• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제5권3호
• /
• pp.137-146
• /
• 1997

Spray characteristics of high pressure injectors for diesel engines have been experimentally studied with special emphasis on the effect of swirl. A constant volume chamber was rotated in order to generate a continuous swirl having the flow field of a solid body rotation, resulting in the linear dependance of the swirl number on the rotating speed of the chamber. Emulsified fuel is injected into the chamber and the developing process of fuel sprays is visualized. The fuel spray developing process in D.I. diesel engine was investigated by this liquid injection technique. The effect of swirl on the spray tip penetration is quantified through modelling. Results show that the spray tip penetration is qualitatively different for low and high pressure injections. For high pressure injection case, a good agreement is achieved between the experimental results and the modeling accounting the effect of swirl. For low pressure injection, a reasonable agreement is obtained. It is found that excessive swirl may cause adverse effect on spray dispersion during the initial combustion period since the spray can not be impinged on chamber wall.

• 한국CDE학회논문집
• /
• 제17권5호
• /
• pp.303-311
• /
• 2012

Laparoscopic surgery is a surgical procedure which uses long laparoscopic instruments through tiny holes in abdomen while watching images from a laparoscopic camera through umbilicus. Laparoscopic surgeries have many advantages rather than open surgeries, however it is hard to learn the surgical skills for laparoscopic surgery. Recently, some virtual simulation systems for laparoscopic surgery are developed to train novice surgeons or resident surgeons. In this study, we introduce the techniques that we developed for laparoscopic surgical training simulator for cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal), which is one of the most frequently performed by laparoscopic surgery. The techniques for cholecystectomy simulation include modeling of human organs (liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, etc.), real-time deformable body calculation, realistic 3D visualization of surgical scene, high-fidelity haptic rendering and haptic device technology, and so on. We propose each simulation technique for the laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedures such as identifying cystic duct and cystic artery to clamp and cut, dissecting connective tissues between the gallbladder and liver. In this paper, we describe the techniques and discuss about the results of the proposed cholecystectomy simulation for laparoscopic surgical training.

• 동력기계공학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.22-28
• /
• 2006

Computer simulation of the air flow over an automotive vehicle is now becoming a routine process in automotive industry to assess the aerodynamic characteristics of a medium-size vehicle such as $C_d\;and\;C_1$ and aslo to investigate the possibility of improving aerodynamic performance of the vehicle as a preliminary design for the production line. Mainly due to its contribution in saving time and cost in the development of new cars, computer simulation of the air flow over a vehicle is usually done well before a production car is introduced to the market and in gaining more and more attention as powerful computer resources are getting readily available nowadays. To aerodynamically design a car is mainly related with reducing a drag coefficient of car. A well designed car usually has a $C_d$ value in the range of $0.3{\sim}0.4$. It is understandable that automotive industry is rushing to reduce a drag coefficient as reducing even a small fraction of the $C_d$ value can have an enormous overall impact on many areas. Actually, the present research model was able to achieve a $C_d$ value in the range of $0.3{\sim}0.36$ for flow velocities of $60km/h{\sim}100km/h$ by strategically removing the possible factor hazardous to lower $C_d$ value. Prediction of the medium-size vehicle aerodynamics using CFD was performed when an actual car model was in the development stage and three-dimensional modeling was also performed to optimize it as the best model in terms of the best aerodynamic performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권11호
• /
• pp.1632-1637
• /
• 2006

We studied the changes in biochemical markers of bone metabolism in growing Thoroughbred horses. Serum osteocalcin (OC), as a marker for bone formation, and carboxy-terminal propeptide of type-I collagen (PICP), as a marker for bone formation, carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen (ICTP), as a marker for bone resorption, were determined in nine clinically healthy horses from 3 d to 17 mo of age. The BW and withers height (WH) increased during the study. On the other hand, a rapid reduction in body weight gain (BWG) was observed between 1 mo and 9 mo of age and a rapid reduction in withers height gain was observed between 1 mo and 5 mo of age. The serum markers decreased significantly with increasing age. In particular, dramatic changes in serum markers occurred between 3 d to 1 wk and 5 to 7 mo of age in these horses, which suggests that bone turnover rapidly decreased after birth. On the other hand, the ratio of PICP to ICTP decreased through the experiment. This result suggests that the reduction in bone formation exceeded that of bone resorption. There was a significant correlation between markers and growth parameters, except for the correlation between PICP and BWG on single linear regression analysis. Serum OC and ICTP were affected by the WH in multiple linear regression analysis. These results indicated that the age-related variation in serum biochemical markers of bone metabolism reflected bone growth, but neither BW nor BWG. Therefore, we consider that changes in bone modeling are the major factor affecting the levels of serum biochemical markers by 17 mo of age in horses.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소음진동공학회 2007년도 추계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.693-696
• /
• 2007

In this paper, vibration sources of an electric forklift are identified and the forklift vibrations are reduced by structural modification by using the finite element analysis. From some experiments, it is also found that resonances occur because the natural frequencies of the forklift exist in usual driving speed range. To vibration sources of the electric forklift, the modeling is designed by using a commercial 3D CAD program CATIA and the finite element model is designed by a using finite element analysis program ANSYS which can perform modal analysis of flexible mode. To shift the natural frequencies out side the driving speed range, the frame part, the connection parts between main body and loader are modified to increase stiffness. It is verified that considerable amount of vibration are reduced by the structural modification.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.83-91
• /
• 2007

Nowadays, the increasing global competition forces manufacturing enterprises to apply new technologies such as laser welding to manufacturing of their products. In case of automotive industries, they interest in assembly system for BIW (Body in White) carrying out laser welding. In this paper, the method of implementation for digital laser welding assembly system is proposed. Based on the requirements of assembly tasks obtained through product analysis, process modeling is executed by using the IDEF0 and UML model. For digital assembly system, the selected components are modeled by using 3D CAD tools. According to the system configuration strategy, lots of the alternative solutions for the assembly system of welding side panels are generated. Finally, the optimal laser welding system is chosen by the evaluation of the alternative solutions with TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method.

• 한국기계가공학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.14-18
• /
• 2010

Car muffler has the role to form the exhaust gas from high temperature- pressure to lower level and reduce the generated noise. Because of this role, its durability decrease as deformation by heat is occurred. This study is to analyze the flow of exhaust gas inside muffler and its coupled thermal deformation with 3-D modeling and ANSYS. There is the fastest flow at the exit of muffler with the maximum velocity of 54 m/s. And the maximum deformation or equivalent stress is shown at this model respectively as 0.00435 mm or 3414.4 MPa by the influence of heat and pressure at part of intersection with inlet and body of muffler.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.433-439
• /
• 2000

볼륨 렌더링은 기하학적인 기본 도형으로 모델링하지 않고, 3차원 데이터를 직접 가시화하는 방법이다. 이런 볼륨 렌더링의 특성으로 말미암아 3차원 영상을 도시할 때에, 복잡한 물체의 경우에도 물체의 표면을 상세하게 표현하는데 유리하여 의료 영상을 가시화하는 쪽으로의 적용이 많이 이루어져 왔다. 일반적으로 볼륨 데이터의 크기가 커서 실시간으로 처리하기 쉽지 않기 때문에, 근래에는 이 렌더링 시간을 줄이기 위해서 많은 여러 가지 렌더링 알고리즘이 제안되었다. 본 논문에서는 부호화 되어 있지 않은 볼륨 데이터를 빠르게 렌더링 하기 위해서, 쉬어-왑 분해를 이용하는 블록 기반의 볼륨 렌더링 기법을 제안한다. 이 방법에서는 블록 기반의 데이터와 함께 장기의 영역 분할 데이터를 동시에 이용하여 볼륨 렌더링을 수행하므로써, 부호화되어 있지 않은 데이터에 대해 렌더링 속도를 증가시킨다. 본 논문에서는 3차원 X-ray CT 흉부 영상과 MR 3차원 두부 영상을 렌더링 함으로써 제안한 방법의 성능을 검증하였다.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.127-135
• /
• 1998

전자탐사에서 Born 근사는 이상체내에서의 전기장을 이상체가 없는 균질 매질에서의 일차장으로 대치하는 방법으로 복잡한 전자기 산란(EM scattering)문제를 근사하는데 널리 사용되고 있는 방법이다. 그러나 Born 근사는 이상체의 전도도가 주변 매질에 비하여 너무 크거나, 이상체의 크기가 클 때는 상당히 부정확한 결과를 나타낸다. 확장된 Born근사법은 이러한 Born근사의 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 제안된 방법으로 이상체내의 전기장을 탈분극 텐서와 일차 전기장의 곱으로 근사하는 방법이다. 한편 전자탐사에 3차원 송신원을 사용하는 2차원 모델링은 주로 유한차분법과 유한요소법이 이용되었다. 일반적으로 이들 미분 방정식을 이용하는 2차원 전자탐사 모델링에서 3차원 송신원 문제의 해결을 위하여 Fourier변환을 통해 파수영역(wavenumber domain)으로 이동하는 방법이 사용되어 왔다. 또한 파수영 역에서 계산된 결과는 Fourier 역변환을 통하여 다시 공간영역(space domain)으로 이동해야 하는 번거로움이 있다. 따라서 이들 방법은 계산시간이 많이 걸리고 이상체가 없는 지역도 미소체로 분할해야 하므로 수치계산시 대량의 기억용량이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 Born근사의 문제점 및 전자탐사 2차원 모델링시 3차원 송신원 문제를 해결할 수 있는 확장된 Born 근사법에 근거한 전자탐사 2.5차원 모델링 프로그램을 개발하였다. 이 모델링 프로그램을 이용하여 수직 자기 쌍극자를 송신원으로 하는 시추공간 전자탐사법에 대한 2차 자기 장을 계산하고 적분 방정식에 의한 3차원 모델링 결과와 비교, 분석하였다. 모든 주파수 대역에서 확장된 Born근사에 의한 2.5차원 모델링 결과가 3차원 모델링 결과와 잘 일치하고 있다. 그러나 이상체의 전도도와 모암의 전도도 차이가 10배 이상의 경우일 때는 두 반응은 상당한 차이를 보인다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 확장된 Born 근사에 의한 2.5차원 모델링은 이상체와 모암의 전도도 차이가 너무 크지 않을 경우 이상체의 위치 및 형상을 파악하는데 효과적일 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.218-225
• /
• 2017

Effects on skin caused by the dose from linear accelerator (LINAC) opposing portal irradiation and TomoDirect 3-D modeling treatment according to the radiation devices and treatment methods were measured, and a comparative analysis was performed. Two groups of 10 patients each were created and measurements were carried out using an optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. These patients were already receiving radiation treatment in the hospital. Using the SPSS statistical program, the minimum and maximum average standard deviations of the measured skin dose data were obtained. Two types of treatment method were selected as independent variables; the measured points and total average were the dependent variables. An independent sample T-test was used, and it was checked whether there was a significance probability between the two groups. The average of the measured results for the LINAC opposing portal radiation was 117.7 cGy and PDD 65.39% for the inner breast, 144.7 cGy and PDD 80.39% for the outer breast, 143.2 cGy and PDD 79.56% for the upper breast, 151.4 cGy and PDD 84.11% for the lower breast, 149.6 cGy and PDD 83.11% for the axilla, and 141.32 cGy and PDD 78.51% for the total average. In contrast, for TomoDirect 3-D conformal radiotherapy, the corresponding measurement values were 137.6 cGy and PDD 76.44%, 152.3 cGy and PDD 84.61%, 148.6 cGy and PDD 82.56%, 159.7 cGy and PDD 88.72%, and 148.6 cGy PDD 82.56%, respectively, and the total average was 149.36 cGy and PDD 82.98%. To determine if the difference between the total averages was statistically significant, the independent sample T-test of the SPSS statistical program was used, which indicated that the P-value was P=0.024, which was 0.05 lower than the significance level. Thus, it can be understood that the null hypothesis can be dismissed, and that there was a difference in the averages. In conclusion, even though the treatment dose was similar, there could be a difference in the dose entering the body surface from the radiation treatment plan; however, depending on the properties of the treatment devices, there is a difference in the dose affecting the body surface. Thus, the absorbed dose entering the body surface can be high. During breast cancer radiotherapy, radiation dermatitis occurs in almost all patients. Most patients have a difficult time while undergoing treatment, and therefore, when choosing a radiotherapy treatment method, minimizing radiation dermatitis is an important consideration.