• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.531-543
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• 2002

To assess the dietary therapy compliance of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients living in Daegu, we evaluated diet adequacy levels by index of nutritional quality (INQ), nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), and dietary variety score (DVS) with food exchange system and Korean recommended dietary allowances (KRDA). One day dietary intake was measured by 24 hour recall method for 229 subjects over 20 years of age. Average daily energy intake was 1444 kcal. The relative ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat in terms of energy intake was 69.4：14.5：16.0. The nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for Vitamin A, B$_2$, calcium were lower than 0.5 and MAR was 0.65. It appeared that the consumption of each food group as compared to prescribed food exchange unit was insufficient, in the order of dairy group (10.2 $\pm$ 25.2%), fruits group (58.2 $\pm$ 71.2%) and oils & fats group (42.9 $\pm$ 42.0%). The dietary variety score (DVS) was evaluated as an useful tool for diabetes' meal management when we accept minimum intake as 0.3 of food exchange unit. We found significant correlation between food groups and anthropometric indices: cereals group and % total body fat (r = 0.251, p < 0.01), meat group and waist circumference (r = 0.241, p < 0.01), vegetables group and WHR(r = 0.139, p < 0.05), and oils poop and WHR(r = 0.165, p < 0.05). from these results, we concluded that overall status of dietary intake of NIDDM patients in Daegu area was insufficient not only in quality but also in quantity. It is suggested that nutrition education for NIDDM patients should stress on balanced food consumption to meet proscribed amount by six food group to improve the inadequacy of dietary status.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.558-570
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• 2002

This study was performed to develop an index assessing the overall diet quality for Korean. The study subjects consisted of preschool children (PC), elementary school children (EC), high school students (HS), college students (CS), and adults over 30 years old living Seoul and the surrounding areas. The subjects over 30 years old were classified to 30-49 years, 50-69 years, and over 70 years. A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method and data were collected from 2392 people. Newly developed Korean diet quality index (KDQI) was an index assessing the overall diet quality from the view point of balance. KDQI was based on the nutritional problems of Koreans, dietary risk factors for chronic degenerative diseases, 5 major food groups, and dietary guidelines. The ten components of KDQI were vegetables, fruits, dairy products, dietary variety score, calcium intake, iron intake, energy intake, fat intake, and cholesterol intake. The full score of each component was 10 points and the score of KDQI was calculated by summing the scores of the 10 components. When the KDQI was applied to this study subjects, the distribution of subjects KDQI scores was similar to normal distribution. Mean score of KDQI was 56.0 and the range of the mean by age was from 45.7 for the subjects over 70 years old to 60.7 for the elementary school children. The components which composed the lowest three means were dairy intake, fruit intake, Ca intake in most age groups. Mean score of DVS was one of the highest three but not for the subjects over 50 years old. After subjects with KDQI score over 70 were classified to higher poop and those with KDQI score under 40, to lower group, nutritional characteristics were compared. Energy contributions of carbohydrate, proteins, and fit, percentages of RDA for major nutrients, and dietary diversity scores were more adequate in the higher poop than in the lower group. The lower poop had more risks for chronic degenerative diseases. According to the results, KDQI was valid index to assess the overall diet quality and it could be used to detect risk group for malnutrition and chronic degenerative diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.249-258
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• 2007

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one the most common prostate diseases in middle aged and elderly men. This study was conducted to investigate diet and lifestyle risk factors for benign prostatic hyperplasia in a community-dwelling free-living population group. The dietary data were collected from the 601 male subjects aged 50-79 years using the 24-hour recall method. The mean age of the BPH group ($63.0{\pm}7.9$ years) was significantly higher than that of the non-BPH ($58.8{\pm}7.4$ years). Among many nutrients, the amount of animal fat intake was increased while that of carbohydrate intake decreased in subjects with BPH compared to those with non-BPH. In BPH subjects, the proportion of energy from fat was also greater than in subjects with non-BPH. The logistic regression analysis on the food consumption data showed that the consumption of total animal food was increased while that of mushrooms was decreased in patients with BPH compared to the subjects with non-BPH. The age-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidences limits for BPH incidence in subjects whose milk and milk products, beverages and alcoholic liquors intake was greater than the median were 1.796 (1.167-2.782) and 1.738 (1.129-2.676) respectively, compared to those in subjects whose intakes were below the median. These results may be applicable in the development of a nutrition intervention and education program toward a reduction in the risk for benign prostatic hyperplasia.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.445-452
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a strong independent predictor of future cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We evaluated the relationship between hsCRP and dietary intake in apparently healthy young women living in southern Vietnam. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Serum hsCRP was measured and dietary intake data were obtained using the 1-day 24-hour recall method in women (n = 956; mean age, $25.0{\pm}5.7$ years) who participated in the International Collaboration Study for the Construction of Asian Cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) in 2011. RESULTS: Women in the high risk group (> 3 mg/L) consumed fewer fruits and vegetables, total plant food, potassium, and folate than those in the low risk group (< 1 mg/L). A multiple regression analysis after adjusting for covariates revealed a significant negative association between hsCRP and fruit and vegetable consumption. A logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) of having a high hsCRP level in women with the highest quartiles of consumption of fruits and vegetables [OR, 0.391; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.190-0.807], potassium [OR, 0.425; 95% CI, 0.192-0.939] and folate [OR, 0.490; 95% CI, 0.249-0.964] were significantly lower than those in the lowest quartiles. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, in young Vietnamese women, an increased consumption of fruit and vegetables might be beneficial for serum hsCRP, a risk factor for future CVD events.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.417-424
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• 2014

BACKGROUD/OBEJECTIVES: It is hypothesized that obese people with dyslipidemia is more likely to have increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant status, in comparison with the controls who were obese without dyslipidemia. Thus, the aims of the present study were to determine the dietary intakes, plasma adipokines, and antioxidative systems between obese with dyslipidemia and obese without dyslipidemia were investigated. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Female subjects who were between 20 and 55 years old, and whose BMI was 23 or greater were recruited. Subjects who met the criteria of $BMI{\geq}23$, total cholestero ${\geq}200mg/dL$, LDL cholesterol ${\geq}130mg/dL$, and $TG{\geq}110mg/dL$ were categorized Obese with dyslipidemia. Anthropometric measurements and blood biochemical tests were conducted. The diet survey was conducted by a trained dietitian using two days of 24 hour dietary recall. The lipid peroxidation, the plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the activities of antioxidantive enzymes, and various antioxidantive vitamins levels were determined. RESULTS: Plasma adiponectin and leptin levels were also determined. There were no significant differences for age, Body Mass index (BMI), and body fat (%), waist-size between two groups. Obese with dyslipidemia had significantly high levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-C, and the ratio of HDL-C/LDL-C, respectively. Blood alkaline phosphatase level was statistically different between the two groups (P < 0.05). No statistical significance in dietary intake between two groups was shown. In case of obese with dyslipidemia group, the levels of GSH-Px (P < 0.05) and catalase (P < 0.05) as well as adjusted blood retinol (P < 0.05) and tocopherol level (P < 0.05) were significantly low. However, the plasma concentration of leptin was significantly high (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity with dyslipidemia was shown to have high arthtrogenic index, depleted antioxidant status, and higher blood leptin levels which suggest higher risks of oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.507-516
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at evaluating the dietary intakes of Korean adolescents affected by food insecurity, in comparison with those who were food secure. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study used one day 24-hour dietary recall data from the $6^{th}$ Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study subjects consisted of 1,453 adolescents of whom 695 were middle school-aged and 758 were high school-aged. Food security status was assessed using the 18-item questionnaire. Nutrient intake was evaluated in terms of nutrient density, insufficient intake, and excessive intake for selected nutrients, in addition to meeting the appropriate range for total energy intake and energy intakes from carbohydrate, sugar, protein, fat, and saturated fatty acids. Food intake was evaluated in terms of food group servings and dietary diversity score (DDS). RESULTS: The percentages of food insecurity were 11.1% for middle school-aged adolescents and 16.8% for high school-aged adolescents. Food insecure middle school-aged adolescents had higher intake of carbohydrate (P = 0.006) but lower intake of fat (P = 0.010) and saturated fatty acids (P = 0.005) than their food secure counterparts although the intake of both groups was in the recommended ranges. Nutrient intake among high school-aged adolescents was generally similar regardless of food security status. Both food secure and insecure adolescents showed insufficient intake of vitamin A, vitamin C, and calcium, and excessive sodium intake. They additionally had low prevalence of meeting appropriate intake ranges for energy, carbohydrate, and sugar. Food intake in terms of food group servings and DDS was also similar regardless of food security status among both age groups, with low intakes of foods from fruit and dairy groups. CONCLUSIONS: Except for a few nutrients among the middle school-aged adolescents, dietary intakes among Korean adolescents did not differ by food security status in this study.

• 셀메드
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.13.1-13.10
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• 2017

Nutrition is one of the factors influencing cognitive functions. But, the role of nutrition on cognitive functions within the elderly is recognized to a lesser degree. The aim of this academic endeavor was to analyze the affiliation between nutritional status and cognitive functions of the elderly in Korea. 316 subjects, of 114 male and 201 female aged above 65 years, were gathered from university hospital clinics, Elderly Welfare Centers, and Health Welfare Centers located in the district of Seoul, Gyeonggi province, and Incheon in Korea. The cognitive function was tested by the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) questionnaire. Nutrition intake was assessed by a 24-hour recall, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Nutrition adequacy and quality were assessed by the Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI) checklist, the nutritional adequacy ratio (NAR), and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR). The elderly with normal cognitive function status displayed significantly higher levels of calcium, riboflavin, thiamin, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B6, phosphorous, potassium, iron, niacin, zinc, animal fat, animal protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, total protein, vegetable oil, vegetable protein, fiber than levels of the elderly with moderate cognitive impairment. The K-MMSE score positively correlated with of high consumption of pork, white radish, sea mustard, tomato, tangerine, grape, apple, and ice cream, and K-MMSE was negatively associated with high intake of potato, anchovy, fish cake, and mushroom. The findings suggest that nutritional status is affiliated with cognitive function within the elderly of Korea. The consumption of variety of foods and nutrients ensures adequate cognitive function in the Korean elderly.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.959-970
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary habit, nutritional condition and quality of everyday meal for college students. The number of the subjects was 102 and they were divided into three groups by their residing types; students living with their parents (n=34), students living in dormitory (n=34) and students living independently off the campus (n=34) Questionnaire, 24hour dietary recall for food intakes, and body composition analysis were used. SPSS program was used for the statistics. In general health matter, the average age for each group of students was $21.2kg/m^2$, $20.9kg/m^2$, and $21.9kg/m^2$ respectively. And heights, weights, muscle mass, body fats and BMI were not significantly different between groups. Results on dietary habit showed that students living with their parents had better meal pattern and regularity for breakfast than other groups. Also, for dietary evaluation, students living with their parents showed better extent of intake of milk than other groups. Evaluation on nutrients intake showed that amount of calcium, vitamin $B_2$, folic acid intake in student living independently off the campus were lower than those of the other groups(P<0.05). And MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio) was not significantly different between groups, however INQ(Index of Nutritional Quality) and NAR(Nutrient Adequacy Ratio) of calcium were lower in off the campus group than other two groups. In conclusion, students living independently had worse eating habits and showed lower intake of calcium than those living with their parents or living in a dormitory. Therefore nutritional education for improving well-balanced dietary habits and optimal intake of nutrients are required especially for students living independently off the campus.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.84-90
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary behavior on the nutritional status of university students in Korea. A dietary intake survey of 603 university students (223 males and 380 females) was conducted using a 24-hour recall method. The resulting data on dietary behavior and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the SAS program package. The main results were as follows : 1) Most of the subjects were in their twenties and no obese cases were found. 2) Dietary intake data showed that, except for vitamin C in the female students, the average daily intakes of most nutrients did lot meet the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). The study also showed that most of the subjects, especially the female students, were concerned about having satisfactory physical appearances. Fat provided 25% of the daily energy intake, and this level was higher than the 20% recommended by the Korean Dietary Guidelines. In the female students, the iron intake from animal foods was lower than that from plant foods. 3) Male students were not very serious about healthy eating. However, the female group, who obtained a high score in dietary behavior, consumed more vegetables and had higher intakes of energy, protein, Ca, p, vitamin A, and vitamin C than the male group, even though they did not meet the Korean RDA in most nutrients. Energy intake from fats, as a percent of total energy intake, was lower than in the group of females who obtained higher stores in dietary behavior than the other groups. To sum up, the university students surveyed in this study were found to have the typical dietary behavior of young adults, such as frequent eating out and snacking. Female students were extremely conscious of their body images this can exert an important direct influence on their dietary intakes and health status. It is very important for university students to develop healthy lifestyles and desirable dietary behaviors, to best enable them to continue to lead a healthy lift: in their later years.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.572-584
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake and diet quality of male college student according to smoking groups. Subjects were recruited and divided into three groups according to the smoking, which included non-smoker (n = 100), light-smoker (n = 78; packyear < 5), and heavy-smoker (n = 76; packyear ${\geq}$ 5). Subjects were interviewed using a general questionnaire, 24-hour recall method for dietary intake and diet quality. The average age of the subjects were 22.7 years for non-smoker, 23.5 years for light-smoker, and 23.4 years for heavy-smoker. Also the results showed that the heavy-smoker was significantly more often to drink coffee and alcohol compared with the other two groups (p<0.001, p<0.05). The mean daily energy intake was 2278.1 kcal in non-smoker, 2148.3 kcal in light-smoker, and 2144.4 kcal in heavy-smoker. The heavy-smoker consumed significantly lower intakes of vitamin C (p<0.001), calcium (p<0.01), animal calcium (p<0.01), and potassium (p<0.05) compared to the non-smoker and light-smoker. Also NAR (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio), ND (Nutrient Density), and INQ (Index of Nutritional Quality) of these nutrients in heavy-smoker were lower than the other two groups. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.78 in non-smoker, 0.78 in light-smoker, and 0.74 in heavy smoker (p<0.05). The heavy-smoker consumed significantly lower intakes of fruits (p<0.001) compared to the non-smoker and light-smoker. The DVS (Dietary Variety Score) of heavy-smoker (26.8) was significantly lower than that 30.4 of non-smoker and 31.5 of light-smoker (p<0.01). In conclusion, heavy-smoker man have low intake status of vitamin C, calcium and potassium, and partly low diet quality. Therefore it was needed that well planed diet to replace the nutrients supplied from excluded food groups in heavy- smoker.