• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.328-333
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• 1997

A study was conducted to examine the effect of application of Diazinon at different rates in submerged soil under the application of different N fertilizers; urea, ammonium sulfate and organic fertilizer(fermented chicken dung-sawdust mixture). The levels of Diazinon application were equivalent to zero, 350 mg a. i./ha, 700 mg a. i./ha and 1050 mg a. i./ha. To 100 gr of air-dry soil, 10 mg of N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ and different levels of Diazinon were mixed thoroughly and the soil was submerged in 100 ml of distilled water. The submerged soil was incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 50 days. Volatilied ammonia was measured at every 10 days. The amount of ammonia volatilization was greatest in urea treated soil, followed by organic fertilizer and it was the least in ammonium sulfate treated soil. The application of Diazinon at 700 mg a. i./ha increased the volatilization of ammonia greatly in the urea treated soil. Under other fertilizers, the effect of Diazinon application was not remarkable. The increase in the soil pH during the incubation period under different fertilizer treatments tended to increase ammonia volatilization.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.565-572
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• 2001

At the most recent years, laser medical instruments, laser applications and laser nuclear fusion need strong visible light and ultraviolet rays. Nonlinear optical devices, such as harmonic generators and parametric oscillators, provide a means of extending the frequency range of available laser sources. Frequency conversion is a useful technique for extending the utility of high-power lasers. It utilizes the nonlinear optical response of an optical medium in intense radiation fields to generate new frequencies. These progresses have been used to generate high-power radiation in all spectral regions, from the ultraviolet to the far infrared. Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers generate two waves of lower frequency They are capable of generating a range of wavelengths from a single frequency source, in some cases spanning the entire visible and near infrared regions. Consequently, in order to obtain the green light, the pulsed Nd:YAG laser using multiple-mesh PFN(Pulsed Forming Network) method with Nonlinear optical device was adopted. We compared the current pulseshapes with the laser output energy, and conversion efficiency.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.51-52
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• 2000

생물공정의 운전에 있어서 적절한 공정변수가 부족한 경우가 많다. 이것은 멸균과정을 견딜 수 있는 신뢰성 높은 센서가 부족하기 때문이다[1]. 생물공정에 주로 사용되는 센서로서는 온도, pH, D.O., rpm, viscosoty 등이 있으나 이 센서들은 배양액의 물리적 혹은 화학적 상태를 측정할 수 있는 경우가 대부분이다[2]. 미생물의 대사활동과 관련이 있는 공정 변수로는 배출가스의 성분을 측정하여 얻을 수 있는 Oxygen uptake rate, Carbon dioxide evolution rate 및 Respiratory quotient가 있으며 현재 생물공정의 운전에 사용되고 있다[3]. 그러나 반복적인 센서의 보정과 연결관의 잦은 청소 및 보수를 필요로 하여 제한적으로 사용되고있는 실정이다. 자동화된 습식분석장치, Gas chromatograph, High Performace Liquid Chromatograph 혹은 Mass spectrophtometry 등을 온라인 샘플 처리장치와 연결하여 발효조의 배양액의 성분을 온라인으로 분석하고 공정의 운전에 응용하는 사례가 많이 발표되었다[4-6]. 고가의 장비 및 운전의 번거러움이나 추가적인 인력이 필요하므로 역시 특별한 경우에만 사용되고 있다. 이외에도 여러 종류의 온라인 센서 및 바이오 센서등이 개발되어 사용되고 있으나 역시 그 사용범위는 특수한 영역에 한정되어있다. 이와 같이 새로운 센서를 개발하여 공정변수를 측정하려는 시도중의 하나가 소프트웨어 센서의 개발이다. 이 것은 공정상에서 발생하는 1차 공정변수를 이용하여 배양액의 상태 혹은 2차적인 공정 변수를 추측해내는 것이다. 대부분의 경우 기존의 공정 변수를 사용하므로 추가적인 비용이 들지 않고 소프트웨어의 형태로 구현되므로 센서의 보정과 설치 및 유지관리의 노력이 매우 적은 장점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 생물공정에서 자동제어 과정에서 발생하는 여러 가지 공정상의 제어 신호로부터 새로운 공정 변수를 얻어내고자 시도하였다. 대부분의 생물공정에서는 pH의 자동제어가 필수적인데 자동제어 과정에서 발생하는 pH 제어 신호 및 pH의 변화 응답신호를 이용하여 배지의 완충용량의 변화와 알칼리의 소비속도를 온라인으로 측정할 수 있었다. 여기에 인공지능망을 설계하여 균체의 량을 온라인으로 추정하는 방법을 개발하였다 [7].산업용 발효조의 운전 온도는 주로 냉각수의 단속적인 공급에 의하여 항상 일정하게 조절된다. 따라서 냉각수의 냉각량을 측정하면 미생물의 배양시 발생하는 대사열량을 측정할 수 있게 된다. 본 연구에서는 실험실의 발효조를 냉각수의 단속적인 공급에 의하여 자동온도 조절이 되도록 개조하고 여기에 냉각수의 유출입 지점에 온도센서를 부착하여 냉각수의 온도를 측정하고 냉각수의 공급량과 대기의 온도 등을 측정하여 대사열의 발생을 추정할 수 있었다. 동시에 이를 이용하여 유가배양시 기질을 공급하는 공정변수로 사용하였다 [8]. 생물학적인 폐수처리장치인 활성 슬러지법에서 미생물의 활성을 측정하는 방법은 아직 그다지 개발되어있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 슬러지의 주 구성원이 미생물인 점에 착안하여 침전시 슬러지층과 상등액의 온도차를 측정하여 대사열량의 발생량을 측정하고 슬러지의 활성을 측정할 수 있는 방법을 개발하였다.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2010

A new commercial strain of Agrocybe chaxingu, "Dasan", was developed with crossing between monokaryotic strain derived from Jinhyang and GWM20502 strain. The optimum temperature, carbon source and nitrogen source for mycelial growth were $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, glucose and ammonium chloride, respectively. The period of primordia formation and fruiting body growth were about 12~13days and 6~8days in bottle cultivation using Georgia pine sawdust which supplemented with 30% wheat bran. The yields was 118.2g/850mL bottle, and the color of pileus was brown.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 2021

A lava dome and sheet lava flow can be observed at the seashore of Aewol, Jeju island. The cylindrical lobes are characterized by a concentric structure consisting of a massive core and radial joints. Columnar joints with different thickness between the upper and lower parts are developed in the sheet lava flow around the rock salt field in Goeomri. The upper part of the columnar joints is uneven in shape, and has a diameter of 120-150 cm. The lower part of the columnar joints is hexagonal and pentagonal in shape, and has a diameter of about 60 cm. The cylindrical lobes can be divided into two groups based on size and shape. One is a megalobe, with a semicircular outline and a maximum diameter of 30 m. The other is a circular lobe with a diameter of less than 10 m. The columns in the radial joints have hexagonal and pentagonal cross sections and gradually increasing diameter, outward from the core, to a size of 80-120 cm at the rim. The concentric structure observed in the cylindrical lavas is attributable to a combination of four factors. The first is a circular crack caused by the decrease of the temperature and density difference between the inside and outside of the cylindrical lava flow. The second is a concentric chisel mark of the radial joints, which formed at the same time as the radial joints. The third is a flow band, which is a trace left in a round passage when lava flows through. The fourth is a vesicular band formed in a cave by gas bubbles escaping from the lava flow.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.228-237
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• 2003

Temporary control schedules were tested at sweet persimmon orchards to development new control programs to meet the quarantine repuirements of America in 2001 and 2002. The 'MRL-type control orchards' were sprayed with chemicals which were possibly adaptable to the pome trees in America. A control schedule consisted of those chemicals registered for persimmon in Korea was incorporated in the 'domestic-type control orchards'. The efficacy of these two control type against insect pests was compared with that of a conventional control schedule. In 2001, MRL orchard and domestic orchard were sprayed 7 and 6 times, and two conventional orchards were 6 and 9 times, respectively. In 2002, acaricide was added once to the MRL orchards at late September to reduce the density of mites on harvested fruits. However no insecticide to plant bug control could be applied to the MRL orchards, because no insecticide against bugs was registered for pome trees in America. This resulted in 7 times of applications in MRL and domestic orchards. The conventional orchard was sprayed 9 times. Only the occurrence of the peach pyralid moth, Dichocrocis puntiferalis (PPM) out of 4 quarantine inset species was observed. The PPM was observed during growing season in MRL, domestic, and conventional orchards. However no fruits damaged by PPM larvae were observed after mid October and after harvest. In 2002 only 1 fruit out of 1,350 fruits inspected in June was damaged by the larvae of PPM at MRL orchards. A fungus-feeding mites and collembolan were under calyx of vested fruits. In 2001 they were found on 45.3% of harvested fruits at MRL orchard. However the percentage of fruits with mites in 2002 was greatly reduced to 3.5% at MRL orchard, presumably because of a added application of acaricide at late September. However percentage of fruits damage by hemipteran bugs at harvesting time was quite high 11.3 % at MRL orchards, because no application of insecticide against plant bugs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.724-734
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• 2019

The present study investigated the cytotoxicity of particulate matter (PM) derived from car air filter (outdoor PM) and home cleaner filter (indoor PM) in the various human cell lines. Each outdoor and indoor PM were harvested by ethanol extraction method, subsequently sieved with 10 um filter paper, sterilized with autoclave and added to culture media. The half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) values was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the outdoor PM, compared with indoor PM, and the significantly (p<0.05) higher $IC_{50}$ values were observed in the cancer cell lines (A-549 lung adenocarcinoma and AGS stomach adenocarcinoma), than those of normal MRC-5 fibroblasts and dental papilla tissue derived-mesenchymal stem cells (DSC). After being exposed to $100{\mu}g/ml$ outdoor PM for 7 days, the population doubling time (PDT) was significantly (p<0.05) increased in especially MRC-5 and DSC cell lines, compared with untreated cell lines. Further, the expression of senescence-associated ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity was up-regulated in all the cells exposed to outdoor PM than those of untreated control. Besides, the expression level of inflammation-associated genes, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was found to be significantly (p<0.05) increased in the outdoor PM-treated cell lines than those of untreated cell lines. Our results showed that PM induces the cytotoxicity via arrest of cell growth, cell damage and inflammation response.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.37-37
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• 2023

천마(天麻, Gastrodia elata Blume)는 난초과(蘭草科, Orchidaceae)에 속하는 식물로 잎과 뿌리가 없어 탄소동화능력이 없으며, 뽕나무버섯균과 공생하는 기생식물이다. 천마는 노지재배 시 혹한, 폭우 등 기상환경에 따른 연차간 수량성 차가 673~1,175kg/10a로 크고, 연작에 따른 수량성이 연작 1회 시 29%, 연작 2회 시 68%가 감소하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 최근 기후변화 대응으로 비가림시설재배가 이뤄지고 있으나, 비가림 시설재배 또한 연작장해가 발생하고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 비가림시설을 활용한 천마 재배의 연작장해 경감을 위해 태양열(6~10월, 비닐피복) 및 토양훈증(메탐소듐, 30 L/1,000 m²)으로 토양소독 처리를 하였고, 윤작(수단그라스)을 대조구로 설정하여 토양 화학성, 미생물상 및 수량성을 분석하였다. 토양소독 전·후 토양내 화학성을 분석한 결과, 비가림시설재배 시 토양 화학성의 변화는 거의 없었다. 토양소독 후 metagenome 분석 결과, JCR21(윤작), JCS21(태양열), JCF21(토양훈증)의 시료로부터 확보한 총 read는 598,425개였으며, 이 중에서 Eukaryota로 분류되지 않은 read는 2,397개(0.4%), no hit, not assign된 read는 17,094개 (2.9%), Bacteria로 분류된 read는 281,391개(47.0%), Eukaryota로 분류된 read는 총 297,543개(49.7%)였다. JCR21은 전체 read의 35.0%, JCS21은 34.0%, JCF21은 31.0%를 차지했고, Eukaryota는 JCR21 대비 JCS21, JCF21에서 각각 9.9%, 18.9% 낮았다. 그리고, Bacteria는 JCR21 대비 JCF21은 5.4% 감소하였으나, JCS21은 1.4% 증가하였다. 이 중 Eukaryota에서 종(species)명까지 정확하게 밝혀진 것은 27종이었고 속(genus) 으로는 18속이었다. JCF21은 전체 read의 30.2%, JCS21은 33.8%, JCR21은 36.0%를 차지했고, JCF21 포장은 토양훈증으로 JCS21에 비해 3.6%, JCR21에 비해 5.8%까지 균수가 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 대체적으로 발견된 균은 고르게 분포하고 있었으나 초작지, 연작 1회지, 연작 2회지에서는 많이 발견되지 않았던 Mucoromycota (41,490 read, 13.9%), Agaricales (10,586 read, 3.6%)가 높은 비율로 분포를 하고 있었다. 토양소독 처리에 따른 10a 당 수량을 살펴본 결과, 윤작 1,309 kg, 태양열소독 1,609 kg, 토양훈증 1,733 kg으로 나타났고, 수량지수가 윤작 처리구 대비 태양열소독은 23%, 토양훈증은 32% 높았다. 성마율은 윤작 51%, 태양열소독 63%, 토양훈증 68%으로 나타났으며, 자마율은 윤작 49%, 태양열소독 37%, 토양훈증 32%으로 나타났다. 괴경썩음 정도는 윤작 30-49%, 태양열소독 10-19%, 토양훈증 5-9%로 나타났다. 따라서, 비가림시설을 활용한 천마 재배 시 토양훈증 소독 처리를 하면 연작이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2001

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical features of hospitalized infants 28~90 days of age with fever without source and to analyze those of young febrile infants using risk criteria for serious bacterial infection. Methods : The clinical features of 131 infants 28~90 days of age admitted to the Ulsan Dong-Kang General Hospital Pediatric Department because of fever(temperature ${\geq}38^{\circ}C$ rectally) without source, from January 2000 to December 2000, were investigated by retrospective chart review. The clinical features of 131 febrile infants were analyzed using Rochester criteria. Results : Among 131 cases, there were 60 cases(45.8%) of urinary tract infection, 33 cases (25.2%) of aseptic meningitis, 2 cases(1.5%) of bacteremia and 36 cases(27.5%) of no specific diagnosis. Among 131 cases, there were 57 cases(43.5%) in low risk group and 74 cases(56.5%) in not low risk one by Rochester criteria. A significant difference in the incidence of urinary tract infection, aseptic meningitis and no specific diagnosis was not found between both groups. Male to female ratio was 1.8 : 1. Sex ratio between both groups was not significantly different. Most febrile infant were noted in spring(35.1%) and the summer(36.7%). The peak incidence of aseptic meningitis was noted in May and June. The fever subsided mostly within 48~72 hours after administering antimicrobial agents(61.8~83.2%). A significant difference in duration of fever after administering antimicrobial agents was not found between both groups. Conclusion : A selected group of low risk infants 28~90 days of age with fever without source can be managed as outpatients provided that a thorough initial evaluation is performed, that parents can reliably monitor their infant closely at home and that careful follow up can be assured. Because bag collected specimens were more likely to yield indeterminate urine culture result, a suprapubic or catheter obtained urine specimen for culture is a necessary part of the evaluation of all febrile infants 28~90 days of age. The further prospective study on evaluation and management of young febrile infant should be performed in our hospital.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2015

Purpose : Under the assumption of change to the amplitude based sorting, the study will use four dimensional computed tomography imaging (4DCT) arrayed using the phase based sorting to analyze the respiratory phase difference. Materials and Methods : The study analyzed the 4DCT (4-dimensional computed tomography) images of 10 liver cancer patients that were treated with respiratory gated radiotherapy from 2015 February to March. Using RPM respiratory gating (RPM 1.7.5, Varian, USA) equipment, imaging according to respiratory cycle of phase based sorting was acquired and using a treatment planning system (Pinnacle 9.2, Philips, USA) the acquired imaging according to respiratory cycle was used to measure the abdominal movement value by respiratory cycle. The measuring point was the point where the center point of the Marker Block and the body surface met in the 50% phase image and here the coordinate values Lateral, Vertical, Longitudinal (X, Y, Z) were set as reference points, and on the X, Z plane identical to the reference point, using the identical method the Y axis coordinate value of each 0%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80% phase images were acquired to quantitatively measure the variation of distance to the Y axis. The abdominal movement value according to respiration was applied to the theoretical model that the value decreases linearly from maximum inhalation to maximum exhalation to divide the variation of my value to predict as amplitude value by respiratory cycle and conversely the variation in amplitude was recalculated with the phase variation deviation value to analyze. Results : The deviation value between expected value and actual location was the largest in the 30% phase with 0.24 cm, and standard deviation was also the largest in 30% phase with 0.13 cm. The effective value of the deviation value derived from the average of the deviation squared value of each patient appeared as minimum 0.7 cm, maximum 0.18 cm, average 0.12 cm, and standard deviation 0.4 cm. Also by dividing the actual movement distance value with the peak expiration value then converting it into %Phase, the deviation value with actual phase 16.5% in 30% phase, 10.0% and 40% phase, 10.0% and 60% phase, 15.4% and 80% phase, and overall average about 13%, and arraying based on amplitude, phase shift occurred and further it was from peak expiration the chance of deviation occurrence was increasingly measured. Conclusion : Based on the results of the study there were differences between value acquired based on theoretical model and actual value. Therefore in respiratory gated radiotherapy using external surrogates, there needs to be establishment of respiration gated radiation system that avoids the combination of two Sorting methods considering that there will be occurrence of treatment and corresponding clinical differences due to the phase difference that occur due to the Amplitude based Phase Sorting.