• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.207-216
• /
• 2006

Vaginal cytology was examined in 12 Shih-tzu bitches to establish the accurate basic data for estimate to the optimal mating time and ovulation time. The mean duration of proestrus and estrus were $9.09{\pm}0.83\;(mean{\pm}SD)$ days and $7.36{\pm}0.47$ days in pregnant bitches. The gestational length in the 12 pregnant bitches was $65.2{\pm}0.5$ days in pregnant bitches when Day 0 was timed from the first day of male acceptance. Characteristic features of vaginal cytology during the estrous cycle were the high proportion of large intermediate cell, superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythrocyte in proestrus, superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythrocyte in estrus, and parabasal cell, small and large intermediate cell and leukocyte in diestrus, respectively. Cornification index (CI) was the high proportion in proestrus and estrus, then it decreased in diestrus and anestrus. When Day 0 was timed from the day of the first male acceptance, the CI peak was Day 2 and maintained above 80% between Day -4 and Day 6 during 11 days, and above 90% between Day -1 and Day 5 during 7 days. In relationship between CI and reproductive hormones, CI showed peak at the first day after plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentration peak and plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml at Day 0 which was the first day after CI peak. In conclusion, ovulation in Shih-tzu bitches occurred at the first day after CI peak. Vaginal cytology is the simple and reliable method for estimating estrous cycle, optimal breeding time and ovulation time in Shih-tzu bitches.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.97 no.1
• /
• pp.53-60
• /
• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum management system during a overwintering for the production of Pinus densiflora container 2-0 seedlings. The experiment performed between 2005~2006 in a polyethylene film house (PE house) located at Yeoju-Gun in Kyungki-Do. During the winter in the PE house, the difference in maximum day temperature and minimum day temperature was large, and the difference in temperature was detected between the container keeping locations. During the winter season, the maximum day temperatures at the seedling bench in January and February were $32.8^{\circ}C$ and$36.6^{\circ}C$, respectively, whereas those at the ground in January and February were $16.0^{\circ}C$ and $24.4^{\circ}C$, respectively. Water contents of container seedlings was reduced gradually from the beginning the experiment, and reduced rapidly from February to March, and increased rapidly from April. Container seedlings showed different death rate according to the extending of the irrigation cycle. Death rate by one week and two weeks of irrigation cycle was 4.8% and 6.5%, and 38.5% and 49.4% of death rate occurred by three and four weeks of irrigation cycle, respectively. It is suggested that the proper irrigation cycle for P. densiflora 2-0 container seedlings during overwintering is two weeks. When containers placed directly on the ground, the root of container seedlings went out through the drainage of the container, and grew out in the soil. These roots were cut while moving the container to the bench in spring.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
• /
• v.8 no.6
• /
• pp.349-353
• /
• 2003

The physiological characteristics of cultures of very high cell mass (e.g. 10g cell mass/L), termed“ultrahigh cell density cultures”is reviewed. A close relationship was found between the length of the optical path (OP) in flat-plate reactors and the optimal cell density of the culture as well as its areal (g m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/) productivity. Cell-growth inhibition (GI) unfolds as culture density surpasses a certain threshold. If it is constantly relieved, a 1.0cm OP reactor could produce ca. 50% more than reactors with longer OP, e.g. 5 or 10cm. This unique effect, discovered by Hu et al. [3], is explained in terms of the relationships between the frequency of the light-dark cycle (L-D cycle), cells undergo in their travel between the light and dark volumes in the reactor, and the turnover time of the photosynthetic center (PC). In long OP reactors (5cm and above) the L-D cycle time may be orders of magnitude longer than the PC turnover time, resulting in a light regime in which the cells are exposed along the L-D cycle, to long, wasteful dark periods. In contrast, in reactors with an OP of ca. 1.0 cm, the L-D cycle frequency approaches the PC turnover time resulting in a significant reduction of the wasteful dark exposure time, thereby inducing a surge in photosynthetic efficiency. Presently, the major difficulty in mass cultivation of ultrahigh-density culture (UHDC) concerns cell growth inhibition in the culture, the exact nature of which is awaiting detailed investigation.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.69-77
• /
• 2018

Objectives : Daesiho-tang (DSHT) has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarct in traditional medicine. However, there was not report on the anti-obesity-related diseases efficacy of DSHT. In this study, we investigated the effects for the new formulation of DSHT, on the adipocyte differentiation cycle in 3T3-L1 cells. Methods : 3T3-L1 cells were treated with DSHT (50, 100, $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) during differentiation for 6 days. Also, the inhibitory effect of DSHT against 3T3-L1 adipogenesis was evaluated in various stage of adipogenesis such as early (0-2day), intermediate (2-4day), and terminal stage (4-6day). The accumulation of lipid droplets was determined by Oil Red O staining. and, the expressions of genes related to adipogenesis were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Results : DSHT showed inhibitory activity on adipocyte differentiation at 3T3-L1 preadipocytes without affect cell toxicity as assessed by measuring fat accumulation and adipogenesis. In addition, DSHT significantly reduced the expression levels of several adipocyte marker genes including proliferator activated $receptor-{\gamma}$ ($PPAR-{\gamma}$) and CCAAT/ enhancer-binding $protein-{\alpha}$ ($C/EBP-{\alpha}$). Also, the anti-adipogenic effect of DSHT was strongly limited in the intermediate (2-4 day), terminal stage (4-6 day) of 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. In addition, the DSHT treatment down- regulated mRNA expression levels of $PPAR-{\gamma}$,, $C/EBP-{\alpha}$ in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Conclusions : These results suggest that, the ability of DSHT has inhibited overall adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in the 3T3-L1 cells. The new formulation of DSHT may be a promising medicine for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.71-79
• /
• 2000

Purpose : This study was aimed to evaluate the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction after irradiation and epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatment in three human epithelial tumor cell lines (A431, Siha, KB). Materials and Methods: Single irradiation of 2, 5 and 10 Gy was done on three cell lines with 5.38 Gy/min dose rate using Cs-137 irradiator at room temperature. Also, EGF of 10 ng/ml was added immediately after 10 Gy irradiation. Cell growth was evaluated by counting the living cell number using a hemocytometer at 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days and 5 days after irradiation. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction were assayed with the flow cytometry at 8 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days and 5 days after irradiation. Results : Growth of irradiated three cell lines were inhibited in proportion to radiation dose. EGF treatment after irradiation showed various results according to cell lines. On all cell lines, G2 arrest was detected after 8 hours and maximized after 12 hours or 1 day. Amount of G2 arrest was positively dose dependent. However, EGF showed no significant change on G2 arrest. G2 arrest was recovered with time at 2 Gy and 5 Gy irradiation. However, at 10 Gy irradiation, G2 arrest was continued. Apoptosis was detected at 10 Gy irradiation. On EGF treated group after irradiation, A431 and Siha cell lines showed slightly increased apoptosis but there was no statistically significant difference. KB cell line showed no marked change of apoptosis induction. Conclusion : Irradiation effects on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in three human epithelial tumor cell lines, however epidermal growth factor doesn't effect on.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.515-523
• /
• 1990

Plasma progesterone concentrations in 44 suckling Korean native cows were determined to monitor ovarian activity postpartum by radioimmunoassay. Blood samples were collected in 3 day intervals from 15 to 80 days postpartum. The ovaries and uterus were examined in 6 day intervals by rectal palpation. Results are summaried as follows: 1. The cows were qualified into four categories; Type I(normal): cyclic changes in plasma progesterone concentrations appear within 45 days postpartum(35 cows, 79.5%), Type II(cycle delayed): delayed resumption of ovarian activity by 55 days postpartum(5 cows, 11. 4%), Type III(cycle ceased with low progesterone): plasma progesterone concentrations remained low(${\leq}1ng/ml$) until 80 days postpartum(3 cows, 6.8%), Type IV(cycle ceased with high progesterone): plasma progesterone concentrations after 30 days remained high(${\geq}4.0ng/ml$) until 80 days postpartum(1 cow, 2.3%). 2. Out of the cows classified Type II and III, 7 cows had inactive ovaries and a cow had follicular cyst by rectal palpation. The cow of Type IV was diagnosed as bearing persistent corpus luteum by rectal palpation. 3. About 82% of the cows showed significant rises in plasma progesterone concentrations prior to 50 days postpartum and the cows of Type II and III resumed cycles in 31. 6(range 17~55) days after calving. However, 43.2% resumed cycles in 50 days postpartum by estrus signs. These results indicated that plasma progesterone concentrations assessed by radioimmunoassay can be utilized for monitoring postpartum ovarian activity and would be helpful for the early detection of ovarian dysfunction in the Korean native cow.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.404-409
• /
• 1998

Nine cows were superovulated by administration of 8 injections of Folltropin each (2.5 ml/injection, 1.75 mg/ml) i.m spread over 4 days, beginning on Day 10 of oestrous cycle, and 30 and 20 mg prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ was given along with the 5th and 6th injections of Folltropin, respectively, to induce luteolysis. The animals were artificially inseminated 48, 60 and 72 h after the first prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ injection. The number of corpora lutea was recorded by palpation per rectum and by ultrasonography on Day 6 (Day 0 = day of oestrus). The ovaries were examined daily by ultrasonography on Days 3-9 of the oestrous cycle for following the growth and regression of the largest follicle, which was considered the morphologically dominant follicle. The animals were classified into two groups depending upon the presence (n = 4) and absence of a dominant follicle (n = 5). There was a high correlation (r = 0.97, p < 0.001) between the number of corpora lutea observed by palpation per rectum and that determined by ultrasonography. Mean (${\pm}SEM$) number of corpora lutea determined by ultrasonography ($11.20{\pm}3.71$ vs $3.25{\pm}0.75$) and by palpation per rectum ($10.40{\pm}3.91$ vs $2.25{\pm}0.75$) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the nondominant group compared to that in the dominant group. There was no difference in the numbers of follicles 2-3 mm ($13.80{\pm}4.49$ vs $8.00{\pm}1.08$), 4-6 mm ($7.00{\pm}1.87$ vs $3.50{\pm}1.33$), and the total number of follicles ${\geq}2mm$ ($22.00{\pm}5.95$ vs $12.50{\pm}1.26$) between the two groups, one day prior to initiation of superovulation. There was, however, a significant (p<0.01) positive correlation between the number of corpora lutea with the numbers of follicles 2-3 mm (r = 0.83), 4-6 mm (r = 0.80) and the total number of follicles ${\geq}2mm$ (r = 0.89) observed one day prior to initiation of superovulation. The results of this study indicate that the presence of a dominant follicle adversely affects the superovulatory response in cattle.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.179-189
• /
• 2020

In order to increase the indoor air purification effect of plants, plants need to be placed on 5-10% of indoor spaces. To increase the density and utilization of plants in indoor spaces, studies on bio-wall, a vertical green wall system, have been recently conducted. The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth characteristics of 7 indoor plants introduced to the system and their rooting zones at different irrigation cycles. This study was conducted to investigate a proper irrigation cycle for the continuous maintenance of bio-wall systems. The conditions of their growth environment were maintained as follows: light intensity, 20-50 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 PPFD; and temperature, 20 - 25℃. For fertilization, Hyponex diluted with water at the ratio of 1:1,000 was supplied to plants. Irrigation was treated at intervals of 1, 3, 5, and 7 days for 1 hour at a time. As a result, there was no significant difference in the growth of plants between different irrigation cycles. Dieffenbachia 'Marianne' showed a significant decrease in the number of leaves at the irrigation cycle of 7 days. In addition, the chlorophyll content was relatively low at the irrigation cycle of 7 days. In terms of the color of leaves, a decrease in L value and b value and an increase in a value were observed, resulting in changes in brightness and color. Ardisia pusilla 'Variegata' showed a slightly higher photosynthetic activity and stomatal conductance when it was watered every day and once per 5 days, while Epipremnum aureum showed a relatively higher photosynthetic activity and stomatal conductance at the irrigation cycle of 3 days. In the case of root activity, it was found that the longer irrigation cycle, the higher root activity compared to daily irrigation. The development of roots of Peperomia clusiifolia was promoted by watering at long intervals. However, in the case of Aglaonema 'Siam-Aurora', the total number of roots decreased at the interval of 7 days. In conclusion, a proper irrigation cycle for the sustainable maintenance of vertical bio-wall systems seems to be 3 days.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2017

In all mammalian species, progesterone is essential to both the preparation for, and maintenance of, pregnancy. The $20{\alpha}$-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ($20{\alpha}$-HSD) enzyme predominantly converts progesterone into its biologically inactive form $20{\alpha}$-hydroxyprogesterone, thereby regulating its activity. Thus, to directly assess sexual maturation in the MediKinetics $micropig^{(R)}$, we analyzed the concentration of the steroid hormones progesterone and estradiol during the estrous cycle. Our results show that the progesterone level exhibited by the analyzed $micorpig^{(R)}$ was low at the beginning of the estrous cycle, and then abruptly increased to $30.32{\pm}10.0ng/mL$ and $46.37{\pm}11.0ng/mL$ by days 9 and 11 of the cycle, respectively. It reached the highest level $55.87{\pm}3.5ng/mL$ on day 13 of the estrous cycle, before decreasing to $46.58{\pm}13.1ng/mL$ and $10.0{\pm}7.6ng/mL$ by days 15 and 17 of the cycle, respectively. In contrast, the estradiol level was shown to be highest ($27.13{\pm}11.2ng/mL$) at the initiation of the estrous cycle, after which point it decreased to $13.29{\pm}6.5ng/mL$ and $10.94{\pm}5.9ng/mL$ by days 4 and 5 of the estrous cycle, respectively. By day 17 of the estrous cycle, the estradiol level decreased to $4.13{\pm}7.6ng/mL$. We anticipate that these results will provide useful information to enable the study of human ovulation and reproductive physiology using the MediKinetics $micoripig^{(R)}$ as a model system. We recommend further investigation to elucidate the functional mechanisms underlying the regulation of sexual maturation in the MediKinetics $micropig^{(R)}$.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.529-534
• /
• 1991

Plasma progesterone concentrations were measured from 97 Che-ju native mares throughout the estrous cycle, Day 20 to 23, 5 to7 months of pregnancy, and gestation period (<1 to 7 months) using the radioimmunoassay techniques for pregnancy diagnosis. Plasma progesterone concentrations during the estrous cycle were the lowest (<1.0ng/ml) at estrus, remained high from 9 to 18 days (3.7~7.6ng/ml) and drastically decreased thereafter to reach minimal concentrations at the next estrus. Plasma progesterone concentrations at Day 21 to 24 were a significantly different between in pregnant mares (>5.7ng/ml) and in non-pregnant mares (<1.0ng/ml). The accuracy of the pregnancy diagnosis based on plasma progesterone concentrations at Day 20 to 23 was 86.7% for positive and 100% for negative, whereas on 5 to 7 months was 66.7% for positive and 71.0% for negative, respectively. Plasma progesterone concentrations during the gestation period(1 to 7 months) increased after 1 month of pregnancy, with peak concentrations(>8.0ng/ml) occurring between 60 to 100 days of pregnancy, and decreased below 1.7ng/ml after 6 months of pregnancy.