• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.245-253
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• 2004

The 36km-long Daebo-Campo coast has a well-developed marine terraces divided to six steps by elevation of paleoshoreline : 0.5 m(T1), 10 m(T2), 30 m(T3), 40 m(T4), 60 m(T5) and 75 m(T6). The 2$^{nd}$ and 3$^{nd}$ platforms in Daebo to Guryongpo are wider and more distinctive than those of Guryongpo to Gampo. The 3$^{nd}$ terrace of 30 m high is subdivided to two flights as lower(T3b) and upper(T3a) by old sea cliff. Platform age is unclear because of coral fossil free. However, the terrace age could be determined with convergent OSL ages from beach sediments on 2$^{nd}$ step(T2). OSL ages of the terrace of 10 m high range in 60-70 ka. It reveals that the 2$^{nd}$ -step platform correlates to Oxygen Isotope Time scale, substage 5a(ca. 80 ka), and that uplift rate is ca. 0.19 m/ka for 2$^{nd}$ terrace at Daebo-Campo coast. If considering equivalent uplift rate for all terraces since the Late Pleistocene, the 3$^{rd}$ and 4$^{th}$ terraces would be 5e substage and 7 stage. The 30 m-high terrace provides a good indicator for uplift at Daebo-Gampo coast since 125,000 yrs(MIS 5e). It suggests that the local neotectonic deformation might cause an optional uplift rate of ca. 0.19 m/ka along the SE coast of Korea.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.233-242
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• 2003

The southeasternmost coastal area of the Korean peninsula has been regarded as a seismologically stable area as neither Quaternary faults nor earthquake activity has been reported. To clarify whether the active tectonic movement has occurred or not, a digital marine terrace mapping and fracture mapping have been done in the coastal area. Bed rocks are composed of the Cretaceous volcanic and sedimentary rocks and the Paleogene granite. Wave-cut platform in the area is smaller and narrower relative to that of the northern coastal area. Most of the platforms in the area have little Quaternary sediment. The platforms except the Holocene terrace (1 st terrace) can be divided into three steps. The lowest platform (2nd terrace) has an altitude of 8-11 m. The broad middle one (3rd terrace) is 17 to 22 m high. The highest terrace (4th terrace) is a narrow and sporadic bench with an altitude of about 44 m high. The lowest terrace is correlated to the 2nd terrace of the northern area, which corresponds to the oxygen isotopic stage 5a. The uplift rate calculated from a graphic method is 0.19 m/ky. This low uplift is typical of an intra-plate, suggesting that the area is tectonically stable. The elevation of the platforms tends slightly lower from the north to the south in the survey area. The decreasing altitude of the platforms towards the south is interpreted to result from a local block tilting during the Latest Pleistocene. This also indicates that the eastern coast of the Korean peninsula has been suffering a subsidence to the south.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.18 no.2 s.23
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• pp.1-2
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• 2004

The Ilkwang Fault is NNE-striking, elongated 40 Km between Ulsan and Haendae-ku, Busan in southeastem part of the Korean Peninsula(Kim, D.H. et al., 1989; Kim, J.S. et al., 2003). This paper is mainly concemed about the ages of the fault activities especially in the Quatemary, infered from classification of geomorphic surface and trench excavation for the construction of Singori nuclear power plant. The geomorphi surfaces are classified into the Beach and the Alluvial plain, the 10 m a.s.l. Marine terrace, the 20 m a.s.l. Marine terrace, the Reworked surface of 45 m a.s.l. Marine terrace and the Low relief erosional surface, from lower to higher altitude. The Beach and the Alluvial plain are elongated to the Holocene terrace(ist terrace, choi, 2003). The 10 m a.s.l. Marine terrace is correlated to 2nd terrace (MIS 5em 125 Ka. y. B.P., Choi, 1998). The 45 m a.s.l. Marine terace is correlated to the Lower marine terrace (MIS 7,220 Ka. y. B.P., Choi, 2003 or MIS 9,320 y. B.P.) to the Gwanganri terrace(Penultimate interglacial age, 200-200 Ka. Y. B.P., Oh, 1981). The Low relief erosional surface is distributed coastal side, the Reworked surface of 45 m a.s.l. Marine terrace inland side by the Ilkwang Fault Line as the boundary line. But the former is above 10 m higher in relative height than the latter. The 20 m a.s.l. Marine terrace on the elongation line of the Ilkwang Fault reveals no dislocation. A site was trenched on the straight contract line with $N30^{\circ}$ E-striking between the 10 m a.s.l. Marine terrace and the 20 m a.s.l. Marine terrace. Fault line or dislocation was not observable in the trench excavation. Accordingly, the straight contact line is inferred as the ancient shoreline of the 10 m a.s.l. Marine terrace. The Ages of the Fault activities are inferred after the formation of the Ichonri Formation - before the formation of the 45 m a.s.l. Marine terrace (220 Ka. y. B.P. or 320 Ka. y. B.P.). The Low relief erosional surface was an island above the sea-level during the formation of the 45 m a.s.l. Marine terrace in the paleogeography.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.703-713
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• 2016

This study documents the altitude of paleo-shoreline and formation age of the $1^{st}$ marine terrace emerged around Heunghae-eup Pohang City (South Korea). As a result, the $1^{st}$ terrace representing 10 m of the paleo-shoreline was formed at MIS 5c around 100,000 BP and was influenced repetitive sedimentation of sea-wave till regression of MIS 5a. The result is recognized as a definite truth for the $1^{st}$ terrace in the eastern coast of the Korean peninsula based on synthetic reviews of previous studies and cross-validation of absolute age data. Furthermore, this study deduces a sea stand at MIS 5c from the geomorphological contrast method, but precise determination of paleo-shoreline of the $2^{nd}$ terrace should be required to estimate that of MIS 5c.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 2005

Researches onmarine terrace in Korea have been drastically progressed during the last two decades.main themes of researches include vertical and horizontal distribution of paleo-shoreline, sedimentary facies ofmarine terrace deposits, OSL dating of terrace deposits and estimation of uplift rate. At present, it is noted thatmarine terraces distributed at the same altitude do not always show the same sedimentary facies, nor have the same ages.marine terraces are generally divided into five terrace systems, of which ages increase in ascending order. There are some arguments about discrimination between 2nd and 3rd terrace systems and their age. The core discrepancy lies on the question of whether the level of the last interglacial terrace is on the level of about 20m or on the 30~35m(~40m) in altitude. The uplift rate based on the paleoshoreline distribution ranges between 0.10 and 0.20m/ka.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.3 s.114
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• pp.346-360
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• 2006

In order to analyze synthetically geomorphological processes of marine terrace in Korea, this study deals with the distribution of marine terraces, stratification of sedimentary layers, physicochemical properties of deposits, and formative ages of marine terraces based on OSL(Optically Stimulated Luminescence) absolute age at coastal area of Gwangyang Bay in central part of the South Coast. As a result of comparison with physicochemical properties on diverse geomorphic materials, there is not enough distinction in them, because of recycling and mixing of materials at Gwangyang Bay having a geomorphic closure. In Gwangyang bay coast, marine terraces are discovered at least 3 levels and have a small area. Formative age of 1st Terrace, as the lowest level ranging in $10{\sim}13m$ above the sea level, is estimated at MIS(Marine Isotope Oxygen Stage) 5a, based on OSL age dating and properties of deposits. Uplifting rate is calculated at 0.141m/ka in Gwangyang bay coast. For application to this rate, 2nd terrace($18{\sim}22m$) is estimated at MIS 5e, 3rd terrace($27{\sim}32m$) is latter part of MIS 7. Consequently, we might conclude that uplifting and geomorphic process of marine terrace in South Coast is similar to East Coast during the Late Pleistocene in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.3 s.120
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• pp.388-404
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• 2007

This study interprets evolution of fluvial terraces along the four Yeongdong- and Yeongseo streams such as Naerin River, Yeongok River, Golji River and Osip River, in Gangwon Province based on the tectonics. The results from the analyses of the distribution pattern of fluvial terraces and incision rates of rivers show distinctively the evidence as the axis of uplift by Taebaek Mountains, especially on the 4th, 5th and 6th terraces in upper reach of Osip River among the four streams. The axis of uplift extends to the zone of $30\sim40km$ in width as well as the divide. The difference of uplift between upper and middle reaches of Naerin River and total reach of Golji River wasn't found from the height from riverbed by the active uplifting along all reaches, estimated to be set in inner area of uplift zone. Incision rate of period between formation age of 2nd terrace and 1st terrace is calculated $0.13\sim0.22m/ka$, and incision rate of period between formation age of 1st terrace and Present is diversely calculated $0.17\sim0.27m/ka$ by the climatic discrepancy between the two periods. The incision rate of Yeongdong streams whose mouths reach to the sea level eroded actively more than Yeongseo streams in the uplift zone. And Yeongdong streams between formation age of 1th terrace and present appears to much higher than that of Yeongseo streams, due to active down-cutting in oder to balance against the sea level.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.187-195
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• 2014

In this paper, we report new OSL ages of the marine terrace sediments at Suryum fault site, using single grains of quartz, and briefly discuss their chronological implications on the timing of terrace formation along the southeastern coast of Korea. Of 1200 grains measured, 93 quartz grains were found to have OSL properties suitable for dating, the equivalent dose ($D_e$) values of which varied significantly, ranging from 50 Gy to 610 Gy with the overdispersion of $30{\pm}4%$. Applied to the Central Age Model (CAM) and Minimum Age Model (MAM), these quartz grains showed the OSL ages of $83{\pm}4ka$ and $60^{+3}{_{-7}}ka$, respectively, both of which are stratigraphically inconsistent with the previously reported OSL ages of lower $2^{nd}$ terrace (MIS 5a; ~80 ka). However, Finite Mixture Model (FMM) revealed that a small fraction of the measured quartz grains ($6{\pm}4%$) were of the ages ($194{\pm}24ka$) corresponding to MIS 7. Conclusively, based on single grain OSL ages, it would be prudent not to exclude the possibility that the marine terrace sediments at Suryum fault site have formed during MIS 7. Further, our single grain OSL ages imply that multiple grain(single aliquot) OSL dating methods are not applicable to the marine sediments at Suryum fault site.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.140-140
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• 2000

The initial growth mode of Nb on Ag(11) in sub-monolayer regime and the influence of subsequent 520K annealing are studied using UHV Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. E-beam evaporated Nb is deposited onto the substrate at RT, and STM measurements are carried out at RT and 78 K. With Nb being immiscible in bulk Ag, 3D islands formation begins at early stage and no particular ordered structure is found. After annealing to 520K, most of islands are disappeared from terrace. There exist 2 possibilities. : (1) Diffusion of Nb into the 2nd or 3rd layer of Ag substrate or (2) agglomeration of Nb on Ag at higher temperature. A model will be given to explain the evidence. In addition, we investigated the change of STM image according to bias voltage depending on island size. Possible physical mechanism responsible for such behavior together with interaction between Nb islands and reactive gases will be also discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2022

Focusing on the creation of a new han ok, especially a mid-rise hybrid-structured Han-ok, this study proposes a middle-rise (four-story) Han-ok on one and two lots located in Seoun-dong, the existing Han-ok intensive housing site in downtown Cheongju. 1) In terms of layout and function, according to the existing L-shaped Han-ok corresponding to the road and the direction, the parking lots and shops on the 1st floor, the business facility on the 2nd floor, the Han-ok on the 3rd and 4th floors are placed. There are yards, open roof yards, and semi-open Daecheong(大廳, main hall), which can be shared by residents. 2) In terms of structure and form, one or two floors (some 3 floors) are 5.4m square and 5.4×6.6m modules of the RC(Reinforced Concrete) group, and the upper floor reflects the 2.7m module, size and shape of the existing Han-ok. By extending the outer wall of the RC group in the lower floors (1st to 3rd floors) to the wooden exterior of the upper floors (2nd to 4th floors), it is attempted to avoid the awkward appearance of the RC group being exposed to wooden structures. And it is also attempted to reflect the wooden shape and design elements through the elevation elements such as horizontal windows, corner windows, picture frames, and vertical slits. 3) In environmental control and facilities, it is attempted to smooth the ventilation of the building by forming a vertical upward airflow from the dark space of the low floor to the positive of the upper floor. This doubles the effect through a vertical rise of cold air generated in a narrow alleyway, piloti parking lot, and the various voids. In addition to the Daecheong and Numaru(loft) of Han ok, the rooftop yard, the terrace, and the balcony, horizontal natural ventilation is generated through divided doors and transom windows.