었고 개체간차(個體間差)가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 특히 높은 밀도(密度)를 가지는 개체(個體)(40이상(以上)의 것)가 있었다. 기공열수(氣孔列數)와 수지도수(樹指道數)에 있이거도 집단간차이(集團間差異)는 없었고 개체간차이(個團間差異)는 컸다. 4. 수지도지수(樹指道指數)(R.D.I.)에 있어서는 집단(集團)8이 0.074로서 다른 두집단(集團)의 2-3배(倍)의 값을 보였다. 5. 10년단위(年單位) 평균(平均) 연륜폭(年輪幅)의 성장과정(成長過程)은 초기(初期)(30년(年)까지)에는 집단간(集團間)의 차이(差異)가 있었으나 그 이후(以後)가 되면서 같은 값에 접근(接近)했다. 6. 평균추재졸(平均秋材卒)에 있어서는 집단간(集團間)의 차이(差異)가 없었으나 Range에 있어서 차이(差異)가 있었다. 가령 집단(集團)8은 23~30인데 집단(集團)9는 16~36으로 7 : 20의 차(差)를 나타내고 있다. 7. 목재비중(木材比重)은 평균치(平均値)에 있어서 집단간(集團間)의 차이(差異)가 없었고 Range에 있어서도 그러하였다. 수령(樹齡)의 증가(增加)에 따라 비중(比重)은 증가(增加)하나 그 증감(增減)의 과정(過程)은 집단(集團)에 따라 차이(差異)가 있다. 8. 가도관장(假導管長)은 집단간차이(集團間差異)가 없고 Range 또한 비슷하고 수령(樹齡)의 증가(增加)에 따라 그 길이가 증가(增加)하고 있었다. 증가경향(增加傾向)의 집단간차이(集團間差異)가 없었다.
간독성물질인
Fuzzy logic based Control Theory has gained much interest in the industrial world, thanks to its ability to formalize and solve in a very natural way many problems that are very difficult to quantify at an analytical level. This paper shows a solution for treating membership function inside hardware circuits. The proposed hardware structure optimizes the memoried size by using particular form of the vectorial representation. The process of memorizing fuzzy sets, i.e. their membership function, has always been one of the more problematic issues for the hardware implementation, due to the quite large memory space that is needed. To simplify such an implementation, it is commonly [1,2,8,9,10,11] used to limit the membership functions either to those having triangular or trapezoidal shape, or pre-definite shape. These kinds of functions are able to cover a large spectrum of applications with a limited usage of memory, since they can be memorized by specifying very few parameters ( ight, base, critical points, etc.). This however results in a loss of computational power due to computation on the medium points. A solution to this problem is obtained by discretizing the universe of discourse U, i.e. by fixing a finite number of points and memorizing the value of the membership functions on such points [3,10,14,15]. Such a solution provides a satisfying computational speed, a very high precision of definitions and gives the users the opportunity to choose membership functions of any shape. However, a significant memory waste can as well be registered. It is indeed possible that for each of the given fuzzy sets many elements of the universe of discourse have a membership value equal to zero. It has also been noticed that almost in all cases common points among fuzzy sets, i.e. points with non null membership values are very few. More specifically, in many applications, for each element u of U, there exists at most three fuzzy sets for which the membership value is ot null [3,5,6,7,12,13]. Our proposal is based on such hypotheses. Moreover, we use a technique that even though it does not restrict the shapes of membership functions, it reduces strongly the computational time for the membership values and optimizes the function memorization. In figure 1 it is represented a term set whose characteristics are common for fuzzy controllers and to which we will refer in the following. The above term set has a universe of discourse with 128 elements (so to have a good resolution), 8 fuzzy sets that describe the term set, 32 levels of discretization for the membership values. Clearly, the number of bits necessary for the given specifications are 5 for 32 truth levels, 3 for 8 membership functions and 7 for 128 levels of resolution. The memory depth is given by the dimension of the universe of the discourse (128 in our case) and it will be represented by the memory rows. The length of a world of memory is defined by: Length = nem (dm(m)+dm(fm) Where: fm is the maximum number of non null values in every element of the universe of the discourse, dm(m) is the dimension of the values of the membership function m, dm(fm) is the dimension of the word to represent the index of the highest membership function. In our case then Length=24. The memory dimension is therefore 128*24 bits. If we had chosen to memorize all values of the membership functions we would have needed to memorize on each memory row the membership value of each element. Fuzzy sets word dimension is 8*5 bits. Therefore, the dimension of the memory would have been 128*40 bits. Coherently with our hypothesis, in fig. 1 each element of universe of the discourse has a non null membership value on at most three fuzzy sets. Focusing on the elements 32,64,96 of the universe of discourse, they will be memorized as follows: The computation of the rule weights is done by comparing those bits that represent the index of the membership function, with the word of the program memor . The output bus of the Program Memory (μCOD), is given as input a comparator (Combinatory Net). If the index is equal to the bus value then one of the non null weight derives from the rule and it is produced as output, otherwise the output is zero (fig. 2). It is clear, that the memory dimension of the antecedent is in this way reduced since only non null values are memorized. Moreover, the time performance of the system is equivalent to the performance of a system using vectorial memorization of all weights. The dimensioning of the word is influenced by some parameters of the input variable. The most important parameter is the maximum number membership functions (nfm) having a non null value in each element of the universe of discourse. From our study in the field of fuzzy system, we see that typically nfm 3 and there are at most 16 membership function. At any rate, such a value can be increased up to the physical dimensional limit of the antecedent memory. A less important role n the optimization process of the word dimension is played by the number of membership functions defined for each linguistic term. The table below shows the request word dimension as a function of such parameters and compares our proposed method with the method of vectorial memorization[10]. Summing up, the characteristics of our method are: Users are not restricted to membership functions with specific shapes. The number of the fuzzy sets and the resolution of the vertical axis have a very small influence in increasing memory space. Weight computations are done by combinatorial network and therefore the time performance of the system is equivalent to the one of the vectorial method. The number of non null membership values on any element of the universe of discourse is limited. Such a constraint is usually non very restrictive since many controllers obtain a good precision with only three non null weights. The method here briefly described has been adopted by our group in the design of an optimized version of the coprocessor described in [10].
원료멸치에 식염첨가량을 달리하여
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is ATPase-directed molecular chaperon and affects survival of cancer cell. Inhibitory effect of Hsp90 by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the cancer cell was reported. However, its role during oocyte maturation and early embryo development is very insufficient. In this study, we traced the effects of Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), on meiotic maturation and early embryonic development in pigs. We also investigated several indicators of developmental potential, including structural integrity, gene expression (Hsp90-, cell cycle-, and apoptosis-related genes), and apoptosis, which are affected by 17-AAG. Then, we examined the roles of Hsp90 inhibitor on viability of primary cells in pigs. Porcine oocytes were cultured in the NCSU-23 medium with or without 17-AAG for 44 h. The proportion of GV arrested oocytes was significantly different between the 17-AAG treated and untreated group (78.2 vs 34.8%, p<0.05). After completion of meiotic maturation, the proportion of MII oocytes was lower in the 17-AAG treated group than in the control group (27.9 vs 71.0%, p<0.05). After IVF, the percentage of penetrated oocytes was significantly lower in the 17-AAG treated group (25.2%), resulting in lower normal pronucleus formation (2PN of 14.6%). Therefore, the inhibition of meiotic progression by Hsp90 inhibitor played a critical role in fertilization status. Porcine embryo were cultured in the PZM-3 medium with or without 17-AAG for 6 days. In result, significant differences in developmental potential were detected between the embryos that were cultured with or without 17-AAG. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) showed that the number of containing fragmented DNA at the blastocyst stage increased in the 17-AAG treated group compared with control (7.5 vs 4.4, respectively). Blastocysts that developed in the 17-AAG treated group had low structural integrity and high apoptotic nuclei than those of the untreated control, resulting in decrease the embryonic qualities of preimplantation porcine blastocysts. The mRNA expressions of cell cycle-related genes were down-regulated in the 17-AAG treated group compared with control. Also, the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax increased in 17-AAG treated group, whereas expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bel-XL decreased. However, the expression of ER stress-related genes did not changed by 17-AAG. Cultured pESF cells were treated with or without 17-AAG and used for MIT assay. The results showed that viability of pESF cells were decreased by treatment of 17-AAG (
BPES(
세계경제 및 환경의 변화에 따라 농산물의 불안정적인 수급으로 인한 문제점이 노출되고 있으며, 우리나라의 경우 농산물의 안정적인 확보를 위하여 국가 전략적 차원에서의 해외농업투자의 필요성이 요구되고 있다. 하지만 정부차원의 지원 미진, 해외 농업에 대한 정보 및 기술 미비, 개발자금 확보의 어려움, 장기간의 투자금 회수기간, 사후관리 미흡 등의 이유로 성과를 이루지 못하고 있는 실정이며, 특히 해외 농산물의 국내 반입 시 관세의 장벽, 물류 유통비용 등으로 가격 경쟁력이 떨어지고 있어 국내에 반입되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 우리나라의 해외농업투자의 기본개념 및 실태를 살펴보고 해외농업투자의 필요성과 고려사항, 문제점 등을 도출하여 해외에서 재배된 농산물의 경쟁력을 위한 유통 측면에서의 개선방안을 정부의 간접적인 지원, 유통 현대화 및 유통정보기능 강화, 유통시설, 수송루트, 하역업무개선, 경쟁력 확보를 위한 정부의 정책적 지원, 교육 훈련을 통한 전문인력 양성 등 다섯 가지 측면에서 제시하였다.
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
A costume reveals the social characteristics of the era in which it is worn, thus we can say that the history of change of the costume is the history of change of the living culture of the era. Since the Three States era, the costume structure of this country had been affected by the costume system of the China's historical dynasties in the form of the grant therefrom because of geographical conditions, which affection was conspicuous for the bureaucrat class, particularly including but not limited to the Kings' familities. Such a grant of the costume for the bureaucrat class (i.e., official uniform) was first given by the Dang-dynasty at the age of Queen Jinduck, the 28th of the Shilla-dynasty. Since then, the costume for the bureaucrats had consecutively been affected as the ages had gone from the unified Shilla, to the Koryo and to the Yi-dynasty. As the full costumes officially used by government officials (generally called "Baek Gwan") in the Yidynasty, there existed Jo-bok, Gong-bok and Sang-bok. Of such official costumes, Gong-bok was worn at the time of conducting official affairs of the dynasty, making a respectful visit for the expression of thanks or meeting diplomatic missions of foreign countries. It appears no study was made yet with regard to the Gong-bok while the studies on the Jo-bok and the Sangbok were made. Therefore, this article is, by rendering a study and research on the styles of costumes of civil servants' stone images erected at the Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty, to help the persons concerned understand the Gong-bok, one of the official costume for Baek Kwan of that age and further purports to specifically identify the styles and changes of the Gong-bok, worn by Baek Gwan during the Yi-dynasty, consisting of the Bok-doo (a hat, four angled and two storied with flat top), Po (gown), Dae (belt), and Hol (small and thin plate which was officially held by the government officials in hand, showing the courtesy to and writing brief memorandums before the King) and Hwa (shoes). For that purpose, I investigated by actually visiting the tombs of the Kings of the Yi-dynasty including the Geonwon-neung, the tomb of the first King Tae-jo and the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong as well as the tombs of the lawful wives and concubines of various Kings, totalling 29 tombs and made reference to relevant books and records. Pursuant. to this study, of the 29 Kings' tombs the costume styles of civil servants' stone images erected at the 26 Kings' tombs are those of Gong-bok for Baek-gwan of the Yi-dynasty wearing Bok-doo as a hat and Ban-ryeong or Dan-ryenog Po as a gown with Dae, holding Hol in hand and wearing shoes. Other than those of the 26 tombs, the costume styles of the Ryu-neung, the tomb of the Moon-jo who was the first son of 23rd King Soon-jo and given the King's title after he died and of the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong are those of Jobok with Yang-gwan (a sort of hat having stripes erected, which is different from the Bok-doo), and that of the Hong-neung, the tomb of the 26th King Go-jong shows an exceptional one wearing Yang-gwan and Ban-ryeong Po ; these costume styles other than Gongbok remain as the subject for further study. Gong-bok which is the costume style of civil servants' stone images of most of the Kings' tombs had not been changed in its basic structure for about 500 years of the Yi-dynasty and Koryo categorized by the class of officials pursuant to the color of Po and materials of Dae and Hol. Summary of this costume style follows: (1) Gwan-mo (hat). The Gwan-mo style of civil servants' stone images of the 26 Kings' tombs, other than Ryu-neung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have Yang-gwan, out of the 29 Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty reveals the Bok-doo with four angled top, having fore-part and back-part divided. Back part of the Bok-doo is double the fore-part in height. The expression of the Gak (wings of the Bokdoo) varies: the Gyo-gak Bok-doo in that the Gaks, roundly arisen to the direction of the top, are clossed each other (tombs of the Kings Tae-jong), the downward style Jeon-gak Bok-doo in that soft Gaks are hanged on the shoulders (tombs of the Kings Joong-jong and Seong-jong) and another types of Jeon-gak Bok-doo having Gaks which arearisen steeply or roundly to the direction of top and the end of which are treated in a rounded or straight line form. At the lower edge one protrusive line distinctly reveals. Exceptionally, there reveals 11 Yang-gwan (gwan having 11 stripes erected) at the Ryu-neung of the King Moon-jo, 9 Yang-gwan at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong and 11 Yang-gwan at the You-neung of the King Soon-jong; noting that the Yang-gwan of Baek Kwan, granted by the Myeong-dynasty of the China during the Yi-dynasty, was in the shape of 5 Yang-gwan for the first Poom (class) based on the principle of "Yideung Chaegang" (gradual degrading for secondary level), the above-mentioned Yang-gwans are very contrary to the principle and I do not touch such issue in this study, leaving for further study. (2) Po (gown). (a) Git (collar). Collar style of Po was the Ban-ryeong (round collar) having small neck-line in the early stage and was changed to the Dan-ryeong (round collar having deep neck-line) in the middle of the: dynasty. In the Dan-ryeong style of the middle era (shown at the tomb of the King Young-jo); a, thin line such as bias is shown around the internal side edge and the width of collar became wide a little. It is particularly noted that the Ryu-neung established in the middle stage and the You-neung in the later stage show civil servants in Jo-bok with the the Jikryeong (straight collar) Po and in case of the Hong-neung, the Hong-neung, the tomb of the King Go-jong, civil servants, although they wear Yang-gwan, are in the Ban-ryeong Po with Hoo-soo (back embroidery) and Dae and wear shoes as used in the Jo-bok style. As I could not make clear the theoretical basis of why the civil servants' costume styles revealed, at these tombs of the Kings are different from those of other tombs, I left this issue for further study. It is also noted that all the civil servants' stone images show the shape of triangled collar which is revealed over the Godae-git of Po. This triangled collar, I believe, would be the collar of the Cheomri which was worn in the middle of the Po and the underwear, (b) Sleeve. The sleeve was in the Gwan-soo (wide sleeve) style. having the width of over 100 centimeter from the early stage to the later stage arid in the Doo-ri sleeve style having the edge slightly rounded and we can recognize that it was the long sleeve in view of block fold shaped protrusive line, expressed on the arms. At the age of the King Young-jo, the sleeve-end became slightly narrow and as a result, the lower line of the sleeve were shaped curved. We can see another shape of narrow sleeve inside the wide sleeve-end, which should be the sleeve of the Cheom-ri worn under the Gong-bok. (c) Moo. The Moo revealed on the Po of civil servants' stone images at the age of the King Sook-jong' coming to the middle era. Initially the top of the Moo was expressed flat but the Moo was gradually changed to the triangled shape with the acute top. In certain cases, top or lower part of the Moo are not reveald because of wear and tear. (d) Yeomim. Yeomim (folding) of the Po was first expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Won-neung, the tomb of the King Young-jo and we can seemore delicate expression of the Yeomim and Goreum (stripe folding and fixing the lapel of the Po) at the tomb of the Jeongseong-wanghoo, the wife of the King Young-jo, At the age of the King Soon-jo, we can see the shape of Goreum similar to a string rather than the Goreum and the upper part of the Goreum which fixes Yeomim was expressed on the right sleeve. (3) Dae. Dae fixed on the Po was placed half of the length of Po from the shoulders in the early stage. Thereafter, at the age of the King Hyeon-jong it was shown on the slightly upper part. placed around one third of the length of Po. With regard to the design of Dae, all the civil servants' stone images of the Kings' tombs other than those of the Geonwon-neung of the King Tae-jo show single or double protrusive line expressed at the edge of Dae and in the middle of such lines, cloud pattern, dangcho (a grass) pattern, chrysanthemum pattern or other various types of flowery patterns were designed. Remaining portion of the waist Dae was hanged up on the back, which was initially expressed as directed from the left to the right but thereafter expressed. without orderly fashion,. to the direction of the left from the right and vice versa, Dae was in the shape of Yaja Dae. In this regard, an issue of when or where such a disorderly fashion of the direction of the remaining portion of waist Dae was originated is also presented to be clarified. In case of the Ryuneung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have civil servants' stone images wearing exceptional costume (Jo-bok), waist Dae of the Ryu-neung and Hong-neung are designed in the mixture of dual cranes pattern, cosecutive beaded pattern and chrvsenthemum pattern and that of You-neung is designed in cloud pattern. (4) Hol. Although materials of the Hol held in hand of civil servants' stone images are not identifiable, those should be the ivory Hol as all the Baek Gwan's erected as stone images should be high class officials. In the styles, no significant changes were found, however the Hol's expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Yi-dynasty were shaped in round top and angled bottom or round top and bottom. Parcicularly, at the age of the King Young-jo the Hol was expressed in the peculiar type with four angles all cut off. (5) Hwa (shoes). As the shoes expressed on civil servants' stone images are covered with the lower edges of the Po, the styles thereof are not exactly identifiable. However, reading the statement "black leather shoes for the first class (1 Poom) to ninth class (9 Poom)," recorded in the Gyeongkook Daejon, we can believe that the shoes were worn. As the age went on, the front tips of the shoes were soared and particularly, at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong the shoes were obviously expressed with modern sense as the country were civilized.