• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.149-156
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• 1999

The experiment was conducted to determine the optimum stocking density for Korean Native Chicken. The experiment was carried out with 810 Korean Native Chickens for 16weeks from April 22. 1987 to August 11. 1987. The chickens were housed in pens with varying stocking densities; T1(20 birds per 3.3$m^2$), T2(30 birds per 3.3$m^2$), T3(40 birds per 3.3$m^2$), T4(50 birds per 3.3$m^2$), T5(60 birds per 3.3$m^2$) and T6(70 birds per 3.3$m^2$). Each treatment contained three replicates. At the end of the trial, the average body weight of T1 was significantly heavier than that of T5 (P<0.05), but there were no statistical differences among the treatments in fed intake. The feed conversion of T3 was improved significantly in comparison with that of T5(P<0.05), and the viability of T1 showed a significantly difference with that of T5, T1 showed the highest production number, whereas T5 the lowest one.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.343-348
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• 2006

The effect of Pleurotus eryngii and meat particle size on properties of sausage quality was investigated. Pleurotus eryngii and meat were processed and combined in the following three ways: T1 (minced Pleurotus eryngii+emulsified meat), T2 (chopped Pleurotus eryngii+emulsified meat) and T3 (chopped Pleurotus eryngii+chopped meat). The pH values of sausages showed T1 to be significantly higher (p<0.05) than T2 and T3. The shear force values showed no significant difference between treatments. T2 and T3 had significantly higher hardness values (p<0.05) than T1. With regard to color, the lightness and whiteness of sausage were significantly higher (p<0.05) for T1 and T2 than for T3. No significant differences between treatments were found regarding redness and yellowness. Panels rated T2 and T3 significantly higher (p<0.05) for aroma and flavor than T1. T2 was rated significantly juicier (p<0.05) than T1, T2 and T3 were rated significantly higher (p<0.05) for overall acceptability than T1.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.400-410
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of feeding the broilers that are exposed to extreme heat stress by control of inverse lighting times with night restricted feeding of extreme heat diet(EHD1, 2: extreme heat diet) containing different amount of soy oil, molasses, amino acids and vitamin C on short chain fatty acid and blood lipid profile. 300 broiler chickens(Abaica strain) were randomized into four dietary treatment groups according to a randomized block design on the day they were hatched. The four dietary treatment groups were: T1(EHD 1, 10:00~19:00 Dark, 19:00~10:00 Light), T2(EHD 2, 10:00~19:00 Dark, 19:00~10:00 Light), T3(EHD 1, 09:00~18:00 Dark, 18:00~09:00 Light), T4(EHD 2, 09:00~18:00 Dark, 18:00~09:00 Light). The body weight gain of the broilers was highest in T2, and high in order T1, T4, T3(p<0.05). Weights of the lymphoid organ, thymus and bursa of Fabricius were high in T1, T2 as compared to T3, T4 but spleen was lower in T4 than T1, T2, T3(p<0.05). Blood triglyceride, total cholesterol and glucose were higher in T1, T2 than T3, T4(p<0.05). LDL-C was high in orderT4, T3, T2, T1 but HDL-C showed the opposite trend(p<0.05). Blood concentrations of IgG, IgG and IgM were higher in T1, T2 than inT3, T4, but the corticosterone concentration decreased significantly in them. In T1 and T2, Lactobacillus in the feces increased, but total aerobic bacteria, E.coli, coliform bacteria was decreased rather significantly, compared with those in T3 and T4(p<0.05). Concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid and total SCFA in cecum were high in order T2, T1, T3, T4, but butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid were lower in T1, T2 than in T3, T4 (p<0.05).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the feeding level of cracked whole barley (CWB) on fatty acid composition, free amino acid content, organic acid content, pH, HDL cholesterol, total phenol and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of finishing Hanwoo steers. The dietary treatments were consisted of five types (C: base feed + 0% CWB, T1: base feed + 10% CWB, T2: base feed + 20% CWB, T3: base feed + 30% CWB, T4: base feed + 40% CWB). A total 30 Hanwoo steers(588.6${\pm}$11.8kg) were allocated into 5 feeding groups, and a total of thirty Hanwoo steers raised from 24 to 30 months. Linoleic acid of fatty acid composition was significantly higher for cracked CWB treatments (T1, T2, T3, and T4) than C, and T3 of CWB treatments was the highest than the other treatments (P<0.01). SFA, USFA, MUFA and USFA/SFA did not differ among the treatments. On the contrary, PUFA was significantly higher for CWB treatments(T1, T2, T3, and T4) than C, and T3 was the highest (P<0.05). EAA was higher in the order of T1 > T2 > C > T3 > T4 (P<0.05). NEAA was higher in the order of T2 >T3 >T1 >C >T4, although a statistical significance was not detected. The total organic acid content was the highest for T3 (20.15 mg/100g) and the lowest for T2 (13.19mg/100g). pH and total phenol of all treatments were did not differ. HDL cholesterol was higher in the order of T1 > C > T4 > T2 > T3 (P<0.01). DPPH radical scavenging activity was in order of T1 > T2 >T4 > C > T3 (P<0.01). Based on the above results, T1 treatment compared to other treatments have been shown to improve EAA, DHL, and DPPH radical scavenging activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1586-1591
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• 2011

This study was carried out to evaluate the antiobesity effects of Crataegus fructus in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and mice fed a high fat diet (high fat 45% cal). The inhibitory effect of methanol extract from Crataegus fructus on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was quantified using Oil red O staining. Compared with the control, lipid accumulation was significantly decreased by 10-25% with treatment with Crataegus fructus extract at a concentration of 600-2,000 ug/ml. Three-week old ICR mice (n=24) were randomly divided into four groups (T0: normal diet, T1: high fat diet, T2: high fat diet and 50 ug of Crataegus fructus extract, T3: high fat diet and 100 ug of Crataegus fructus extract) and were fed an experimental diet for 5 weeks. At the end of the experiment, body weight gain in the T1 group (3.9${\pm}$0.24 g) was higher than that in the T0 group (2.56${\pm}$0.14 g), while body weight gain in the T2 (3.02${\pm}$0.25 g) and T3 (2.58${\pm}$0.16 g) groups was significantly reduced as compared with that of the T1 group. Moreover, liver weight in the T1 (4.8${\pm}$0.17 g) and T2 (4.8${\pm}$0.16 g) groups was significantly higher than that of the T0 (4.05${\pm}$0.16 g) and T3 (4.57${\pm}$0.10 g) groups, while kidney weight was significantly lower than that of the T0 and T3 groups (p<0.05). The levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum in the T2 and T3 groups were significantly decreased compared to the T1 group. These results suggest that Crataegus fructus can be used as functional materials in food and medicine.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.234-241
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• 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of a different growing stage on the eating and ruminating behavior of Holstein steer (Bos taurus). A total of nine Holstein steers were divided into three growing stage groups (T1: growth stage, 8 months old, T2: Early fattening stage, 15 months old, T3: late fattening stage, 24 months old) with 3 replicates. In the feeding method, concentrate was offered at 1.62% of the body weight per treatment, respectively. And the forage was fed ad libitum for all treatment. The results of behaviors are summarized as follows: The rate of dry matter intake compared to body weight (DMI/BW, %) was high in the order of T1(2.21%) > T2(2.09%) > T3(1.39%). Eating time, ruminating time and resting time were significantly higher in T1, T2 and T3, respectively(p<0.05, 0.01). Chewing time was significantly lower in T3 than in T1 and T2(p<0.01). The number of bolus and the number of total chews were significantly higher in T2 than those of the other treatments(p<0.01). However ruminating time per bolus and the number of bolus per minute were not significantly different among the treatments. The numbers of drinking and defecating were not significantly different among the treatments. The number of urinating was significantly higher T1 than those of the other treatments(p<0.01). Time of drinking, defecating and urinating was not significantly difference among the treatments.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.217-226
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• 2004

This study was canied out to evaluate the quality characteristics of the fermented pork with Korean traditional seasonings. The samples, outside muscle of pork ham were cut to cube(7 ${\times}$ 12 ${\times}$ 2cm) and five Korean traditional seasonings such as garlic paste(TI), pickled Kimchi(T2), pickled Kimchi juice(T3), soybean paste(T4), red pepper paste(T5) were seasoned by the proportions of meat to seasonings(1 : 1). The seasoned samples were fennented at - 1 ${\pm}$ 1$^{\circ}C$ for 20 days. According to proximate composition analysis, all pork samples contained protein 20 ${\sim}$ 22%, fat 3 ${\sim}$ 5%, moisture 64 ${\sim}$ 70% and ash 1.8 ${\sim}$ 2.0%. However, T5 had high crude fat level and relatively low moisture content. The highest pH among treatments was shown in TI whereas T3 showed the lowest. Water holding capacity(WHC) of T4 and T5 were higher, while those values were lower in T3 compared with other treatment. Shear force value was the highest in T5, while it was the lowest in T4. TBARS value of T3 was the highest, while that was the lowest in T4. Moreover the highest VBN value was observed in T4 due to fermentation of soy protein. However, the lowest VBN value shown in Tl indicated the inhibition of protein degradation by the garlic. The highest saccarinity was shown in T5 but it was the lowest of in T3. Salinity was shown to be high in T2 and low in T5. $L^*$ values of T4 was higher both at the surface and inner side of samples than the others but T5 showed the lowest value. T2 showed the highest $a^*$ value but T4 and T5 showed the lowest. In the result of sensory evaluation for cooked meat, T5 had the highest score in all item including overall acceptability, while T4 had the lowest score. Unsaturated fatty acid(UFA) ratio of T5 and n were 72.16 and 69.93 respectively, and the ratio of UFA/Saturated fatty acid(SFA) were higher in the order of T5 >T4> T3 >Tl >T2. Overall quality characteristics were higher in the order of T5 >T2 >Tl >T4 >T3.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.401-407
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to know the differences of MR spectra, obtained from normal volunteers by variable TE value, through the quantitative analysis of brain metabolites by peak integral and SNR between 1.5T and 3.0T, together with PRESS and STEAM pulse sequence. Single-voxel MR proton spectra of the human brain obtained from normal volunteers at both 3.0T MR system (Magnetom Trio, SIEMENS, Germany) and 1.5T MR system (Signa Twinspeed, GE, USA) using the STEAM and PRESS pulse sequence. 10 healthy volunteers (3.0T:3 males, 2 females; 1.5T : 3 males, 2 females) with the range from 22 to 30 years old (mean 26 years) participated in our study. They had no personal or familial history of neurological diseases and had a normal neurological examination. Data acquisition parameters were closely matched between the two field strengths. Spectra were recorded in the white matter of the occipital lobe. Spectra were compared in terms of resolution and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR), and echo time(TE) were estimated at both field strengths. Imaging parameters was used for acquisition of the proton spectrum were as follow : TR 2000msec, TE 30ms, 40ms, 50ms, 60ms, 90ms, 144ms, 288ms, NA=96, VOI=$20{\times}20{\times}20mm3$. As the echo times were increased, the spectra obtained from 3.0T and 1.5T show decreased peak integral and SNR at both pulse sequence. PRESS pulse sequence shows higher SNR and signal intensity than those of STEAM. Especially, Spectra in normal volunteers at 3.0T demonstrated significantly improved overall SNR and spectral resolution compared to 1.5T(Fig1). The spectra acquired at short echo time, 3T MR system shows a twice improvement in SNR compared to 1.5T MR system(Table. 1). But, there was no significant difference between 3.0Tand 1.5T at long TE It is concluded that PRESS and short TE is useful for quantification of the brain metabolites at 3.0T MRS, our standardized protocol for quantification of the brain metabolites at 3.0T MRS is useful to evaluate the brain diseases by monitoring the systematic changes of biochemical metabolites concentration in vivo.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to compare the fresh yield and dry matter yield, and nutritive values of whole crop barley treated with Urea (200 kg/ha, T2) and ammonium sulfate fertilizer as 200 kg/ha (T3), 300 kg/ha (T4) and 400 kg/ha (T5) at the Bae-Ho reclaimed tideland. Korea from 2003 to 2005. Salt contents of soil in the ammonium sulfate plots (T3, T4, T5) were lower than those of T2. The fresh yields of ammonium sulfate plots (T3, T4, T5) were higher than those of T2 as 62% (p>0.05), 41% (p>0.05) and 23% (p<0.05), respectively. The dry matter yield of T3, T4 and T5 (ammonium sulfate) was significantly (p<0.05) higher at 5,080 kg/ha, 4,667 ka/ha, 4,040 kg/ha, respectively. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield tends to have a similar result. Crude protein (CP) content was highest in T3 and CP trends to decrease as the level of ammonium sulfate was increased. Total digestible nutrient (TDN) were high in T3 and T4. The sodium content of T3 and T4 were lower than T2. Based on the study, it was more desirable to use ammonium sulfate (200 kg N/ha) rather than Urea as fertilizer on reclaimed land in terms of forage production and nutritive value.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.101-101
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• 2002

GH-transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch) juveniles in tGH＊T$_3$and tGH*PTU were fed with the diets containing 1 ug/g fish of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T$_3$) and 30 ug/g fish of 6-n-propyl-2- thiouracil (PTU), respectively, to assess the effect of these drugs on the change of physiological activity, growth and survival rate in comparison with normal transgenic (tGH＊C) and nontransgenic coho salmon (Wild) for 90 days. Although the daily food intakes of all transgenic (tGH)-groups were higher than Wild, the amount was reduced by exogenous PTU supply. The fred efficiencies of tGH-groups were lower than Wild, but the efficiency was reduced both by T$_3$and PTU. The survival rate of tGH-group was significantly higher than that of Wild, but there was no significant difference among tGH-groups. Although the growth of tGH-coho salmon was faster than Wild. the growth rate of transgenic salmon was increased by exogenous T$_3$, but was reduced by PTU Plasma TT$_4$levels of tGH-groups was approximately 2-fold higher relative to Wild, but there were no difference of plasma TT$_4$levels among tGH-groups. plasma TT$_3$level or tGH-coho salmon was increased by exogenous T$_3$administration, but was reduced by exogenous PTU. In addition, although plasma GH levels of all tGH-groups were higher than that of Wild, the GH level in plasma of transgenic coho salmon was increased by exogenous T$_3$and reduced by exogenous PTU. In the meantime, the transgenic fishes also displayed head, jaw and opercular abnormalities typical of the offsets of this gene construct in coho salmon, indicating that some imbalance in growth processes has been induced. However, the abnormalities of transgenic coho salmon was reduced following exogenous PTU administration.