• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
• /
• v.52 no.1
• /
• pp.89-101
• /
• 2015

This paper proposes a statistical model of 3-D positions when tracking moving targets using the uncooled infrared (IR) stereo camera system. The proposed model is derived from two errors. One is the position error which is caused by the sampling pixels in the digital image. The other is the timing jitter which results from the irregular capture-timing in the infrared cameras. The capture-timing in the IR camera is measured using the jitter meter designed in this paper, and the observed jitters are statistically modeled as Gaussian distribution. This paper derives an integrated probability distribution by combining jitter error with pixel position error. The combined error is modeled as the convolution of two error distributions. To verify the proposed statistical position error model, this paper has some experiments in tracking moving objects with IR stereo camera. The 3-D positions of object are accurately measured by the trajectory scanner, and 3-D positions are also estimated by stereo matching from IR stereo camera system. According to the experiments, the positions of moving object are estimated within the statistically reliable range which is derived by convolution of two probability models of pixel position error and timing jitter respectively. It is expected that the proposed statistical model can be applied to estimate the uncertain 3-D positions of moving objects in the diverse fields.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.295-301
• /
• 2016

The out-of-squareness is one of the error sources that affect the positioning accuracy of machine tools and coordinate measuring machines. Laser interferometer is widely used to measure the position and angular errors, and can measure the squareness using an optical square. However, the squareness measurement using the laser interferometer is difficult, as compared to other errors due to complicated optics setup and Abbe's error occurrence. The effect of out-of-squareness mainly appears at the face-diagonal of the movable plane. The diagonal displacements are also affected by the position dependent geometric errors. In this study, the squareness estimation techniques via diagonal displacement measurement using the laser interferometer without an optical square were proposed. For accurate estimation and measurement time reduction, the errors selected from proposed discriminant were measured. Discrepancy between the proposed technique with the laser interferometer (with an optical square) result was $0.6{\mu}rad$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
• /
• 2011.07a
• /
• pp.441-445
• /
• 2011

본 논문에서는 적외선 스테레오 카메라를 이용하여 고속으로 날아가는 표적의 좌표들을 측정하고 회귀분석을 통한 오차특성을 이용하여 추정하는 시스템을 제안한다. 표적과 배경의 온도차이로 표적 영역을 검출하고 적외선 스테레오 카메라 정합과 카메라 파라미터를 이용하여 표적의 좌표를 추정한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 적외선 스테레오 카메라 시스템을 검증하기 위해 3차원 궤적(x,y,z) 측정기로 표적의 속도와 거리를 측정하여 표적 궤도를 예측하고, 여러 차례 실험한 비디오 데이터로부터 스테레오 정합을 이용하여 z, x축의 거리(좌표)들을 구하고 회귀 분석(regression analysis)을 사용하여 최소 자승법(Least squares method)으로 표적의 궤적들을 비교하였다. 적외선 스테레오 정합 시스템에 오차특성을 적용하여 표적의 좌표를 보정할 수 있었다. 향후 다양한 표적들의 오차를 모델화하여 고속표적들의 좌표 측정을 향상 시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 2000.11a
• /
• pp.295-298
• /
• 2000

In this research, a novel sampling strategy for a CMM to inspect freeform surfaces is proposed. Unlike primitive surfaces, it is not easy to determine the number of sampling points and their locations for inspecting freeform surfaces. Since a CMM operates with slower speed in measurement than optical measuring devices, it is important to optimize the number and the locations of sampling points in the inspection process. When a complete inspection of a surface is required, it becomes more critical. Among various factors to cause shape errors of a final product, curvature characteristic is essential due to its effect such as stair-step errors in rapid prototyping and interpolation errors in NC tool paths generation. Shape errors are defined in terms of the average and standard deviation of differences between an original model and a produced part. Proposed algorithms determine the locations of sampling points by analyzing curvature distribution of a given surface. Based on the curvature distribution, a surface area is divided into several sub-areas. In each sub-area, sampling points are located as further as possible. The optimal number of sub-areas. In each sub-area, sampling points are located as further as possible. The optimal number os sub-areas is determined by estimating the average of curvatures. Finally, the proposed method is applied to several surfaces that have shape errors for verification.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.101-108
• /
• 2016

Endmill fillet cutting at the corner was conducted with the online measurement of cutting forces and tool deflection by a tool dynamometer and an eddy current sensor system. The profile of the machined surface was also compared with the CAD profile with a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) and CALYPSO software. It was found that the end mill cutter with four blades has a better surface profile than that with two blades, and the cutting forces and tool deformation were increased as the cutting speed was increased. When the tool located at the degree $45^{\circ}$ corner was found to conduct the maximum cutting force than started to the point of the workpiece. As it was compared with the CMM and ANOVA analysis result in the case that the cutting force and tool deformation was the maximum, it was found that the result was affected by the spindle speed and the number of blades.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2003

In this research, it is intended to measure shape of the nozzle throat of the KL-3 engine, which is the main engine of the KSR-III rocket. For the purpose, an image-based method was invented to replace the 3D pointer, which is actually inaccessible to such large scale engines. As a result, our equipment showed satisfactory Performances. Analysing the results of experiments, we find that the pattern of ablation is determined by the spray pattern and that the process of thermal ablation phenomena can be categorized in three regimes - the first regime that the shape of nozzle throat is maintained and ablation is negligible, the second regime that saw-tooth form is developed and ablation is accelerated, and the third regime that the saw-tooth form is already established and the growth of ablation rate is reduced Also, we find that the ratio of area increase after 60 seconds combustion is +5.82% and conclude that the ratio is acceptable and satisfactory.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.43-54
• /
• 1989

In this paper, measured and calculated responses are compared in order to give how the static and dynamic responses occurred in steel railway bridges due to train loads could be calculated appropriately. From this, it is investigated how the impact factors are varied by changing the train speed above 100km/h Field measurement is carried out by the steel strain gages and displacement transducers at the main design points, and then the static and dynamic response, fundamental frequencies, damping ratios and impact factors of the bridges are obtained. Static analysis is done using the computer program developed according to three dimensional matrix structural analysis in which the trains and bridges are modelled as 1,2 and 3 dimensions. Dynamic analysis is done according to 2 approaches, the moving force and mass problem. In moving force problem, the solutions are obtained by the modesuperposition-method and in moving mass problem by the direct integration method. From this study, it is known that in order to obtain the static response in the railway bridges, the bridge could be modelled by 1 or 2 dimension as in the highway bridge, however the response ratio(measured/calculaled) is high comparing to the highway bridges. By the way, the dynamic response should be obtained by the moving mass problem. And by comparing the measured and code specified impact factors, it is known that the factors specified in the present railway bridge code are very safe under the present service speed below 100km/h. However, because the factors become very high under the speed above 100km/h, especially in the simple plate girder bridge, it is thought that the code specification on impact factor should be discussed enough under the rapid transit system.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.345-352
• /
• 2014

In this paper, the CAD data for the optimal shape design obtained by isogeometric shape optimization is directly used to fabricate the specimen by using 3D printer for the experimental validation. In a conventional finite element method, the geometric approximation inherent in the mesh leads to the accuracy issue in response analysis and design sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, in the finite element based shape optimization, subsequent communication with CAD description is required in the design optimization process, which results in the loss of optimal design information during the communication. Isogeometric analysis method employs the same NURBS basis functions and control points used in CAD systems, which enables to use exact geometrical properties like normal vector and curvature information in the response analysis and design sensitivity analysis procedure. Also, it vastly simplify the design modification of complex geometries without communicating with the CAD description of geometry during design optimization process. Therefore, the information of optimal design and material volume is exactly reflected to fabricate the specimen for experimental validation. Through the design optimization examples of elasticity problem, it is experimentally shown that the optimal design has higher stiffness than the initial design. Also, the experimental results match very well with the numerical results. Using a non-contact optical 3D deformation measuring system for strain distribution, it is shown that the stress concentration is significantly alleviated in the optimal design compared with the initial design.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.15 no.9
• /
• pp.5434-5439
• /
• 2014

The surface management of metals was performed with a tool microscope or surface roughness measurement instruments. These methods were not efficient for checking the surface status of the die in the production field. For this reason, an analysis system or measurement system to monitor the wear, defects and surface status as a die ages is required. This study, developed surface analysis software for automatic analysis and standardization of a die or processed products. Software was designed to measure the basic features, such as circles, dots, and lines. The captured images were rendered as three-dimensional representations so that the depth of the grooves on the die and segmental profiles could be estimated. As a result of experimental analysis, the surface roughness was measured with an accuracy more than 93.2%, and the maximum deviation in the surface roughness for the brightness of the lighting was within $3{\mu}m$. The confidence in the device's precision was assured. These results show quality control through efficient surface analysis.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.269-275
• /
• 2004

Different biological tissues have different values of electrical resistivity. In EIT (electrical impedance tomography), we try to provide cross-sectional images of a resistivity distribution inside an electrically conducting subject such as the human body mainly for functional imaging. However, it is well known that the image reconstruction problem in EIT is ill-posed and the quality of a reconstructed image highly depends on the measurement error. This requires us to develop a high-performance EIT system. In this paper, we describe the development of a 16-channel digital EIT system including a single constant current source, 16 voltmeters, main controller, and PC. The system was designed and implemented using the FPGA-based digital technology. The current source injects 50KHz sinusoidal current with the THD (total harmonic distortion) of 0.0029% and amplitude stability of 0.022%. The single current source and switching circuit reduce the measurement error associated with imperfect matching of multiple current sources at the expense of a reduced data acquisition time. The digital voltmeter measuring the induced boundary voltage consists of a differential amplifier, ADC, and FPGA (field programmable gate array). The digital phase-sensitive demodulation technique was implemented in the voltmeter to maximize the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio). Experimental results of 16-channel digital voltmeters showed the SNR of 90dB. We used the developed EIT system to reconstruct resistivity images of a saline phantom containing banana objects. Based on the results, we suggest future improvements for a 64-channel muff-frequency EIT system for three-dimensional dynamic imaging of bio-impedance distributions inside the human body.