• 수산경영론집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.131-153
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• 1984

Fishery resources are still abundant compared with other resources and the possibility of exploitation is probably great. The Korean fishery industry has grown remarkably since 1957, and Korea is ranked as one of the major fishery countries. Its of fishery products reached the 9th in the world and the value of exports was 5th in 1982. But recently a growth rate has slowed down, due to the enlargement of territorial seas by the declaration of the 200 mile, Exclusive Economic Zone, the tendency to develop fishery resources strate-gically in international bargaining, the change in function of the international organizations, the expansion of regulated waters, the illegal arrest of our fishing boats, the rapid rise in oil prices, and the fall in fish prices, the development of fishery resources as a symbol of nationalism, the fishing boats decreptitude, the rise of crew wages, regulations on fishing methods, fish species, fishing season, size of fish, and mesh size, fishing quotas and the demand of excessive fishing royalties. Besides the the obligation of coastal countries, employing crews of their host countries is also an example of the change in the international environment which causes the aggravation of foreign profit of fishing firms. To ameliorate the situation, our Korean fishery firms must prepare efficient plans and study systematically to internationalize themselves because such existing methods as conventional fishing entry and licence fishing entry are likely to be unable to cope with international environmental change. Thus, after the systematic analysis of the problem, some new combined alternatives might be proposed. These are some of the new schemes to support this plan showing the orientation of our national policy: 1. Most of the coastal states, to cope with rapid international environmental change and to survive in the new era of ocean order, have rationalized their higher governmental structure concerning the fishery industries. And the coastal countries which are the objectives of our expecting entry, demand excessive economic and technical aid, limit the number of fishing boats’entry and the use of our foreign fishing bases, and regulate the membership of the international fishery commissions. Especially, most of the coastal or island countries are recently independent states, which are poorer in national budget, depend largely on fishing royalties and licence entry fees as their main resources of national finance. 2. Alternatives to our entry to deep sea fishing, as internationalization strategies, are by direct foreign investment method. About 30 firms have already invested approximately US $ 8 million in 9 coastal countries. Areas of investment comprise the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean, the Moroccan sea and five other sea areas. Trawling, tuna purse seining and five other fields are covered by the investment. Joint-venture is the most prominent method of this direct investment. If we consider the number of entry firms, the host countries, the number of seas available and the size of investment, this method of cooperation is perhaps insufficient so far. Our fishery firms suffer from a weakness in international competitive ability, an insufficiency of information, of short funds, incompetency in the market, the unfriendliness of host coastal countries, the incapability of partners in joint-ventures and the political instability of the host countries. To enlarge our foreign fishing grounds, we are to actively adopt the direct investment entry method and to diversity our collaboraboration with partner countries. Consequently, besides proper fishing, we might utilize forward integration strategies, including the processing fied. a. The enterprise emigration method is likely to be successful in Argentina. It includes the development of Argentinian fishing grounds which are still not exploited in spite of abundant resources. Besides, Arentina could also be developed as a base for the exploitation of the krill resources and for further entries into collaboration with other Latin American countries. b. The co-business contract fishing method works in American territorial seas where American fishermen sell their fishery products to our factory ships at sea. This method contributes greatly to obtaining more fishing quotas and in innovation bottom fishing operation. Therefore we may apply this method to other countres to diffuse our foreign fishing entry. c. The new fishing ground development method was begun in 1957 by tuna long-line experimental fishing in the Indian Ocean. It has five fields, trawling, skipjack pole fishing and shrimp trawling, and so on. Recently, Korean fisheries were successful in the development of the Antarctic Ocean krill and tuna purse seining. 3. The acceleration of the internationalization of deep sea fishing; a. Intense information exchange activities and commission participation are likely to be continues as our contributions to the international fishery organizations. We should try to enter international fishery commissions in which we are not so far participating. And we have to reform adequately to meet the changes of the function of the international commissions. With our partner countries, we ought to conclude bilateral fishery agreements, thus enlarging our collaboration. b. Our government should offer economic and technical aids to host countries to facilitate our firms’fishery entry and activities. c. To accelerate technical innovation, our fishery firms must invest greater amount in technical innovation, at the same time be more discriminatory in importing exogeneous fishery technologies. As for fishing methods; expanded use of multi-purpose fishing boats and introduction of automation should be encuraged to prevent seasonal fluctuations in fishery outputs. d. The government should increases financial and tax aid to Korean firms in order to elevate already weak financial structure of Korean fishery firms. e. Finally, the government ought to revise foreign exchange regulations being applied to deep sea fishery firms. Furthermore, dutes levied on foreign purchaed equipments and supplies used by our deep sea fishing boats thould be reduced or exempted. when the fish caught by Korean partner of joint-venture firms is sold at the home port, pusan, import duty should be exempted.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2009

한 중 황해환경공동조사 연구는 1993년 11월 한 중 환경협력에 기초하여 1995년 5월 한 중 환경협력공동위원회에서 채택되어, 1997년부터 매년 1회씩 한국과 중국이 황해에 대한 공동조사 및 분석을 격년별로 주관하여 실시하고 있다. 본 연구는 한 중 양국이 황해를 대상으로 양국 과학자가 공동으로 승선조사 및 분석을 실시하는 연구로서, 황해에서 해양환경의 특성과 잠재적 오염압력을 평가하고, 과학적이며 체계적인 데이터베이스를 구축하며, 황해 환경에 대하여 한 중 양국이 국가적 차원에서 공동으로 관리할 수 있는 기반을 마련한다는 데 큰 의의가 있다. 또한 황해 오염현상의 공동연구를 통한 한 중 간 해양환경 협력 기반을 구축하고, 황해에 대한 과학적이며 체계적인 해양학적 자료의 축적 및 황해환경 보전을 위한 자료 제공 등 한 중 간 창해 공동관리 시스템 기반을 조성하기 위한 것이다. 지금까지 조사된 결과, 조사해역의 해양환경은 양호한 상태로서 해역 생활환경 수질기준 I등급을 나타내었다. 그러나 매년 황해의 COD 값이 점차 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있으며, 최근 양국 연안지역에서의 인구밀집과 산업화로 인하여 해양환경오염이 가중되고 있는 실정으로 오염 부하량이 지속적으로 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 지금까지 실시된 한 중 황해환경 공동조사는 연 1회 실시되고 있어, 황해의 다양한 해양환경 특성을 상세히 밝히기는 어려우나, 한 중 양국 간 황해 관련 각종 환경정책을 입안하는 데 필요한 기초 자료를 산출하는 데 있어 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 따라서 양국은 앞으로 조사 횟수, 조사해역 및 조사항목을 연차적으로 확대할 계획이다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2002

An International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG) program based at the University of Illinois at Chicago initiated its activities in 1998, with the following specific objectives: (a) inventory and conservation of of plants of Cuc Phuong National Park in Vietnam and of medicinal plants of Laos; (b) drug discovery (and development) based on plants of Vietnam and Laos; and (c) economic development of communities participating in the ICBG project both in Vietnam and Laos. Member-institutions and an industrial partner of this ICBG are bound by a Memorandum of Agreement that recognizes property and intellectual property rights, prior informed consent for access to genetic resources and to indigenous knowledge, the sharing of benefits that may arise from the drug discovery effort, and the provision of short-term and long-term benefits to host country institutions and communities. The drug discovery effort is targeted to the search for agents for therapies against malaria (antimalarial assay of plant extracts, using Plasmodium falciparum clones), AIDS (anti-HIV-l activity using HOG.R5 reporter cell line (through transactivation of the green fluorescent protein/GFP gene), cancer (screening of plant extracts in 6 human tumor cell lines - KB, Col-2, LU-l, LNCaP, HUVEC, hTert-RPEl), tuberculosis (screening of extracts in the microplate Alamar Blue assay against Mycobacterium tuberculosis $H_{37}Ra\;and\;H_{37}Rv),$ all performed at UIC, and CNS-related diseases (with special focus on Alzheimer's disease, pain and rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma), peformed at Glaxo Smith Kline (UK). Source plants were selected based on two approaches: biodiversity-based (plants of Cuc Phuong National Park) and ethnobotany-based (medicinal plants of Cuc Phuong National Park in Vietnam and medicinal plants of Laos). At mc, as of July, 2001, active leads had been identified in the anti-HIV, anticancer, antimalarial, and anti- TB assay, after the screening of more than 800 extracts. At least 25 biologically active compounds have been isolated, 13 of which are new with anti-HIV activity, and 3 also new with antimalarial activity. At GSK of 21 plant samples with a history of use to treat CNS-related diseases tested to date, a number showed activity against one or more of the CNS assay targets used, but no new compounds have been isolated. The results of the drug discovery effort to date indicate that tropical plant diversity of Vietnam and Laos unquestionably harbors biologically active chemical entities, which, through further research, may eventually yield candidates for drug development. Although the substantial monetary benefit of the drug discovery process (royalties) is a long way off, the UIC ICBG program provides direct and real-term benefits to host country institutions and communities.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.21-39
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was to investigate the characteristics of the heart rate variability(HRV), types of insomnia and accompanying symptoms of 175 insomnia patients. Methods : For this study we carried out HRV, Inbody of 175 patients with insomnia who have come to Dongeui oriental hospital of Dongeui university from the period of Janaury 2008 to September 2010. We studied the association of the insomnia patients' age and gender with HRV, accompanying symptoms and the types of insomnia. The information of the accompanying symptoms and types of insomnia was based on each patients' progress note. Results : l. There was no significant differences in the characteristics of HRV between male and female. 2. The most frequent symptom shown among the insmonia patents' was headache(41.14%). 3. Comparing the symptoms between the gender, female patients had more dry mouth, alternative periodic chill and fever, and hot flush symptoms than the male patients. 4. Comparing the symptoms between the age groups(divided in two), the lower age group (20~59) had more dizziness and constipation symptoms than the higher age group (over 60). 5. Comparing the types of insomma between the age group, the higher age group (over 60) had more termination insomnia. 6. The types of insomnia of the entire insomnia patients were onset insomnia (73.1%), maintenance insomnia(20.6%), termination insomma(l7.1 %), shallow sleep (52.6%), listed by order of frequency. 7. The patients who takes hypnotics had more anorexia symptoms than the patients who doesn't take hypnotics. 8. There was no visible differences of the average fractal portrait between male and female. The age group of 20~30yrs. had the highest average fractal portrait, and the age group of 30~59yrs. the second highest, and the age group over 60yrs. the lowest. 9. The average of the regulation reserves of the autonomic nervous system(B2) - was lower than the regulation level of the ANS at the present (Bl). 10. When compared the priority of the function of the ANS, it showed that the proportion of HF($38.61{\pm}29.19%$)was the most, and than VLF($30.65{\pm}23.36%$), LF($20.04{\pm}19.13%$) the least. 11. The average of the compensation level of the central nervous system at present(Cl) - was lower than the compensation reserves of the CNS(C2). 12. The average of the control reserves of the cerebrum(D2) - was lower than the control level of the cerebrum at the present (Dl). 13. There was no visible differences between different sexes and ages in pulse rate. 14. The abdomen fat ratio above the line of the insomnia patients was 77.97% in male and 93.1% in female. Both sexes showed that insomnia patients had more abdomen fat that the standard, and female patients had more abd. fat than male patients. Conclusions : This study shows that the HRV of insomnia patients had no significant differences between gender. Fractal portrait, HF, LF and VLF of the insomnia patients are in inverse proportion to the age. The study of the Body Component Analysis showed that female had more abdomen fat than male, and both gender showed more abdomen fat than the standard. When looked into the accompanying symptoms of the insomnia patients, the symptoms show differences according to gender, age and hypnotics taking, as shown as below. In the entire patients, Headache was the most accompanying symptom. Female had more dry mouth, alternative periodic chill and fever, and hot flush symptoms than male. Higher age groups had more dizziness and constipation as accompanying symptoms than lower age groups. Patients who takes hypnotics had more anorexia than those who dont.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제12권
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• pp.269-327
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• 1985

This study was undertaken to meet more fully the demands for improved training of library personnel, occasioned by the rapidly changing roles and functions of libraries as they try to adapt to the vast social, economic and technological changes currently in progress in the Korean society. The specific purpose of this research is to develop a standard curriculum at the batchelor's level that will properly equip the professional personnel in Korean libraries for the changes confronting them. This study started with the premise that to establish a sound base for curriculum development, it was necessary first to determine what concepts, knowledge, and techniques are required for professional library personnel to perform it at an optimal level of efficiency. Explicitly, it was felt that for the development of useful curricula and courses at the batchelor's level, a prime source of knowledge should be functional behaviours that are necessary in the job situation. To determine specifically what these terminal performance behaviours should be so that learning experience provided could be rooted in reality, the decision was reached to use a systems approach to curriculum development, which is an attempt to break the mold of traditional concepts and to approach interaction from an open, innovative, and product-oriented perspective. This study was designed to: (1) identify what knowledge and techniques are required for professional library personnel to perform the job activities in which they are actually engaged, (2) to evaluate the educational needs of the knowledge and techniques that the professional librarian respondents indicate, and (3) to categorise the knowledge and techniques into teaching subjects to present the teaching subjects by their educational importance. The main data-gathering instrument for the study, a questionnaire containing 254 items, was sent to a randomly selected sample of library school graduates working in libraries and related institutions in Korea. Eighty-three librarians completed and returned the questionnaire. After analysing the returned questionnaire, the following conclusions have been reached: (A) To develop a rational curriculum rooted in the real situation of the Korean libraries, compulsory subjects should be properly chosen from those which were ranked highest in importance by the respondents. Characters and educational policies of, and other teaching subjects offered by, the individual educational institution to which a given library school belongs should also be taken into account in determining compulsory subjects. (B) It is traditionally assumed that education in librarianship should be more concerned with theoretical foundations on which any solution can be developed than with professional needs with particulars and techniques as they are used in existing library environments. However, the respondents gave the former a surprisingly lower rating. The traditional assumption must be reviewed. (C) It is universally accepted in developing library school curricula that compulsory subjects are concerned with the area of knowledge students generally need to learn and optional subjects are concerned with the area to be needed to only those who need it. Now that there is no such clear demarcation line provided in librarianship, it may be a realistic approach to designate subjects in the area rated high by the respondents as compulsory and to designate those in the area rated low as optional. (D) Optional subjects that were ranked considerably higher in importance by the respondents should be given more credits than others, and those ranked lower might be given less credits or offered infrequently or combined. (E) A standard list of compulsory and optional subjects with weekly teaching hours for a Korean library school is presented in the fourth chapter of this report.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2010

목 적: 착상전 유전진단(preimplantation genetic diagnosis, PGD)은 유전질환을 가진 부부들을 대상으로 체외수정을 통해 획득한 배아에서 유전진단을 하는 방법이다. 다양한 유전질환을 가진 부부에게 그 질환에 맞는 PGD의 설계가 진행되어야 하기 때문에 PGD 시행 전유전상담을 시행하는 것은 PGD 설계에 있어서 매우 중요하다. 이에, PGD 시행 시 필요한 유전상담의 내용에 대해 환자 및 가족과 전문가의 구체적인 의견을 수렴하고 분석하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 본 연구는 PGD에 있어서 유전상담의 필요성과 중요성에 대한 의견을 알아보고자, 2010년 2월 3일부터 4월 30일까지 PGD를 실시 또는 실시 예정인 부부들과 PGD 관련 전문가들을 대상으로 이메일과 직접 설문지를 배포하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 결 과: 환자 60명과 전문가 31명을 포함하여 총 91명이 설문조사에 응답하였으며, 환자들은 염색체 이상 질환 49명(81.7%)과 단일유전자 이상 질환 11명(18.3%) 이었다. 설문에 응답한 환자와 전문가 모두 유전상담이 PGD의 의료서비스 일환으로 반드시 필요하다고 답하였다. 환자의 충분한 이해를 위하여 필요한 유전상담의 시간에 대해 환자와 가족 그리고 전문가 의견을 수렴한 결과, 각각 45명(75.0%)과 23명(74.2%)이 적정한 유전상담시간을 30분 이상이라고 응답하였다. 하지만, 현 의료시스템에서는 짧은 진료시간 내 진료와 유전상담을 동시에 진행함으로써 환자에게 완벽한 정보제공이 이루어지지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 전문가 그룹에서는 진료시간의 부족과 유전질환의 정보 부족이 유전상담의 어려운 점이라고 답하였으며, 이에 비 의사(non-MD) 전문유전상담사가 필요하다는 의견이 30명(96.7%)으로 높게 나타났다. 환자와 가족들은 PGD 시술 시 예기치 못한 결과의 가능성, 환자가 가진 유전질환의 위험을 예방할 수 있는 선택사항, 환자가 가지고 있는 유전질환의 위험도 평가, 유전자 검사 시 검사의 목적 설명 및 검사기술의 한계점과 오진률의 설명, PGD 시술 전반에 관한 기술적인 정보 등에 대하여 관심을 가지고 있으며 더 자세한 설명을 필요로 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 대한 전문가 의견 역시 환자 및 가족이 관심 있고 자세한 설명을 원하는 정보와 대부분 일치하였다. 이에 따라 환자의 요구와 의견으로 나타난 위의 결과들을 향후 PGD를 위한 유전상담의 지침(guide-line) 구축 시 반영하여야 할 것으로 사료된다. 결 론: 본 연구에서 유전진단과 생식의학 기술의 발전과 더불어 PGD의 적용과 효율성 등에 대한인식이 높아짐에 따라, PGD를 시행함에 있어서 구체적이고 체계적인 유전상담이 필요하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 설문조사 결과가 향후 PGD를 위한 유전상담 지침서(guideline)에 반영되어 적절한 PGD의 설계, 실시, 사후관리에 큰 도움이 되기를 기대한다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.13-44
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• 1982

7.1 옛날부터 재목(材木)을 오래 불에 담그어 쓰면 덜트로 덜 휜다고 하였는데 말로서 전(傳)하여 왔을 뿐 그 연구결과(硏究結果)나 또는 그 원인(原因)에 대한 것은 분명(分明)치 못하였다. 한편 재목(材木)의 추출성분(抽出成分)이 그 재목(材木)의 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)에 영향(影響)할 것이라는 추측(推測)은 많었으나 실지로 그 영향(影響)에 대한 연구(硏究)를 하여 그 결과(結果)와 그 원인(原因)을 밝힌 것도 극(極)히 적었다. 이 연구(硏究)는 이와같은 입장(立場)에 놓여있는 그 간미지(間未知)한 점(点)을 밝히기 위(爲)하여 다시말하면 재목(材木)을 물에 담그어 그 수용성(水溶性) 추출물(抽出物)을 추출(抽出)하므로써 일어나는 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)에 대한 결과(結果)를 조사(調査)하고 이 결과(結果)를 통(通)하여 얻는 진리(眞理)를 응용(應用)하여 재목(材木)의 일대 흠점(欠点)인 수축(收縮), 팽창(膨脹) 이에따라 일어나는 트는것, 휘는것, 틀어지는 것 등(等)을 막아 재목이용(材木利用)의 합리화(合理化)를 기(期)할 목적(目的)으로써 시작(始作)된 것이며 Yale 재과대학(材科大學) 목재이용학(木材利用學) 연구실(硏究室)에서 담당교수 F.F.Wangaard 박사(博士) 지도하(指導下)에 재료(材料)는 동(同) 연구실(硏究室)에 준비(準備)되어 있는 북미(北美)산 스트로 - 부 소나무 참나무 그리고 남방열대(南方熱帶)산 하이메나에아의 삼(三) 종류(種類)에 대하여 연구(硏究)되었다. 7.2 연구(硏究)의 대상이 된 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)은 목재(木材)의 실용적 사용(使用)에 있어서 가장 관계가 깊은 다시 말하면 트고 휘고 틀어지는등(等)의 관계가 깊은 평형함수량(平衡含水量), 수축(收縮), 팽창(膨脹) 그리고 강도(强度)의 지표(紙票)가 되는 비중(比重)등이 있다. 7.3 시험(試驗)은 위에 말한 세 가지 종류(種類)를 가지고 추출처리(抽出處理)를 하여 추출(抽出)한것과 반대로 추출성(抽出性) 물질(物質)은 침투(浸透)시킨것에 대하여 비교(比較)될 무처리(無處理)한 세 다른 공시재(供試在)를 준비(準備)하여 실시되었다. 다음 시험결과(試驗結果)는 7.4 수용성(水溶性) 추출물(抽出物)이 추출량(抽出量)과 그 추출액중(抽出液中)의 성분(成分)그룹은 Table 36에 표시(表示)된것과 같으며 나무 종류(種類)에 따라 추출량(抽出量)에 그리고 각(各) 성분(成分)그룹의 종류(種類)와 그 양(量)에 차이(差異)를 볼수 있었다. 7.5 평형함수량(平衡含水量)에 있어서는 a) 추출처리(抽出處理)를 하여 그 추출성분(抽出成分)이 빠져버린 공시재(供試材)와 그와 반대의 공시재(供試材) 사이에는 확실한 차이(差異)가 있어 추출성분(抽出成分)을 재내(材內)에 포함(包含)하고 있으므로써 같은 관계흡도에서 80%방습시(放濕時)는 이와 반대 평형함수량(平衡含水量)은 많아졌다. b) 설탕액(雪糖液)에 담그어 침투처리(浸透處理)를 하여 당분(糖分)이 재내(材內)에 침입(侵入)된 공시재(供試材)는 대체(大體) 추출처리(抽出處理)를 하지 않은 공시재(供試材)와 거의 같은 경향(傾向)의 결과(結果)를 나타내고 있다. c) 나무의 종류(種類)에 따른 차이(差異)는 일정한 경향(傾向)을 볼 수 없으나 스트로-부 소나무의 심재부(心材部)와 변재부를 비교(比較)하면 심재부(心材部)는 그 평형함수량(平衡含水量)이 적다. 이것은 원래(元來)의 함수량(含水量)에 있어서 심재부(心材部)가 적은데 이와같은 차이(差異)는 식물생리학적(植物生理學的) 또는 그 해부학적(解剖學的) 구조(構造)의 차이(差異)에서 생기는 것이다. 7.6 수축(收縮)에 있어서는 a) 추출처리(抽出處理)를 한 공시재(供試材)의 수축량(收縮量)은 그와 반대로 추출처리(抽出處理)를 않어 추출성분(抽出成分)이 그대로 남어있는 공시재(供試材)에 비교(比較)하여 그 수축량(收縮量)이 모두 크다. b) 설탕액(雪糖液)에 담그어 침투처리(浸透處理)를 한 공시재(供試材)는 그 수축량(收縮量)은 다른것에 비교(比較)하여 제일 적고 모두 침투처리(浸透處理)를 하지않은 공시재(供試材)와 거의 같은 결과(結果)를 보이고 있는데 이것은 재목(材木)을 사용전(使用前)에 특수(特殊)한 침투처리(浸透處理)를 하여 쓰면 재목(材木)의 일대 흠점(欠点)인 수축(收縮)을 막을수 있다는 것을 실증하는 것이다. c) 나무의 종류별(種類別)로보면 스트로-부 소나무의 심재부(心材部)는 그 변재부보다 수축량(收縮量)이 적으며 참나무의 수축량(收縮量)은 제일 크로 스토로-부 소나무에 비교(比較)하여 약(約)2배(倍) Hymenaea는 참나무 보다 적고 스트로 - 부 소나무 보다는 컸다. d) 각(各) 수종(樹種)을 통(通)하여 방향성(方向性)에 따른 수축량(收縮量)을 보면 촉단면방향(觸斷面方向)의 수축량(收縮量)은 경단방향(徑斷方向)의 수축량(收縮量)보다 큰 것은 다른 모든 나무에서 보느 결과(結果)와 같다. e) 추출량(抽出量)과의 관계를 보면 추출량(抽出量)이 많은 것일수록 추출처리(抽出處理)를 않은 것과의 수축량(收縮量)의 차이(差異)는 컸다. 7.7 팽창(膨脹)에 있어서는 a) 추출처리(抽出處理)로 그 성분(成分)을 추출(抽出)하여 낸 공시재(供試材)의 팽창량(膨脹量)은 그와 반대의 것에 비교(比較)하여 모두 팽창량(膨脹量)이 컸다. b) 재목(材木)의 방향성(方向性)에 따라보면 모두 촉단(觸斷) 방향(方向)의 팽창량(膨脹量)은 경단방향(徑斷方向)의 팽창량(膨脹量)에 비(比)하여 크다. c) 수축(收縮)에서 본것과 같이 팽창(膨脹)에 있어서도 나무의 종류(種類)에 따라 그 팽창량(膨脹量)에 차이(差異)를 볼수 있으며 그 팽창량(膨脹量)은 참나무 하이메나에아 스트로-부 소나무의 변재 그리고 동심재(同心材)의 순서(順序)도 적어졌으며, 수축량(收縮量)이 큰 것은 팽창량(膨脹量)에 있어서도 크다는 것을 실증하였다. 7.8 비중(比重)에 있어서는 a) 추출처리(抽出處理)를 한 공시재(供試材)의 비중(比重)이 추출처리(抽出處理)를 않은 공시재(供試材)의 비중(比重)에 비교(比較)하여 컸다. 이것은 비중(比重)을 결정(決定)할 때 사용(使用)된 용적(容積)에 기인(起因)하였으며 사실은 이와 반대의 결과(結果)가 나타나야 할 것이다. b) 나무의 종류별(種類別)로 보면 스트로-부 소나무의 심재(心材)는 변재보다는 그 비중(比重)이 크며 두 참나무의 비중(比重)은 소나무의 그것보다 배(倍)나 크고 하이메나에아는 그 비중(比重)이 제일 컷다. (9) 이상(以上) ; 모-든 시험결과(試驗結果)를 종합(綜合)하여 생각할 때 막연(漠然)히 재목(材木)을 물에 오래 담그어 쓴다는 생각은 오히려 잘못하면 목재(木材)의 성질(性質)을 더욱 악화(惡化)시킬 우려(憂慮)가 있으며 물에 담그어 쓰되 설탕질등(雪糖質等)으로 재목내부(材木內部)에 침투(浸透)할 수 있는 성질(性質)의 성분(成分)이 용해(溶解)되어 있는 액중(液中)에 담그어 쓰는 것은 재목(材木)의 일대 흠점(欠点)인 수축(收縮)과 팽창(膨脹) 그리고 이에 따라 일어나는 트고 휘는 일이며 틀어지는 등(等)의 흠점(欠点)을 막을 수 있다는 것을 실증하게 되었다. 만고(萬苦) 물속에 오래 담그어 쓰는 것이 다시 말하면 수용성(水溶性) 추출물(抽出物)을 빼내어 쓰는 것이 그 결과(結果)에 있어 확실히 양호(良好)하였다는 사실이 있었다면 그것은 수용성성분(水溶性成分)을 제출(提出)함으로써 균일(均一)한 수축(收縮)과 팽창(膨脹)이 일어나는데 기인(起因)하였을 것이다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.70-99
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• 2021

전라남도 문화재자료로 지정된 영암 정원명(貞元銘) 석비(石碑)는 전남지역 소재 금석문 중 가장 오래된 것으로 평가받고 있다. 발견 직후부터 매향비의 가능성이 언급되어 더욱 주목되었다. 하지만 정원(貞元) 2년(786)이라는 절대 연대가 있어 비교적 이른 시기의 금석문임에도 불구하고 이 석비를 주제로 한 단독 논고는 많지 않다. 필자는 이 석비에 대한 기존 연구 성과를 검토하면서 3D 스캔 자료, 1995년 탁본 자료, 국립광주박물관 소장 탁본을 기초로 하여 4행 42자의 명문을 다시 판독하였다. 검토 결과 이 석비는 매향비임이 확인되었다. 특히 조선 후기 문헌인 『동국명산기(東國名山記)』에 매향(埋香) 입석(立石)이나 글자를 알아볼 수 없다고 기록되어 이 석비가 매향비임을 분명히 밝히고 있다. 고려 말~조선 초의 현존 매향비에 자주 산견되는 '매(埋)' 혹은 '매향(埋香)'이라는 표현은 없으나, '탄장(呑藏)'과 '합향십속(合香十束)'이라는 명문이 새겨져 있다는 점에서 매향비임을 알 수 있었다. 즉 '매(埋)'의 의미를 '탄장(呑藏)'으로 대신 표현하였다고 생각된다. 이에 대한 방증 자료는 남북국시대 금석문인 888년 건립의 진감선사 대공탑비이다. 여기에는 '해안식향(海岸植香)'이라는 표현이 있어 '매(埋)'자를 쓰지 않아도 그 의미를 전달하고 있다. 따라서 정원명 석비에 '매(埋)'자가 확인되지 않는다고 하여 매향비가 될 수 없다고 생각되지는 않는다. 정원명 석비가 매향비라는 방증 자료는 도갑사 어귀에 있는 국장생(國長生) 주변 금표석(禁標石)의 명문에도 있다. 금표석의 명문은 조선 후기 중흥의 군주였던 정조의 능, 즉 건릉(健陵)에 사용되는 향탄(香炭)을 월출산 도갑사 주변에서 마련하였을 가능성도 시사하고 있다. 금표석에 새겨진 '향탄(香炭)'은 당연히 향(香)과도 관련 있기 때문에 예전부터 도갑사가 있는 월출산 주변 지역이 향(香)과 관련되어 오래된 역사가 있었음을 보여주고 있다. 석비에 보이는 명문, 조선후기 『동국명산기(東國名山記)』의 기록, 금표석의 명문 등, 이 모든 것이 정원명 석비가 매향비임을 알려주고 있다. 실물로 현존하는 가장 이른 시기의 매향비가 고려 말 1371년과 조선 초 1410년 두 개의 연대를 보이고 있는 영암 입암리 매향비임을 고려할 때, 786년 건립의 정원명 석비는 조선 후기 문헌과 그 문헌을 증명하는 실물로서, 우리나라 최고(最古) 매향비라는 역사적 의의를 가지고 있다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.69-98
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• 2009

We investigated what factors motivate gamers to participate in a guild and why they continue to be engaged as members of the guild. We find that, based on the result of focus group interviews with MMORPG gamers, social support and self-esteem factors play important roles. Considering both prior research and the focus group interviews we have conducted, we define social support and character control as independent variables. Character identity, guild identity, and self-esteem are proposed as mediating variables while guild flow and game loyalty as dependent variables. Accordingly, we develop the research model and hypotheses, and verify them empirically. Based on our experiences of playing the WoW game, we proposed a research model and conducted focus-group interviews (FGIs). FGIs involve formulating a hypothesis and then collecting some relevant data. FGIs were conducted face-to-face with students of C University in Korea. We formulated structured interview schedules, and the questions were based on our research variables and personal experiences. The questions for the interviews encompassed the following areas: (a) the demographic characteristics of the focus group; (b) the number of years for which respondents had played online games; (c) the motive for starting a game; (d) the number of game-characters assumed by each gamer; (e) the type of game played; and (f) other issues such as the reasons for involvement in the play, the willingness to reuse the game in case new versions were released, etc. On average, it took two hours to interview each of three groups. A primary set of FGIs was conducted with three groups on the premise that there would be some differences caused by character race (Horde vs. Alliance) or by playable server (Normal vs. Combat). With respect to the manner of playing, we found that guild members shared information, felt a sense of belonging, and played computer games for quite a long time through the guild; however, they did not undergo these experiences when playing alone. Gamers who belonged to a specific guild helped other players without expecting compensation for that, freely shared information about the game, gave away items for free, and more generous with other members who made mistakes. The guild members were aware of the existence other members and experienced a sense of belonging through interactions with, and evaluations from, other players. It was clear that social support was shown within the guild and that it played an important role as a major research variable. Based on the results of the first FGIs, a second set of in-depth FGIs was carried out with a focus on the psychology of the individual within the guild and the social community of the guild. The second set of FGIs also focused on the guild's offline meetings. Gamers, over all, recognize the necessity of joining a community, not only off-line but also online world of the guild. They admit that the guild is important for them to easily and conveniently enjoy playing online computer games. The active behavior and positive attitudes of existing guild members can motivate new members of the guild to adapt themselves to the guild environment. They then adopt the same behaviors and attitudes of established guild members. In this manner, the new members of the guild strengthen the bonds with other gamers while feeling a sense of belonging, and developing social identity, thereby. It was discovered that the interaction among guild members and the social support encouraged new gamers to quickly develop a sense of social identity and increase their self-esteem. The guild seemed to play the role of socializing gamers. Sometimes, even in the real world, the guild members helped one another; therefore, the features of the guild also spilled over to the offline environment. We intend to use self-esteem, which was found through the second set of FGIs, as an important research variable. To collect data, an online survey was designed with a questionnaire to be completed by WoW gamers, who belong to a guild. The survey was registered on the best three domestic game-sites: 'WoW playforum,' 'WoW gamemeca,' and 'Wow invent.' The selected items to be measured in the questionnaire were decided based on prior research and data from FGIs. To verify the content of the questionnaire, we carried out a pilot test with the same participants to point out ambiguous questions as a way to ensure maximum accuracy of the survey result. A total of 244 responses were analyzed from the 250 completed questionnaires. The SEM analysis was used to test goodness-of-fit of the model. As a result, we found important results as follows: First, according to the statistics, social support had statistically significant impacts on character control, character identity, guild identity and self-esteem. Second, character control had significant effects on character identity, guild identity and self-esteem. Third, character identity shows its clear impact on self-esteem and game loyalty. Fourth, guild identity affected self-esteem, guild flow and game loyalty. Fifth, self-esteem had a positive influence on the guild flow. These days, the number of virtual community is rising along with its significance largely because of the nature of the online games. Accordingly, this study is designed to clarify the psychological relationship between gamers within the guild that has been generally established by gamers to play online games together. This study focuses on the relationships in which social support influences guild flow or game loyalty through character control, character identity, guild identity, and self-esteem, which are present within a guild in the MMORPG game environment. The study results are as follows. First, the effects of social support on character control, character identity, guild identity and self-esteem are proven to be statistically significant. It was found that character control improves character identity, guild identity and self-esteem. Among the seven variables, social support, which is derived from FGIs, plays an important role in this study. With the active support of other guild members, gamers can improve their ability to develop good characters and to control them. Second, character identity has a positive effect on self-esteem and game loyalty, while guild identity has a significant effect on self-esteem, guild flow and game loyalty. Self-esteem affects guild flow. It was found that the higher the character and guild identities become, the greater the self-esteem is established. Contrary to the findings of prior research, our study results indicate that the relationship between character identity and guild flow is not significant. Rather, it was found that character identity directly affects game players' loyalty. Even though the character identity had no direct effect on increasing guild flow, it has indirectly affected guild flow through self-esteem. The significant relationship between self-esteem and guild flow indicates that gamers achieve flow, i.e., a feeling of pleasure and excitement through social support. Several important implications of this study should be noted. First, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to conduct this study. Through FGIs, it was observed that both social support and self-esteem are important variables. Second, because guilds had been rarely studied, this research is expected to play an important role in the online community. Third, according to the result, six hypotheses (H1, H5, H6, H7, H8, and H11) setup based on FGIs, were statistically significant; thus, we can suggest the corresponding relationships among the variables as a guideline for follow-up research. Our research is significant as it has following implications: first, the social support of the guild members is important when establishing character control, character identity, guildidentity and self-esteem. It is also a major variable that affects guild flow and game loyalty. Second, character control when improved by social support shows notable influence on the development of character identity, guild identity and self-esteem. Third, character identity and guild identity are major factors to help establish gamers' own self-esteem. Fourth, character identity affects guild flow through self-esteem and game loyalty. The gamers usually express themselves through characters; the higher character identity is, the more loyalty a gamer has. Fifth, guild identity, established within the guild, has clear effects on self-esteem, guild flow and game loyalty. Sixth, qualitative and quantitative methods are employed to conduct this study. Based on the results of focus group interviews and SEM analysis, we find that the social support by guild members and psychological factors are significant in strengthening the flow of guild and loyalty to the game. As such, game developers should provide some extra functions for guild community, through which gamers can play online games in collaboration with one another. Also, we suggest that positive self-esteem which is built up through social support can help gamers achieve higher level of flow and satisfaction, which will consequently contribute to minimizing the possibility for the players to develop negative attitude toward the guild they belong to.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.