• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.55-69
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• 1991

The objective of the study is to figure out the status of reproductive health and general characteristics related to maternal health for Korean-Americans living in Los Angeles. We collected data from the married women who wanted no more additional child birth and were attending the Family Planning Clinic of Koryo Health Foundation in Los Angeles during 1988. There were 494 women met the eligibility requirement for this study. The results are summarized below. 1. In the age distribution of the women who desired no more additional child birth, women 30-34 age group constituted the largest proportion at 36.6 percent ; the mean age of women was 35.1915.55. The mean number of child birth was 1.77, and the proportion of the women by number of child birth were 35.2 percent for one children, 50.1 percent for two children 10.5 percent for three children, and 2.6 percent for four children. All of the women experienced pregnancy at least once, and mean number of pregnancy was 3.42. The mean number of total experience of induced abortion was 1.56. and 76.7 percent of these women had experience with induced abortions. To prevent further pregnancies, 90.1 percent of the women were utilizing the contraceptive methods, and the highest proportion by the contraceptive methods was condoms(53.7%), 9.3 percent in spermicides, 8.7 percent in IUDs, 8.7 percent in rhythm method, and 6.9 percent in oral pills. 2. The mean age of women at each stage of reproductive life cycle were 14.74 years at time of menarche, 24.55 years at time of marriage, 26.60 years at time of the first child birth, and 28.75 years at time of the last child birth. In age distribution of the women by birth cohort (Group I : birth cohort 1940-1954, Group H : birth cohort 1955-1970), the mean menar-cheal age of the women was 14.96 years in group I , and 14.53 years in group H . Mean age at time of marriage was 25.01 years in group I and 24.08 years in group H . Mean child birth age of the women by birth cohort was 27.19 years In group I and 26.01 years in Group II for the first child birth and 30.07 years in group I and 27.45 years in group II for the last child birth. The total length of reproductive life cycle from menarche to menopause (presumed to be at 49 of age years) was 34.26 years. The len-gth of phase I (from menarche to marriage) was 9.81 years, while phase H (marriage to first birth) was 2.05 years, and phase Ill (first birth to last birth) was 2. 15 years, and the last phase of reproductive life cycle, phase IV (last birth to menopause) was 20.25 years. The proportion of each phase 10 total length of reproductive life cycle was 28.6 percent, 6.0 percent 6.3 percent, and 59.t percent respectively. In the tendency of each phase in reproductive life cycle by birth cohort (group I , U ), the length of phase I, II , III of birth cohort group II was diminished in comparison with those of birth cohort group I , but the length of phase IV was extended by 2.38 years. 3. Among the women, the mean number of total pregnancy by birth cohort group was 2.01 in group I and 1.10 in Group II, and mean number of child birth was 1.97 in group I and 1.58 in group II. In terms of pregnancy was-tage rate by birth cohort group, among the total pregnancy of birth cohort group I , 51.8 percent of the cases resulted in induced abortions or spontaneous abortions whils 48.2 percent resulted in live births, and 42.2 percent or total pregnancy in group II resulted in pregnancy wastage and 57.8 percent of the cases resulted in live births.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.846-851
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• 2003

Background: To clarify the clinical significance of the aortic nodes in resected non-small cell lung cancer of the left upper lobe. Material and Method: One hundred fifty six patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer of the left upper lobe were studied. Patients who received preoperative induction therapy, non-curative operation or defined as operative mortality were excluded from this study. Result: In N2 left upper lobe tumors, aortic nodes comprised 52.7% of the metastatic mediastinal lymph nodes. In single station N2 disease, a frequently metastasized station was aortic node (64.3%). 5-year actuarial survival according to the N status was 65.0% in N0, 30.4% in N1, and 17.9% in N2. There was no statistically significant difference in survival between N1 and N2 diseases (p=0.06). The patients with metastasis to aortic node alone had a comparatively good prognosis (5-year survival: 35.6%) than other N2 diseases (5-year survival: 4.6%) (p=0.01) and had a similar survival outcome as N1 diseases (p=0.97). Considering the aortic node as N1 node, 5-year survival according to the N status was 65.0% in N0, 31.2% in N1, 4.6% in N2 and significant survival difference was observed between N1 and N2 disease (p=0.00). In multivariate analysis, the male sex (hazard ratio 6.892, p=0.011) and the involvement to the aortic node alone (hazards ratio 2.799, p=0.009) were the significant factors affecting postoperative survival. Conclusion: According to the our data, involvement to the aortic node alone in left upper lobe tumors should be grouped with N1 disease because this combined category reflects the surgical outcome more accurately.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 1991

Two crystal structures of dehydrated $Ag_{2.8}ZN_{4.6}-A$ and of its ethylene sorption complex have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The structures were solved and refined in the cubic space group Pm3m at 23(1)$^{\circ}$C. Dehydration of two crystals studied were achieved at 400$^{\circ}$C and $2{\times}10^{-6}$ Torr for 2 days and one crystal was treated with 250 Torr of ethylene at 25(1)$^{\circ}$C. The structures of dehydrated $Ag_{2.8}ZN_{4.6}-A$ (a = 12.137(2) ${\AA}$ and of its ethylene sorption complex (a = 12.106(2)${\AA}$) were refined to final error indices, R(weighted) = 0.044 with 237 reflections and R(weighted) = 0.050 with 301 reflections, respectively, for which I > 3${sigma}$(I). 2.8 $Ag^+$ ions are recessed 0.922(2) ${\AA}$ from (111) plane of three 6-ring oxygens into the large cavity where each forms a lateral ${\pi}$ complex with an ethylene molecule. These $Ag^+$ ions are in 2.240(5)${\AA}$ from three framework oxide ions and 2.290(5) ${\AA}$ from each carbon atom of an ethylene molecule. The $Zn^{2+}$ ions occupy two different threefold axis positions of the unit cell. 2.8 $Zn^{2+}$ ions are recessed 0.408(2) ${\AA}$ from (111) plane of the 6-ring oxygens and each $Zn^{2+}$ ion forms a $\pi$ complex with an $C_2H_4$ molecule. The distances between $Zn^{2+}$ ions and carbon atom of ethylene molecule, Zn(2)-C = 2.78(4) ${\AA}$ are long. This indicates that this bond is relatively weak.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.184-228
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• 1998

This study reviews the relationship between son preference and fertility behavior, and infant and chlid mortality in the context of fertility and mortality decline. In Korea the situation reveals that fertility can decline to a very low level even in the presence of strong son preference, but son preference has certain effects on fertility and childhood mortality. The effect of son preference on fertility increased as the level of fertility declined. Our findings show that son preference causes excess female childhood mortality both directly and indirectly through fertility. Also, in Korea, the analysis reveals that female children suffer excessively high level of mortality and part of the excess mortality is due to parents' behavior on family building related to the effort to secure the birth of a son.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.71-75
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• 1991

This study was undertaken to identify the distribution of T and B lymphocytes in bovine peripheral blood and various lymphoid tissues by the method of ABPC using RABTS, $BLT_1$ and $_6E_{12}$ as primary antibodies. RABTS, $BLT_1$ and $_6E_{12}$ positive cells in PB-MNCs were 70.9${\pm}5.5%$, $59.0{\pm}8.7%$ and $23.0{\pm}8.7%$, respectively. $BLT_1$ and $_6E_{12}$ positive cells in nylon wool nonadherent cells of PB-MNCs were $91.6{\pm}1.0%$ and $9.6{\pm}0.8%$, respectively. In the lymphoid tissues such as inguinal lymph node, mesenteric lymph node, spleen and thymus, positive cells of RABTS were $76.3{\pm}3.4%$, $74.2{\pm}8.2%$, $73.6{\pm}5.5%$ and $95.6{\pm}2.8%$, those of $BLT_1$ were $56.4{\pm}6.2%$, $55.6{\pm}7.7%$, $48.6{\pm}5.1%$ and $23.0{\pm}4.8%$ and those of $_6E_{12}$ were $45.3{\pm}7.4%$, $42.3{\pm}5.8%$, $48.5{\pm}6.2%$ and $5.6{\pm}2.1%$, in order. These results are indicating that nylon wool column method is effective for separation of bovine ocytes.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 1991

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators, dichlorprop and MCPB on the reduced effect of fruit drop and fruit quality before and after storage in apples. Dichlorprop was tested with dilution of 1000 at 30, 40, 50 days before harvesting, and MCPB with dilution of 4000 at 15, 25, 35 days before harvesting. The results are summarized as follows : Percentage of fruit drop was appeared to the notable reduction as compared with the untreated control when regulators was applied with dilution of 1000 at 30 days before harvesting by dichlorprop and with dilution of 4000 at 35 days before harvesting by MCPB. Degree of fruit colour showed to the remarkable promotion at all the treatment of 30, 40, 50 days before harvesting by dichlorprop as compared with the untreated control. Sugar contents in flesh was increased a little at the treatment of 30 days before harvesting by dichlorprop, but acid contents in flesh was reduced at all the treatment of 30, 40, 50 days before harvesting by dichloroprop and at 15, 25, 35 days before harvesting by MCPB. Passed firmness of fruit after storage was maintained at the treatment with dilution of 4000 at 35 days before harvesting. Therefore, it was repressed a softening of fruit, but by dichlorprop treatment at 30, 40, 50 days before harvesting, fruit firmmess was appeared to reduce according to the passage of storage period. Amount of ethylene evolution after storage was showed to reduce at all the treatment by early treated time of dichoroprop and MCPB, but carbon dioxide increased at treatment conditions such as the front. Accordingly, these relationship showed to be contrary each other.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 1991

This studies were conducted to get the basic information on the growth habits of Scirpus planiculmis F. Schmidt for control in poldered paddy field. The distribution of corm was about 16% in 0-5cm, 66% in 5-8 cm. 18% in 8-10cm depth of underground. The mean depth of total corm distribution was about 6.51cm. Number of rhizomes and dormant buds per corm were one to four, respectively. Number of rhizomes. dormant buds and total buds(rhizome+dormant bud) were 2.34, 2.85 and 5.20, respectively. The phyllotaxy of S. planiculmis was 1/3 and bracteal leaf were showed from first to 4th leaves. The period of propagation to 100 plants from emergence was 58.52 and 48 days for corm seeded on March 25th, b4ay 7th and June 6th respectively. Days to emergence of S. planiculmis from emergence of previous plant was gradually shorted. as order of propagation from corm seeded progressed. The other side, length of rhizome, plant height and diameter of culm was increased. The plant height of S. planiculmis was higher than rice plant from early stage in rice direct seeding culture, and from 30 dats after transplanting in rice transplanting culture. Speed of propagation was faster in rice direct seeding culture than in rice trasplanting culture.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.691-696
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• 2001

The first bloom of Cochlodinium polykrikoides was observed in the estuary of Nak-dong river near Pusan in Korea in 1982. Since then, there have been irregular blooms, sometimes spread over the adjoining .to Jinhae Bay even though it was confined to the bay and its vicinites until 1988. It had been outbroken frequently in the adjacent to Tongyeong, Geoje, Namhae and Yeosu coast since 1989. It became widespread along the coast of the South Sea to the East Sea of Korea in 1995. And in October in 1998 and 1999, the bloom had been taken place in Kunsan coast of Yellow Sea. According to the observations in situ, the frequency of occurrence has been increased year by year. The prevailing bloom season was from July to October with peak in September. The duration of the bloom became longer with the year, and sometimes lasted more than one month. The density of the bloom did not exceed 5,000 cells $mL^{-1}$until 1991, but it increased year by year to the highest of 43,000 cells $mL^{-1}$ in 1999. With respect to the assembleges of species in dinoflagellate blooms, C. polykrikoides was one of the important species with diatoms and the other dinoflagellates in 1980s. But since then, C. polykrikoides made an almost monospecific bloom. Based on two decadal observations of C. polykrikoides blooms, it became widespread throughout whole coast of the Korea, persistent for about one or two month long in some year, and monospecisc high density blooms. It was reported that significant fish mortalities were caused by this harmful dinoflagellate blooms especially in the fishfarms accomodating intensive fish cages such as Tongyeong, Namhae-do, Geoje, Yeosu and Geomun-do fishfarming yards. This widespread and persistent harmful algal blooms impede the development of marine aquaculture industries.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 1991

The vertical distribution and chemical characteristics of water masses were measured along two south-north transects in the polar front region of the central Korean East Sea. In February, a thermocline was present at depth between 50m and loom at the southern sites of a landward A-transect, and its depth was gradually deepened northward. At an outside B-transect, a thermocline was observed at significantly deep depth of 300m to 400m at two northern stations(Stn. 10 and 11), though the depth of the southward stations was nearly identical to that at the northward stations on a A-transect. In September, there were vertically more various water masses, i.e. the Tsushima Warm surface water(TWSW) or more than $20^{\circ}C$, the Tsushima Middle water(TMW) with a range of $12{\~}17^{\circ}C$, the North Korea Cold Water(NKCW) with $1{\~}7^{\circ}C$ temperature, the Japan Sea Proper Water(JSPW) of less than $1^{\circ}C$, and the mixed water. The North Korea Cold Water could be distinguishable from the other waters, especially from the mixed water of the Tsushima Middle Water and the Japan Sea Proper Water by the pattern of $T-O_2$ diagram. For instance, the North Korea Cold Water had higher oxygen by $1{\~}2ml/l$ than those in the mixed water, although both the two water masses ranged $1{\~}7^{\circ}C$ in water temperature. AOU value was the highest in the JSPW and the lowest in the TWSW. Also, AOU indicated a nearly linear and negative correlation with water temperature. However, AOU data for two masses, the NKCW and the TMW, in September departed remarkably from a regression line. Moreover, the ratio of $$\Delta P/\Delta AOU)$ in September was about $0.45{\mu}g-at/ml$ and higher than the value observed in the open sea. This high value could be elucidated by two factors; intrusion of the NKCW with high oxygen and molecular diffusion of dissolved oxygen from the surface into the lower layer. AOU would be a useful tracer for water masses in the polar front area of the Korean East Sea.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.203-213
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• 1991

Zooplankton samples were collected vertically from different layers with a closing net at 14 stations in the middle East Sea of Korea in February, August and September to study distribution of biological indicators for analysis of water masses. Horizontal and vertical distributions of important species of copepods and chaetognathas known as indicator species were closely related to distributions of different water masses and oceanic fronts. Pleuromamma gracilis, Calanus tenuicornis, Sagitta enflata and Sagitta minima were found to be reliable indicator species to determine warm water mass with warm core, and Calanus cristatus, Calanus tonsus and Sagitta elegans could be used as cold water species for evaluating the movement of cold current from North Korea, and Gaetanus armiger was deep sea water species. Therefore, it was found that North Korean Cold Current down to the south along the coast appeared to be significant in the surface around Chumunjin area, and from here towards the south the cold water containing S. elegans submerged under warm water with S. enflata which were about $2{\~}4^{\circ}C$ higher than that of the vicinity and reappeared near Chukpeon area in surface layer. In the layer between loom and 300m depths, distribution of Pleuromamma gracilis and Sagitta bedoti indicated that warm water mass and front zone influenced by the different water systems were formed in northwestern area off Ulreung-do. In $300{\~}500m$ layer, the proper cold water could be estimated to be present in the northwestern area off Ulreung-do throughout the survey period by the high abundance of Gaetanus armiger. In August, distributions of S. bedoti, S. enflata and S. minima were valuable index to find oceanic fronts and warm core.