• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.729-734
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• 2002

Radiorespirometric analysis revealed that Pseudomonas sp. strain KKI isolated from a soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons was able to catabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as phenanthrene and naphthalene. The rate and extent of phenanthrene mineralization was markedly enhanced when the cells were pregrown on either naphthalene or phenanthrene, compared to the cells grown on universal carbon sources (i.e., TSA medium). Deduced amino acid sequence of the Rieske-type iron-sulfur center of a putative phenanthrene dioxygenase (PhnAl) obtained from the strain KKI shared significant homology with DxnAl (dioxin dioxygenase) from Spingomonas sp. RW1, BphA1b (biphenyl dioxygenase) from Spingomonas aromaticivorans F199, and PhnAc (phenanthrene diokygenase) from Burkholderia sp. RP007 or Alcaligenes faecalis AFK2. Northern hybridization using the dioxygenase gene fragment cloned from KKI showed that the expression of the putative phn dioxygenase gene reached the highest level in cells grown in the minimal medium containing phenanthrene and $KNO_3$, and the expression of the phn gene was repressed in cells grown with glucose. In addition to the metabolic change, phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFA) analysis revealed that the total cellular fatty acid composition of KKI was significantly changed in response to phenanthrene. Fatty acids such as 14:0, 16:0 3OH, 17:0 cyclo, 18:1$\omega$7c, 19:0 cyclo increased in phenanthrene-exposed cells, while fatty acids such as 10:0 3OH, 12:0, 12:0 2OH, 12:0 3OH, 16:1$\omega$7c, 15:0 iso 2OH, 16:0, 18:1$\omega$6c, 18:0 decreased.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제65권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2021

이 연구에서는 1기압 298 K 기체 상태에서 페난트렌에 두 개의 OH 라디칼이 연쇄적으로 작용하여 페난트렌이 분해되는 반응 과정을 B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) 기저함수를 사용하여 DFT 계산을 수행하였다. 계산 결과 두 개의 OH 라디칼이 연쇄적으로 페난트렌에 작용하는 경우에도 phenanthren-9-ol 생성 반응이 phenanthren-1-ol 생성 반응보다 유리할 것으로 예측된다. 한편 OH 첨가와 H 추출 과정에 대한 우선성은 상온에서 OH 첨가 과정이 유리할 것으로 예측되었다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.138-143
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• 2005

Laboratory batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the Fenton degradation rates of phenanthrene. Fenton reactions for the degradation of phenanthrene were carried out with aqueous and slurry phase, to investigate the effects of sorption of phenanthrene onto solid phase. Various types of surfactants and electrolyte solutions were used to evaluate the effects on the phenanthrene degradation rates by Fenton's reaction. A maximum 90% removal of phenanthrene was achieved in aqueous phase with 0.9% of $H_2O_2$ and 300 mg/L of $Fe^{2+}$ at pH 3. In aqueous phase reaction, inhibitory effects of synthetic surfactants on the removal of phenanthrene were observed, implying that surfactant molecules acted as strong scavenger of hydroxyl radicals. However, use of $carboxymethyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin$ (CMCD), natural surfactant, showed a slight enhancement in the degradation of phenanthrene. It was considered that reactive radicals formed at ternary complex were located in close proximity to phenanthrene partitioned into CMCD cavities. It was also show that Fenton degradation of phenanthrene were greatly enhanced by addition of NaCl, indicating that potent radical ion ($OCI^-$) played an important role in the phenanthrene degradation, although chloride ion might be acted as scavenger of radicals at low concentrations. Phenanthrene in slurry phase was resistant to Fenton degradation. It might be due to the fact that free radicals were mostly reacting with dissolved species rather than with sorbed phenanthrene. Even though synthetic surfactants were added to increase the phenanthrene concentration in dissolved phase, low degradation efficiency was obtained because of the scavenging of radicals by surfactants molecules. However, use of CMCD in slurry phase, showed a slight enhancement in the phenanthrene degradation. As an alternative, use of Fenton reaction with CMCD could be considered to increase the degradation rates of phenanthrene desorbed from solid phase.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.185-192
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• 1999

A phenanthrene-degrading bacterium was isolated from an oil-spilled intertidal sediment sample and identified as Sphingomonas sp. KH3-2. The strain degraded polycyclic aromatic compounds such naphthalene, fluorene, biphenyl, and dibenzothiophene. When strain KH3-2 was cultured for 28 days at 25C, a total of 500 ppm of phenanthrene was degrated with a concomitant production of biomass and Folin-Ciocalteau reactive aromatic intermediates. Analysis of intermediates during phenanthrene degradation using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry indicated that Sphingomonas sp. KH3-2 primarily degrades phenanthrene to 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (1H2NA) and further metabolizes 1H2NA through the degradation pathway of naphthalene.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.15-18
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• 2011

The toxicities of phenanthrene (PH) and pyrene (PY) are less than benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), but both compounds are found in higher concentrations in the air, feed, and food. Most PAHs are metabolized to hydroxylated compounds by the hepatic cytochrome P450 monooxigenases system. Metabolites are excreted into urine and feces. We determined concentrations of PH, PY and BaP in muscle and hydroxylated metabolites, 3-OH-PH, 1-OH-PY, and 3-OH-BaP, respectively, in urine from dairy cattle (n = 24). We also evaluated the relationship between parent compounds in muscle and their metabolites in urine. Concentrations of PH and PY in muscle ranged from 0.7~4.8 ng/g ($1.8{\pm}1.7$) and 0.4~4.1 ng/g ($1.2{\pm}1.2$), respectively. Concentrations of 3-OH-PH and 1-OH-PY in urine ranged from 0.1~5.9 ng/ml ($2.9{\pm}3.7$) and 0.5~3.6 ng/ml ($1.9{\pm}2.3$), respectively. Correlation coefficient for PY concentration in muscle versus 1-OH-PY in urine was 0.657 and for PH concentration in muscle versus 3-OH-PH in urine was 0.579. Coefficient determination for PY and PH concentrations in muscle was 0.886 and for 1-OH-PY and 3-OH-PH in urine was 0.834. This study suggests that 1-OH-PY and 3-OH-PH could be used as biomarkers for PAHs exposure in dairy cattle.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.869-877
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• 2000

Phenanthrene과 benzo[a]pyrene으로 오염된 토양을 슬러리상에서 오존처리시 반응메커니즘을 조사하였다. 토양내 오존주입시 OH-radical의 생성과 반응에 있어서 유 무기물의 영향을 알아보기 위하여 단순화된 토양매질로써 baked sand(BS), sand(S), glass beads(GB)를 택하여 실험한 결과 제거속도가 BS>S>GB 순으로 나타났다. Radical scavenger 실험을 통하여 OH-radical의 발생경향을 살펴보았는데, BS의 경우 OH-radical의 생성으로 오존과의 직접반응과 더불어 제거효율이 22% 상승됨을 알 수 있었다. Humic acid의 초기농도를 0~5 ppm으로 증가시킴에 따라 반응속도상수(psuedo first-order rate constant: $k_o$)가 $1.37{\times}10^{-2}s^{-1}$에서 $0.53{\times}10^{-2}s^{-1}$으로 감소하였으며, S매질상에서 PAHs의 초기농도 10mg-PAHs/kg-soil의 80%를 제거하는데 소모되는 오존 주입량은 phenanthrene의 경우 $67.2mg-O_3/kg-soil$였고, benzo[a]pyrene의 경우 $48.0mg-O_3/kg-soil$로 산정되었다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제62권5호
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• pp.344-351
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• 2018

이 연구에서는 기체 상태 페난트렌, 페난트렌올, 페난트레닐 라디칼, 하이드록실 페난트렌 라디칼에 대한 IR 스펙트럼을 BLYP/6-311++G(d,p)법을 사용하여 얻었다. 이 스펙트럼들을 비교함으로써 ${\cdot}OH$에 의한 페난트렌의 분해 반응 경로를 동정하는데 IR 스펙트럼 측정이 유용하게 사용될 수 있음을 볼 수 있었다. IR 스펙트럼에서 H 원자 제거 과정은 CH의 out-of-plane 굽힘 진동 영역인 $650{\sim}850cm^{-1}$, ${\cdot}OH$ 첨가 과정은 CH 신축 및 굽힘 진동 영역에서 용이하게 확인 할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 5종의 페난트렌-n-올 (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 9) 모두에 대하여 얻어진 IR 스펙트럼 역시 여기에 주어졌다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.181-187
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 phenanthrene-오염토양의 정화를 위한 동전기 생물학적복원에서 나타나는 pH 조절과 관련한 문제점과 이것에 대한 해결방법이 복원효과에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 조사하므로써 앞으로의 방향을 모색하고자 하였다. 플라스크 배양실험에서 Sphingomonas sp. 3Y를 이용하여 phenanthrene를 분해하기 위해서는 황산염을 적절한 농도로 공급하는 것이 중요하였는데 동전기 생물학적복원에서는 $MgSO_4$를 황산염원으로 공급했을 때 Mg이온이 음극에서 생성된 수산화이온과 결합하여 침전물을 형성하고 토양과 생물반응기의 pH를 과도하게 감소시키므로 미생물활성을 저해하고 제거효율이 감소되었다. 따라서 pH를 중성으로 유지하기 위해 강한 완충성분을 사용한 경우 비록 pH와 미생물활성은 잘 유지되었지만 제거효율이 크게 감소되었다. 한편 낮은 농도로 $MgSO_4$를 공급했을 때 역시 pH와 미생물활성은 잘 유지하였으나 제거효율이 다소 감소하였다. NaOH와 같은 중화제를 첨가한 경우에는 토양 pH의 상승하여 제거효율이 감소되었다. 결과적으로 전해질 조성은 동전기 생물학적복원의 복원효율에 매우 중요한 요소이며 앞으로 오염물 분해와 미생물활성유지에 적합한 황산염원이 조사되어야 한다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2013

To improve the energy efficiency of conventional thermal treatment, soil remediation with microwave has been studied. In this study, the remediation efficiency of contaminated soil with semi-volatile organic contaminants were evaluated with microwave oven and several additives such as water, formic acid, iron powder, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, and activated carbon. For the experiment, loamy sand and sandy loam collected from Imjin river flood plain were intentionally contaminated with hexachlorobenzene and phenanthrene, respectively. The contaminated soils were treated with microwave facility and the mass removals of organic contaminants from soils were evaluated. Among additives that were added to increase the remediation efficiency, activated carbon and NaOH solution were more effective than water, iron powder, and formic acid. When 10 g of hexachlorobenzene (142.4 mg/kg-soil) or phenanthrene (2,138.8 mg/kg-soil) contaminated soil that mixed with 0.5 g iron powder, 0.5 g activated carbon and 1 ml 6.25 M NaOH solution were treated with microwave for 3 minutes, more than 95% of contaminants were removed. The degradation of hexachlorobenzene during microwave treatments with additives was confirmed by the detection of pentachlorobenzene and tetrachlorobenzene. Naphthalene and phenol were also detected as degradation products of phenanthrene during microwave treatment with additives. The results showed that adding a suitable amount of additives for microwave treatments fairly increased the efficiency of removing semi-volatile soil organic contaminants.

• 약학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.704-708
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• 1997

In our search for bioactive natural products with antitumor activity, we have valuated various extracts of Saururi Herba (Saururaceae), which has been used in traditional medici ne for edema, beriberi, jaundice, turbid urine, carbuncle and furuncle. The hexane extract of the aerial part of this plant was found to show a potent cytotoxicity against several kinds of cultured human solid tumor cell lines (AGS, A549, HCT15, SKOV3, HEP-3B) in vitro. Using cytotoxicity-guided chromatographic separation of the hexane extract, cytotoxic constituent: 10-aminomethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenanthrene-carboxylic acid lactam, was isolated and structurally identified by physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic evidences.