• Spatial Information Research
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.33-43
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• 2014

As the number of people who live indoor space has been increased, the interest in 3D indoor spatial information has been grown. Object-Oriented 3D indoor space modeling including indoor spatial information has performed in level of detail 4, and modeling data is able to be constructed based on various raw data which are as-built drawing, laser scanning, BIM data, and camera. 3D indoor space modeling has been worked based on established indoor space modeling process, and the result can be used for various application fields such as indoor space pedestrian navigation, facility management, disaster management, and so on. However, the modeling process has limitations to perform indoor space modeling efficiently, because the process is complicated and wastes time at modeling work. In this paper, we propose evaluation on practical use of raw data for 3D indoor space modeling purpose on supporting efficient indoor space modeling through analyzing the established process. Therefore, we define the requirements to evaluate the practical use of raw data and propose the verification method. In addition, as-built drawing which has been used in Seoul 3D indoor space modeling project will be applied to proposed method as a raw data.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.112-116
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• 2008

This paper presents URS (Ubiquitous Robotic Space) Modeling and service technique for the robotic security service while bridging between virtual space and physical space. First, this paper introduces a concept of virtual URS and responsive virtual URS. Second, this paper addresses modeling of URS which covers modeling of indoor geometry and environment sensor. Third, this paper describes virtual URS services including interactive virual-physical bridging service.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.297-311
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• 2021

Around the world, there is an increasing interest in Digital Twin cities. Although geospatial data is critical for building a digital twin city, currently-established spatial data cannot be used directly for its implementation. Integration of geospatial data is vital in order to construct and simulate the virtual space. Existing studies for data integration have focused on data transformation. The conversion method is fundamental and convenient, but the information loss during this process remains a limitation. With this, standardization of the data model is an approach to solve the integration problem while hurdling conversion limitations. However, the standardization within indoor space data models is still insufficient compared to 3D building and city models. Therefore, in this study, we present a comparative analysis of data models commonly used in indoor space modeling as a basis for establishing a generic indoor space feature model. By comparing five models of IFC (Industry Foundation Classes), CityGML (City Geographic Markup Language), AIIM (ArcGIS Indoors Information Model), IMDF (Indoor Mapping Data Format), and OmniClass, we identify essential elements for modeling indoor space and the feature classes commonly included in the models. The proposed generic model can serve as a basis for developing further indoor feature models through specifying minimum required structure and feature classes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.611-622
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• 2020

As the advancement of technologies on indoor positioning systems and measuring devices such as LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) and cameras, the demands on analyzing and searching indoor spaces and visualization services via virtual and augmented reality have rapidly increasing. To this end, it is necessary to model 3D objects from measured data from real-world structures. In addition, it is important to store these structured data in standardized formats to improve the applicability and interoperability. In this paper, we propose a method to construct IndoorGML data, which is an international standard for indoor modeling, from point cloud data acquired from LiDAR sensors. After examining considerations that should be addressed in IndoorGML data, we present a construction method, which consists of free space extraction and connectivity detection processes. With experimental results, we demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively reconstruct the 3D model from point cloud.

• Journal of KIBIM
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.41-50
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• 2015

Increasing size and complexity of indoor structures have led to much more complication in the spatial cognition and situational awareness. Contrary to outdoor environments, occupants have limited information regarding the indoor space syntax in terms of architectural and semantic information as well as how they interact with their surroundings. The availability of such information could give conveniences to both users and managers in various aspects. In order to visualize the exact location of rooms and utilities in 3D, many studies and projects have utilized BIM models because of its promising value of representing building components. In fact, the application of BIM provides definitive spatial indoor data and creates services for indoor space management and navigation. Therefore, this paper aims to provide an overview of practices on BIM-based indoor spatial information implementation and location-based services. It is expected that enabling of technologies, data-rich content and accessibility of information products will accelerate the growth of the spatially-related markets in various fields.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.31-44
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• 2014

According to the purpose of applications, the application program will utilize the most suitable data model and 3D modeling data would be generated based on the selected data model. In these reasons, there are various data sets to represent the same geographical features. The duplicated data sets bring serious problems in system interoperability and data compatibility issues, as well in finance issues of geo-spatial information industries. In order to overcome the problems, this study proposes a spatial data fusion method using topological relationships among spatial objects in the feature classes, called Topological Relation Model (TRM). The TRM is a spatial data fusion method implemented in application-level, which means that the geometric data generated by two different data models are used directly without any data exchange or conversion processes in an application system to provide indoor LBSs. The topological relationships are defined and described by the basic concepts of IndoorGML. After describing the concepts of TRM, experimental implementations of the proposed data fusion method in 3D GIS are presented. In the final section, the limitations of this study and further research are summarized.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.91-101
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• 2015

Due to recent increase of indoor spatial information demands, several international standards have been published for indoor spatial information. OGC has also recently published two standards for indoor space; CityGML and IndoorGM. CityGML aims to provide a standard for 3D city modeling and the level of details (LoD) 4 covers the indoor space. IndoorGML focuses only on indoor space and provides several functions to complement the weakness of CityGML. It is therefore recommended to apply IndoorGML as a combination with CityGML. However since the weakness and strengths between these standards are not yet fully studied and understood, there is no well-defined guideline to apply them in a proper way. It means that we need to carry out a comparative study between them for their proper integration. For this reason, we discuss the pros and cons of these standards from two use-cases. The sites for the use-cases cover Lotte World Mall and Jongno-5 subway station, respectively. We studied these use-cases to compare CityGML and IndoorGML through the data construction of CityGML and IndoorGML for these sites. And based on several application scenarios, we also analyzed the weakness and strengths of each standard from different viewpoints. We expect that these comparative studies will be helpful to make a guideline on the application and integration between CityGML and CityGML.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.171-182
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• 2015

We propose a camera system to acquire indoor stereo omni-directional images and its calibration method. These images can be utilized for indoor precise mapping and sophisticated imagebased services. The proposed system is configured with a rotating stereo line camera system, providing stereo omni-directional images appropriate to stable stereoscopy and precise derivation of object point coordinates. Based on the projection model, we derive a mathematical model for the system calibration. After performing the system calibration, we can estimate object points with an accuracy of less than ${\pm}16cm$ in indoor space. The proposed system and calibration method will be applied to indoor precise 3D modeling.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.02a
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• pp.355-361
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• 2006

In large scale environments like airport, museum, large warehouse and department store, autonomous mobile robots will play an important role in security and surveillance tasks. Robotic security guards will give the surveyed information of large scale environments and communicate with human operator with that kind of data such as if there is an object or not and a window is open. Both for visualization of information and as human machine interface for remote control, a 3D model can give much more useful information than the typical 2D maps used in many robotic applications today. It is easier to understandable and makes user feel like being in a location of robot so that user could interact with robot more naturally in a remote circumstance and see structures such as windows and doors that cannot be seen in a 2D model. In this paper we present our simple and easy to use method to obtain a 3D textured model. For expression of reality, we need to integrate the 3D models and real scenes. Most of other cases of 3D modeling method consist of two data acquisition devices. One for getting a 3D model and another for obtaining realistic textures. In this case, the former device would be 2D laser range-finder and the latter device would be common camera. Our algorithm consists of building a measurement-based 2D metric map which is acquired by laser range-finder, texture acquisition/stitching and texture-mapping to corresponding 3D model. The algorithm is implemented with laser sensor for obtaining 2D/3D metric map and two cameras for gathering texture. Our geometric 3D model consists of planes that model the floor and walls. The geometry of the planes is extracted from the 2D metric map data. Textures for the floor and walls are generated from the images captured by two 1394 cameras which have wide Field of View angle. Image stitching and image cutting process is used to generate textured images for corresponding with a 3D model. The algorithm is applied to 2 cases which are corridor and space that has the four wall like room of building. The generated 3D map model of indoor environment is shown with VRML format and can be viewed in a web browser with a VRML plug-in. The proposed algorithm can be applied to 3D model-based remote surveillance system through WWW.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.133-142
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• 2010

Many pedestrian or fire evacuation models have been studied last decades for modeling evacuation behaviors or analysing building structures under emergency situations. However, currently developed models do not consider the differences of visibility of pedestrians by obstacles such as furniture, wall, etc. The visibility of pedestrians is considered one of the important factors that affect the evacuation behavior, leading to making simulation results more realistic. In order to incorporate pedestrian's visibility into evacuation simulation, we should be able to give different walking speeds according to differences of visibility. We improved the existing floor field model based on cellular automata in order to implement the visibility. Using the space syntax theory, we showed how we split the indoor spaces depending on the different visibilities created by different levels of structural depths. Then, we improved the algorithm such that pedestrians have different speeds instead of simultaneous movement to other cells. Also, in order for developing a real time simulation system integrated w ith indoor sensors later, we present a process to build a 3D simulator using a spatial DBMS. The proposed algorithm is tested using a campus building.