• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.917-930
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate Raphanus sativus extracts to methane reduction in rumen. Five different levels of R. sativus extracts were used to investigate the most effective dosing level for the decrease of methane production in the rumen. The rumen fluid was collected from a cannulated one Hanwoo cow ($BW=450{\pm}30kg$) consuming 600 g/kg timothy and 400 g/kg concentrate. On fermentation day, rumen fluid was collected at 2 hr postfeeding R. sativus extracts was dosed to achieve final concentration of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9% respectively, to fermentation bottles containing the mixture of rumen fluid and McDougall's buffer and 300 mg of timothy was added as a substrate. The fermentation was conducted for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hr incubation time at $39^{\circ}C$ with shaking. In vitro ruminal pH values were measured normal range for ruminal fermentation. Dry matter disappearance was significantly higher (p<0.05) at 3 hr incubation time 1, 3 and 5% doses than that of control. The highest methane reduction was observed in 12 hr incubation time 5, 7 and 9%. The carbon dioxide emission was also significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of control at 12 hr incubation time 5, 7 and 9%. The total volatile fatty acid was no significant difference between control and all doses level at 12 and 24 hr incubation time. At 24 hr incubation time, the result of real-time PCR were indicated that M. archea was significantly lower (p<0.05) at all doses level comparing to that of control. In conclusion, R. sativus extracts were significantly decreased methane emission. R. sativus extracts were significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of control at 12 hr incubation time 5, 7 and 9% and no adversely effect in rumen pH, dry matter disappearance and total VFA.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.878-885
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• 2009

Serum ferritin levels are elevated in subjects with acute lung injury (ALI), and abnormalities in plasma and lung iron chemistry have also been demonstrated in ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Stress-inducible heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), as well as ferritin, had shown anti-inflammatory actions. Biomarkers for early detection in patients who are likely to develop ARDS would give several therapeutic chances to the patients. In order to verify the predictability in severe hemorrhage-induced ALI in rats, we measured serum ferritin and HO-1 concentrations before and after hemorrhage. Severe hemorrhages significantly increased the number of leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue myeloperoxidase activity. Both serum ferritin and HO-1 levels increased following hemorrhage, but ferritin levels were elevated earlier than HO-1. In BAL cell immunohistochemical studies, ferritin and HO-1 expressions increased after hemorrhage and localized in the cytoplasm of leukocytes. These findings suggest that inflammatory leukocytes in BAL fluid can secrete ferritin and HO-1, and serum ferritin levels might be more valid factor in predicting ARDS than HO-1 levels in hemorrhage-induced ALI.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.23-37
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• 2022

Thirty-six weaned piglets with an initial body weight (BW) of 8.43 ± 0.40 kg (28 days of age, ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments for a 2-week feeding trial to determine the effects of different inorganic zinc (IZ), organic zinc (OZ) or combination of low crude protein diet (LP) and Mixed feed additive (MFA) on diarrhea score, nutrient digestibility, zinc utilization, blood profiles, organ weight, and fecal microflora in weaned piglet diet. The pigs were individually placed in 45 × 55 × 45 cm stainless steel metabolism cages in an environmentally controlled room (30 ± 1℃). The dietary treatments included a negative control (NC), positive control (PC; zinc oxide, 1,000 mg/kg), T1 (IZ : OZ, 850 : 150), T2 (IZ : OZ 700 : 300), T3 (IZ : OZ, 500 : 500), and T4 (LP + MFA [0.1% Essential oils + 0.08% Protease + 0.02% Xylanase]). The daily feed allowance was adjusted to 2.7 times the maintenance requirement for digestible energy (2.7 × 110 kcal of DE/kg BW^0.75). This allowance was divided into two equal parts, and the piglets were fed at 08 : 30 and 17 : 30 each day. Water was provided ad libitum through a drinking nipple. The diarrhea score was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in NC treatment compared with other treatments. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and gross energy (GE) was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the T2 treatment compared with the PC and NC treatments in week 1. In week 2, the ATTD of DM, N, and GE was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the NC treatment compared with other treatments. The T3 treatment had significantly higher (p < 0.05) ATTD and apparent ileal digestibility of zinc than the PC and T1 treatments. The Escherichia coli count in feces was significantly decreased in the T4 treatment compared with the NC and T2 treatments. The Lactobacillus count in feces was significantly increased in the T4 and T1 treatment compared with the T2 and T3 treatments. In conclusion, IZ : OZ 500 : 500 levels could improve nutrient digestibility and zinc utilization in weaned piglets, Moreover, MFA in LP diets could be used as a zinc alternative.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.236-244
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• 2005

Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the different anesthetic MS-222 and lidocaine-HCl doses on the blood physiological responses, on the time required for anesthesia and recovery, and on the survival rates of black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Plasma cortisol was its highest levels (96.1$\pm$12.1 ng/ml) at 6 hours after the administration of 300 ppm of MS-222, and in all groups, plasma cortisol levels were higher than the initial levels during the anesthetic experiment. Fish receiving lidocaine-HCl also exhibited higher than initial plasma cortisol levels at almost experimental intervals. The middle size fish exhibited the highest glucose level (143.3$\pm$14.5 mg/dl) at 50 ppm of anesthesia after 1 hour, and every level was significantly higher than the initial level for at least 12 hours. Glucose levels in fish to which lidocaine-HCl was administered were comparable to the levels seen in conjunction with MS-222 treatment. In fish anesthetized with MS-222, K+ levels in the small size fish were significantly elevated after 1 hour, while Na+ levels did not change in any of the groups throughout the experiment. Anesthetic time was significantly attenuated with increases in the concentrations of MS-222 and lidocaine-HCl. We also noted a correlation between anesthetic time and fish size, in that larger fish took a longer time, followed by the middle size and then the small size fish. The all fish size groups showed above $95\%$ survival rates at every experimental concentration in MS-222 and 300-400 ppm in lidocaine-HCl. The results may indicate that 100-200 ppm MS-222 and 400 ppm lidocaine-HCl are the most effective doses as sedatives for the black rockfish and these doses could be used as the suitable anesthetics doses.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 2003

Background: There is abundance of studies on the decrease in body fat through limited calorie intake or exercise; however, studies focusing simultaneously on functional foods and exercise are rare. This study was aimed to identify the effects of combination of a functional beverage and exercise on body composition and biochemical metabolic profiles. Method: Eighty-one healthy volunteers (69 females aged 19 to 50 years and 12 males aged 19 to 55 years), who maintained their body weight stable with 23 or higher in BMI (kg/$m^2$) and 25% or higher body fat for the last three months, were recruited in the study through written advertisement. All the subjects gave their informed consent, and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study design was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel group design. All participants were given 12-week programed-exercise, which was performed 3 times a week. One bottle (100 ml) of test (Garcinia cambogia 300 mg, L-carnitine 20 mg, Soy peptide 1,000 mg) or placebo solution was given daily 30 min before each session of programed-exercise. BMI (body mass index), %fat, local fat amount (visceral and mid-thigh), waist circumference, skin fold thickness and some biochemical metabolic parameters like glucose, insulin and free fatty acids, etc in the blood were measured and compared before and after 12-week intervention within groups as well as between groups according to the protocol Results: Twenty six volunteers were dropped out and fifty five volunteers completed the study. At the end of 4, 8, and 12 weeks, approximately 1.98%, 3.00% and 3.50% losses of initial body weight were observed, respectively, in the test group (P<0.01), and 0.29, % ,0.74%, 1.60%, respectively, in the placebo group (P>0.05). BMI changed by 2.40%, 3.41% and 4.46%, respectively, in the test group, and 0.38%, 0.95% and 1.75%, respectively, in the placebo group, at each period of time. The reductions of body weight and BMI were significantly higher in the test group than in the placebo group at each period of time (P<0.05). Conclusions: It is thought that the combination of functional beverage, which contains mostly garcinia cambogia, L-carnitine, and soy peptide, and exercise have synergy effects on reducing body fat.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 1996

In order to study the effect of phenobarbital(PB) on the hepatic transport of diltiazem(DTZ), $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker, we used isolated hepatocytes of rat which was intraperitoneally pretreated with phenobarbital sodium(75 mg/kg) for four days once a day. For the isolation of rat liver cells, a modification of the two step procedure of Seglen was used. DTZ was dissolved in incubation buffer to the final DTZ concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ng/ml in order to elucidate the uptake characteristics of DTZ by hepatocytes. Reactions were stopped at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 300 sec. The initial velocity was determined by disappearance of diltiazem in the hepatocyte suspension. On the other hand, to determine the effect of PB on the in vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance of DTZ we obtained the metabolism rates of DTZ in the control and the PB-pretreated rat hepatocyte at various time intervals. According to pretreatment with PB, the size of hepatocyte and the amount of protein per $10^6$ cells were significantly (p<0.01) increased from $26.92{\pm}0.1364\;m$ to $35.31{\pm}1.00\;m$ and from $468{\pm}6.5\;{\mu}g/10^6$ cells to $628.8{\pm}12.1{\mu}g/10^6$ cells, respectively. In the case or hepatic uptake of diltiazem, $K_m$ was not different in the normalization by cell numbers and increased from $2.90\;{\mu}M\;to\;13.89\;{\mu}M$ in the normalization by protein amount. $V_max$ was increased regardless of normalization by protein amount and cell numbers, from $1.21\;{\mu}mole/min \;{\cdot}\;mg\;protein\;to\;3.96\;{\mu}mole/min\;{\cdot}\;mg\;protein\;and\;from\;2.38\;{\mu}mole/min\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells\;to\;2.83\;{\mu}mole/min\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells$, respectively. The in vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance of DTZ was significantly (p<0.01) increased from $0.640{\pm}0.038\;ml/mim\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells\;to\;2.385{\pm}0.212\;ml/min\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells$ due to PB-pretreatment. These results suggest that the uptake of DTZ by hepatocyte is extremely fast and PB enhances the hepatic intrinsic metabolic clearance of DTZ.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.257-264
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• 2003

Carnitine, hydroxycitric acid, and soy peptide have been known to be anti-obesity agents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of carnitine, hydroxycitric acid, and soy peptide mixture as a potential anti-obesity supplement in overweight women. Overweight premenopausal women (n=33; PIBW>110; 20 to 39 years) were randomized into two groups: the placebo group and the functional beverage group (the test group). Functional beverage was composed of 2000 mg soy peptide, 20 mg L-carnitine and 300 mg garcinia(40% hydroxycitric acid). Body weight and 3 day food dimes, biochemical measurements and computerized tomography were measured at baseline and 8-week. After 8-week consumption of functional beverage with usual diet and exercise, body weight fell an average of 1.4 kg (2.1%). Visceral fat area reduced an average of 7.8% at L1($69.6{\pm}8.7\;vs\;64.2{\pm}7.5\;\textrm{cm}^2$) and 5.1% ($60.7{\pm}4.9\;vs\;57.6{\pm}4.8\;\textrm{cm}^2$, p<0.05) at L4level after weight loss in the test group. Calf fat area in the test group showed about 10% reduction ($31.0{\pm}2.7\;vs=\;27.7{\pm}1.7\;\textrm{cm}^2$, p<0.05) after weight loss. These reductions in fat areas were not shown in the placebo group. There were tendencies of increase in serum levels of $\beta-hydroxybutyrate$, acetoacetate, and total ketones in the test group. There were 7% and 17% insignificant increase in fasting free fatty acid (FFA) and response area of FFA during oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT), respectively, in this group. ill addition, little weight loss in the test group showed 8% but not significant reduction in insulin response area during OGTT. In conclusion, this study shows that taking a mixture of carnitine, hydroxycitric acid, and soy peptide as a potential anti-obesity supplement for 8-week produced advantageous changes in the weight and visceral fat accumulation of overweight women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1576-1582
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of administration of calcium supplementary food containing fermented product of Bacillus subtilis SE4 highly producing poly-$\gamma$-glutamic acid on the growthparameters of adolescent male rats. Four-week old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed for 4 weeks and assigned to the following 4 groups: two groups administered orally with new calcium supplementary food (such as 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) containing fermented product of B. subtilis SE4, one group administered with conventional calcium supplementary food product (150 mg/kg) and one saline group as control. Daily weight gain and daily food intake in the two new food product groups were higher than those of conventional food product group and control group. Especially, the content of serum IGF-I in the two new food product groups were significantly higher than those in conventional food product group and in control group (p<0.05). In addition, length and weight of longitudinal bone in the two new food product groups were longer and heavier than those of conventional food product group and control group. Therefore, the addition of fermented food product of B. subtilis SE4 into the conventional calcium supplementary food increased all the parameters examined for the growth of the adolescent male rats.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2005

Purpose: Helicobacter pylori infection is known to be associated with acute or chronic abdominal pain and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children. This study was performed to analyze the gastroduodenoscopic findings and the efficacy of triple therapy with omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin between one and two weeks of duration in children with H. pylori infection. Methods: We have assessed retrospectively 60 patients presented with acute or chronic abdominal pain or upper gastrointestinal bleeding. H. pylori infection was confirmed by endoscopic biopsy and rapid urease test. Out of 60 patients, 30 patients were treated with a combination of omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin for one week, and the other 30 patients were treated for two weeks with the same medication. Efficacy of treatment was assessed 4 weeks after the termination of treatment by using the $^{13}C$ urea breath test. Results: The 60 patients with the complaint of diffuse abdominal pain, epigastric pain, vomiting or hematemesis were included in this study. One-week treatment group (group I) consisted of 30 patients (14 male, 16 female) with mean age of $11.6{\pm}2.67years$. Two-week treatment group (group II) consisted of 30 patients (11 male, 19 female) with mean age of $10.7{\pm}4.17years$. In group I, H pylori were eradicated in 26 out of 30 patients (86.7%). In group II, H. pylori were eradicated in 26 out of 30 children (86.7%). Both groups did $^{13}C$ urea breath test after 4 weeks after termination of the triple therapy. The eradication rates were same in both groups as 86.7%, 26 out of 30 patients in each group. The results of endoscopy were nodular gastritis 26 (43.3%), erosive gastritis 10 (16.7%), hemorrhagic gastritis 7 (11.7%), gastric ulcer 2 (3.3%) and normal finding 15 (25.0%). Conclusion: In this study, the nodular gastritis was most common endoscopic findings with H. pylori positive patients. The eradication rate of H. pylori with omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin was 86.7% and it would be highly effective as primary treatment with no significant differences in the eradication rate between one-week and two-week treatment groups. However, we should need more long-term follow-up data.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.241-248
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• 2005

This study is aimed at understanding the role of arsenic in Roxarsone in causing fatty livers in mule ducks. One hundred 10-week-old mule ducks were randomly divided into 5 groups. Ducks received 2 weeks of various treatments followed by 2 weeks of withdrawal. The treatments were non-treatment (control), 300 mg/kg Roxarsone inclusion for 2 weeks ($1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ week), Roxarsone inclusion for one week ($2^{nd}$ week only), restrict feeding, or Roxarsone analogue (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenyl acid) inclusion. Results showed that feed intake and body weight in the Roxarsone groups and the restrict feeding group decreased significantly during the treatment period. However only the liver and heart weights were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the restrict feeding group. Fatty acid synthetase (FAS) activity showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the Roxarsone groups and the restrict feeding group, two-week-Roxarsone treatment significantly increased NADP-malic dehydrogenase (MDH) activity compared to the restrict (p<0.05). After 2 weeks drug withdrawal, the 1-week-Roxarsone or restrict feeding group showed significantly increased (p<0.05) glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity (p<0.05). Two-week-Roxarsone treatment significantly decreased (p<0.05) the high density lipoprotein (HDL) and increased (p<0.05) the low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) ratio. After drug withdrawal, the 1-week-Roxarsone or restrict feeding group showed significantly increased (p<0.05) creatine kinase (CK) activity. The 2-week-Roxarsone treatment group showed significantly increased (p<0.05) aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity. The restrict feeding treatment group showed significantly decreased (p<0.05) total protein (TP) concentration. After drug withdrawal, the related enzyme activities in the blood that reflected the liver function were restored to the normal physiological range, except for the total bilirubin concentration and CK activity in the 1-week-Roxarsone group. This group showed a significant increase (p<0.05). Thus, the reasons for liver enlargement in the Roxarsone and restrict feeding groups were different.