• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.151-160
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• 2014

Objectives Prenatal testosterone is known to influence both cerebral laterality and 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D : 4D). Epigenetic changes are thought to play some role in it. We studied sex-related differences between 2D : 4D and cerebral laterality in patients with schizophrenia and controls to examine the effects of prenatal testosterone in the development of schizophrenia. Methods Forty one men (18 schizophrenic patients and 23 controls) and 40 women (17 schizophrenic patients and 23 controls) were recruited from one psychiatric hospital in Korea. The 2D : 4D and electroencephalographic (EEG) coherence in 19 channels (66 pairs of interhemispheric coherence and 54 pairs of intrahemispheric coherence) were measured. The sex-related statistical analyses between 2D : 4D and EEG coherence in controls and patients with schizophrenia were performed using multiple regression. Results In male patients, the relationship between 2D : 4D and right intrahemispheric EEG coherence showed mainly positive correlation in delta and theta frequency bands, while it showed negative correlation in male controls. In female patients, the relationship between 2D : 4D and interhemispheric EEG coherence showed stronger positive correlation in alpha and beta frequency bands, while it showed weaker positive correlation in female controls. Conclusions Low prenatal testosterone may play certain roles in altered correlation between 2D : 4D and cerebral laterality in schizophrenia and the development of schizophrenia by epigenetic mechanism.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.62-66
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• 1979

These studies were designed to define the effects of Benzyladenine and 2, 4-D on the induction and growth of callus tissue from embryos and plant segments of Korean ginseng. 0.5PPM was the minimum concentration of 2, 4-D for the induction of callus tissue from embryos and plant segments of ginseng. Best callus induction occurred at a 2, 4-D concentration of 5 mg/liter but growth of this callus was best at a 2, 4-D concentration of about 1.0 to 2.0 mg/liter and benzyladenine was ineffective as callus inducer. When the embryos were grown on the media containing 0.5 mg/liter of 2, 4-D, 5 to 6 axillary buds were formed at the basal part of epicotyle.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.749-754
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• 2000

PCR primers were designed based on consensus sequences of dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase, one of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of deoxysugar. The PCR product (360 bp) was obtained from Thermus caldophilus GK24. Colony hybridization was carried out to the cosmid library constructed from T. caldophilus GK24 genomic DNA by the PCR product DNA fragment. We isolated a cosmid clone (pSMTC-1) that was subcloned to call pKCB series plasmid (BamHI fragments), partially sequenced and analyzed. pKCB80 (4.2 kb-BamHI DNA fragment) of them showed ORFs that was orfA, orfB, orfC and orfD. The orfABCD gene cluster is the deosysugar biosynthetic gene ; orfA (glucose-1-phosphate thymidylytransferase), orfB (dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase), orfC (dTDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose reductase) and orfD (dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose 3,5-epimerase). The gene cluster that was related in biosynthesis of dTDP-L-rhamnose was also identified by computer analysis, and we proposed that the biosynthetic pathway of deoxysugar analyzed from DNA sequencing of pKCB80 is from D-glucose-1-phosphate, dTDP-D-glucose, dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose via dTDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose to dTDP-L-rhamnose.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.83-88
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• 2010

We investigated the electronic structure and magnetism of the (3d, 4d)-Pd alloyed c($2{\times}2$) monolayer systems, by use of the FLAPW band method. For comparison, pure 3d- and 4d-transition metal monolayers are also considered. We found that the antiferromagnetic configuration of pure V monolayers is sustained in the V-Pd alloy system, while the Ti-Pd alloy system is changed to antiferromagnetic configuration from the ferromagnetic state in pure Ti monolayer. The 4d TM (Mo, Ru, Rh)-Pd monolayers are found to be stable in ferromagnetic configurations. The magnetic moments of Ru and Rh atoms in Ru-Pd and Rh-Pd systems are almost same with those of pure Ru and Rh monolayers, while the magnetic moment of Mo atom is increased to $2.98\;{\mu}_B$ in Mo-Pd alloyed system from the value of Mo monolayer, $0.02\;{\mu}_B$.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.149-154
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• 1990

Various rates of 2, 4-2 were sprayed on 2 and 3 year old ginseng plants as fouler spray to define the critical concentration. No apparent plant injury was noticeable for those ginseng plants when application concentration of 2, 4-D doubled the recommended dosage (70 mil 10a). Neither abnormal fouler change occurred nor any inhibition in leaf and stem growth was resulted for the plants treated with 2, 4-D concentrated two times of the recommended dosage. When the rates of 2, 4-D application were increased greater than this level, injury ratings increased linearly with the rates of 2, 4-D application and plant growth was inhibited. Ethylene gas was not produced from the ginseng plant treated with 2 times concentrated 2, 4-D, how- ever the ginseng plants produced 0.03 to 0.09 ppd ethylene gas when the rate of application were increased 3 and 4 times, respectively. On the other hand the soybean treated with the recommended amount of 2i-D produced ethylene gas of 10-20 times higher compared with ginseng plants and died. Photosynthesis ability of the ginseng leaf was significantly decreased by 2, 4.D fouler application but it was recovered 4 weeks after 2, 4-D fouler treatment. The herbicide 2, 4-D was appreciated to 2, 3 and 4 years old ginseng plants as fouler spray with the rates of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of the recommended dosage to define the effects of 2, 4-D on the plant growth and root yield of the ginseng, There were no significant differences in the leaf and stem growth between untreated and 2, 4-D treated plant. Berry maturing of 3 and 4 year old ginseng was not influenced by 2, 4-D. The root weight of 4 years old ginseng plant was not reduced b). application of 2, 4-D concentrated 2 times of the recommended dosage. Application time of the herbicide 2, 4-D had no effects on the leaf or stem growth of 2, 3 and 4 year old year old ginseng plants. When the ginseng seedling was treated with 2, 4-D, detrimental phenomena as stem bending and deceleration of seedling leaf margin occurred, but stem bending was recovere d in a few day.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.429-436
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• 2010

A series of some biologically active halogenopurines were synthesized from commercially available guanine (1). The reaction of guanine with acetic anhydride yielded 2,9-diacetylguanine (2-1) by acetylation reaction. Further treatment of 2-1 with $POCl_3$ by PEG-2000 phase transfer catalysis furnished the important compound 3a, then 2-amino-6-halogenopurines (3b-d) were obtained through chlorine-exchange halogenations between KX and 3a by TPPB phase transfer catalyst. Further, 2-halogenopurines (2-2a-d, 4-2a-d, 5a-d) were efficiently prepared from 2-amino-6-substituted purines (1, 3a, 4-1) via a diazotization catalyzed by their corresponding CuX, and some new compounds 2-2a, 2-2c, 2-2d, 4-2c, 4-2d, 5b, 5c and 5d have been discovered. The structures of synthesized compounds were mainly established on the basis of their elemental analysis, $^1H$ NMR, as well as their mass spectral data. All the title compounds were screened for their antifungal activities, and some of the compounds showed promising activity.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.649-658
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• 2019

In this paper, we prove some congruences involving the generalized Catalan numbers and harmonic numbers modulo $p^2$, one of which is $$\sum\limits_{k=1}^{p-1}k^2B_{p,k}B_{p,k-d}{\equiv}4(-1)^d\{{\frac{1}{3}}d(2d^2+1)(4pH_d-1)-p\({\frac{26}{9}}d^3+{\frac{4}{3}}d^2+{\frac{7}{9}}d+{\frac{1}{2}}\)\}\;(mod\;p^2)$$, where a prime number p > 3 and $1{\leq}d{\leq}p$.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.272-276
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• 2008

Purification and some properties of Xylogone sphaerospora ${\beta}$-mannanase were reprevious previous paper. Locust bean gum galactomannan was hydrolyzed by the purified ${\beta}$-mannanase, and then the hydrolysates was separated by activated carbon column chromatography. The main hydrolysates were composed of D.P. (Degree of Polymerization) 4 and 6 galactosyl mannooligosaccharides. For elucidate the structure of D.P 4 and 6 galactosyl mannooligosaccharides, sequential enzymatic action was performed. D.P 4 and 6 were identified as ${Gal^2}{Man_3}\;(6^2-mono-O-{\alpha}-D-galactopyranosyl-4-O-{\beta}-D-mannotriose)$ and ${Gal^2}{Man_5}\;(6^2-mono-O-{\alpha}-D-galacto- pyranosyl-4-O-{\beta}-D-mannopentaose)$. To investigate the effects of locust bean gum galactosyl mannooligosaccharides on in vitro growth of Bifidobacterium longum, B. bifidum, B. infantis, B. adolescentis, B. animalis, B. auglutum and B. breve. Bifidobacterium spp. were cultivated individually on the modified-MRS medium containing carbon source such as D.P. 4 and D.P. 6 galactosyl mannooligosaccharides, respectively. B. longum and B. bifidum grew up to-fold and 6.6-fold more effectively by the treatment of D.P. 6 galactosyl mannooligosaccharides, compared to those of standard MRS medium. Especially, D.P. 6 was more effective than D.P. 4 galactosyl mannooligosaccharide on the growth of Bifidobacterium spp.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.137-142
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• 2001

The traditional schedule management system provides project manager with analysis reports, such as progress control, earned value management and resource management, including schedule chart. However, the reports and functions in the traditional system are still limited in 2D concept. Recently, the scheduling method is using 4D concept that time of construction schedule is linked to space of drawings. This study presents the limitation of those systems and an improved method for developing 4D system through the comparative analysis of representative 4D systems that are developed up to date.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 2003

In order to establish micropropagation system Anthurium andreanum 'Atlanta', dwarf type, shoots of A. andreanum were cultured on medium supplemented with cytokinin. Callus was formed from the base of shoots. high frequency callus induction was obtained on medium with 10.0mg/L BA or 10.0mg/L TDZ(thidiazuron) at more than 71.8%. The shoots were cultured on media with various combinations and concentrations of TDZ, BA and 2.4-D to enhance callus induction. Callus was induced at more than 72.6% and grew vigorously on media containing 10.0mg/L BA and 0.0∼0.5mg/L 2.4-D, or 1.0mg/L TDZ. Stimulation effects of cytokinin by 2.4-D did not occur in combined treatments of cytokinin and 2.4-D. Callus was cut into sections(7${\times}$10mm), and then cultured on media with BA alone or BA and 2.4-D to regenerate shoots and to stimulate the callus growth. Shoot regeneration and callus growth were effective on media with 10.0mg/L BA alone, or 10.0mg/L BA and 0.1mg/L 2.4-D. In combined treatments of BA and 2.4-D, stmulation effects of cytocinin by 2.4-D also did not occur. Callus growth was decreased, accordiong to increasing the concentration of 2.4-D. In cimbined treatments of TDZ and 2.4-D in shoot regeneration and callus proliferation, stimulated effects of cytokinin by 2.4-D did not occur entirely. Media with 0.5∼1.0mg/L TDZ ingibited the regeneration and rooting of shoots, and callus growth from callus sections. Addition of 2.4-D on medium with TDZ ingibited the regeneration and rooting of shoots, and callus growth. Rooted plantdts were acclimatized in greenhouse. The plantlets were survived more than 98% in soil of vermiculite alone or mixed perlite 1 and vermiculite 1.