• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.955-985
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• 2005

This paper describes the evolutionary trajectory of the missions of public research institutes(PRIs) in Korea since 1960s and analyses the newly highlighted role of PRIs as the facilitators of regional innovation system, with questionnaire surveys and the case study of Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology(GIST). PRIs have played important roles in Korean rapid economic development by introducing and improving foreign high-technologies in 1970s and 1980s and by creating new advanced high-technologies in 1990s. In recent years, the functions as regional technology innovators have been considered important as regional innovation system has come to the center of discussion. According to the result of this study, Korean PRIs have recognized their roles relevant to regional innovation, such as developing the technologies of regional strategic industries and awakening regional innovative actors to a sense of research. Regardless of the functions as industrial technology suppliers, however, the bilateral networks between PRIs and regional industries are not revealed strong, whereas those with universities and other research institutes are relatively strong. In addition, the research cooperation of PRIs with regional innovative actors are different by where they are located. The case of GIST shows how a regional PRI operates, commercializes its academic achievement and encourages the regional transfer of the achievement systematically. Finally, this study draws some policy implications on developing regional PRIs.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.377-390
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• 2000

The purpose of this paper was to draw implications for community economic development policies of Korean local governments by investigating the community economic development policies of the USA local governments. Those policies can be segmented to first wave(1950s-1970s), second wave(1980s), and third wave(1990s) of development policy. First two policies entailed some expense to community residents by providing low tax rates, tax abatement, tax reliefs, industrial revenue bonds, and direct state loans for potential companies. These policies brought ‘clawback’ and ‘drawbacks’ to the local residents. The third wave of community economic development policy includes capital market programs(predominantly government-financed loan programs and government support for predominantly privately financed loan or equity programs), providing information and education for small business in the communities, supporting small business by providing high technology and research, and export assistance-providing information/training opportunity how to export, sending trade missions, and export financing. Local government authorities in Korea should learn the community economic development policies administrated by the USA local governments so that they can avoid the potential try-and-errors in establishing, planning, and administrating their economic development policies.

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.6-19
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• 2019

The purpose of this article is to problematize the existence of a possible Ibero-American informational thinking. It was initially observed that a relative absence of Ibero-America in the international presentations and mappings of information science exists. Below, the reality of the 22 countries that compose Ibero-America is discussed, a region that can be understood from a sociocultural and geopolitical perspective. Then, a mapping of the information science research in these countries is made. The main research topics found are: epistemological studies, relationships with library science, information literacy, representation and organization, bibliometric studies, information management, user studies, technological dimensions, and relationships with archival science and museum studies. Finally, a general epistemological configuration of information science is presented at a global level, highlighting the great trends of study of information that marked the decades of the 1960s and 1970s (physical model), 1980s and 1990s (cognitive model), and the 21st century (sociocultural model), and which manifested themselves in the different subareas that make up the field. The most recent research in information science, in addition to addressing information transfer (physical dimension) and its relationship with data and knowledge (cognitive dimension), has also incorporated aspects related to the social effects of information, its role in the constitution of identities and culture, and the importance of its material conformations. Such expansion reflects attempts to address the complexity of informational phenomena. Therefore, it is concluded that it is important to place the specific contributions of Ibero-America in this context.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Causative agent of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) belonging to genus Novirhabdovirus (Rhabdoviridae). Economic losses caused by IHNV are serious in mainly Oncorhynchus spp. including rainbow trout O. mykiss and Atrantic salmon Salmo salar. IHNV was initially found by endemic presence in U.S. West Coast for sockeye salmon fry O. nerka and chinook salmon fry O. tshawytscha in the 1950s, and it has spread to Japan, Korea and Taiwan in the 1970s, and also to Italy and France in the 1990s. Currently, IHNV is detectable in many parts of the world, including Russia and South America. Mortality due to IHNV infection in fish with ${\leq}0.5g$ of body weight reaches 60% to 100%, while the mortality reduces by fish growing. In recent years, onset of IHNV infection has increased also in fish with large sizes. Here, we introduce molecular epidemiology and virulence changes of IHNV in East Asia, furthermore, we discuss on future prospects in IHNV researches.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.397-409
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• 2020

Coffee, which has spread from Ethiopia to Arabia, Europe and then to Korea, has become the most beloved beverage among today's Korean people. After liberation, instant coffee was first introduced to Korea through the U.S. military, and coffee became popular in earnest. In the 1970s, Dongsuh Foods led localization of coffee by mass-producing instant and regular coffee, and in the 1990s, coffee shops replaced teahouses. After the 1997 financial crisis, office workers made coffee on their own as companies downsized on secretarial staff, leading to a further growth in instant coffee mix market. In 1999, the first foreign brand Starbucks was introduced to Korea and the culture of takeout espresso coffee took off. As consumers' preferences of coffee constantly evolve, the demand for high-quality specialty coffee has emerged, individual roasters have grown in order to meet the demand, and a viral marketing through SNS has been used as a growth engine. In 2020, the spread of coronavirus(COVID-19) is affecting the global coffee market. As many offices, coffee shops, and restaurants practice social distancing, out-of-home sales such as coffee shops have decreased, whereas sales for a takeout coffee and home-café products have increased.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1995

Based on the questionnaires sent to 270 nurses of public health centers in kyungnam during the period of March 19 to April 11 in 1992, this study was written for the of finding out the grade of satisfaction, obstacles in carrying out duties concerned with nursing services and the change of nurses role needed according to the change of the local public health administration. The first-ranking tasks carried by nurses of public health center are believed to have been family planning activities before the 1970's, nursing services during the 1970's, mother-child health activities during the 1980's, and nursing services during the period of 1990 to 1992. As far as the priority order of all the family planning activities is concerned, the counseling of the insertion of intrauterine contraceptive device, the use of oral pill or the distribution of condom was placed emphasis on before 1970, and publicity activities of family planning after that time. The first priority order of mother-child health activities has been put on the registration of pregnant women since 1970, with prenatal examination and vaccination ranking next to it. The priority order for activities against tuberculosis was laid on finding out and registration of new T.B. patients every year, with patients' control, and medication or injection ranking next to it. As for the priority order of nursing services, traveling medical examination and treatment ranked the first-stressed activity before 1970, with medication and injection ranking next to it. The first priority order management activity of communicable diseases was put on vaccination before 1970, with medication and injection. ranking next. And consultation and education ranked second to it during 1990 to 1992. As for the health services of the aged, traveling examination and treatment ranked the order, with the assistance of medical examination ranking next to it. As far as troubles and obstacles shown in case of family planning, the rate of residents' lack understanding was 28.8%, that of lacking budget 13.6%, and the imperfection of public health administration system 11.9%. In the case of tuberculosis control, residents' lacking understanding was 32.5%, the deficiency of public health administration system 18.2%, over-duty(shortage of hands) 15.6%, and the insufficiency skill and know-how 13.0%. In the case of nursing services, the deficiency of public health administration system was 18.2%, each over-duty(the shortage of hands) and the shortage of facilities and equipment 15.6% respective, and residents' lacking understanding 13.0%. The rate of dissatisfaction with the chance or possibility of promotion for his or her career or capability was shown to be 49.2%, and 65.9% of the health nurses expressed their complaints of the deficiency of the chance of the promotion to a professional or expert. when the public health nurses were asked in the questionably whether they were satisfied or not with current state of equipment and facilities needed for public health service, 49.6% of them answered in the negative. The grade of the satisfaction with the current individual position was shown to be low as much as the status of his or her position was now. 37.6% of those asked in the research answered to have the readiness to switch jobs for the reasons of dissatisfaction and so on with lacking promotion chance as well as bad working condition. Significant correlation between the grade of job satisfaction and the current status of the po as found to be in this research, which showed that the lower the status of position was, the lower the grade of job satisfaction was. But little correlation between the grade of job satisfaction and his or her schooling and career was found. In order to carry out primary health care successfully, it can be said that more education and publicity activities to make public health nurses and residents see it in a new light are requested. In addition to it, it is suggested that the improvement of promotion system for public health nurses and the enlargement of job province should also be taken in consideration of the high dissatisfaction with and complaints of the chance of promotion and the system of position. In order words, it is important that considerations for system improvement enough to make nursing services pleasant and satisfactory should be taken into.

• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.31-46
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• 2004

Owing to continuous economic growth, an increased standard of living, and improvements to health care in Korea, the life expectancy of Koreans rose from 69.0years in 1985 to 71.3 years in 1990 It continued to rise throughout the 1990s, and, by2002, had reached 76.5 years for the general population and 80.0 years for Korean females. Similarly, the percentage of the Korean population that is 65 years of age or older Increased from 3.1 In 1970 to 7.1 In 2000, and is expected to reach approximately14.0 in 2019. Thus, according to this estimate, Korea will have evolved from an 'aging society 'to an "aged society" in only 19 years. In the case of other countries, this same transformation has generally taken 2 to 5 times longer. One of the major issues related to Korea's rapid1y aging population relates to the health problems of the elderly According to the 2002 National Health Survey Report,87.6 percent of the elderly were reported to have at least one chronic disease. In other words, almost 9 out of evert 10 elderly persons in Korea were suffering from a chronic illness. This, clearly, places a significant economic burden on Korean society in the form of increased health care costs. This paper examines the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases within Korea's rapidly aging population and offers some possible short- and long-term solutions to cope with the increased burden being placed on Korea's health care system. These Include the basic services at local health centers for the elderly and the national life-long health promotion programs that aim to correct unhealthy behavior, such as smoking, the excessive use of alcohol, and poor eating and exercise habits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.224-230
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• 2018

Squid is one of the important fisheries resources in Korea. Therefore, squid has been designated and managed as a target species of total allowable catch (TAC) since 2007, but the catch amount is gradually decreasing. The analysis was conducted to identify the change of relative fishing power index to develop the vessel and gear technology that may have improved the fishing efficiency of the offshore squid jigging fishery from 1960s to 2010s. Gross tonnage per fishing vessel increased with the increase in size until 1990, but then gradually decreased to 41.0 tons in 2000 and 37.1 tons in 2010. The illuminating power (energy consumption) by fishing lamps increased to 180 kW in 2005 and stabilized to 120 kW in 2015. Jigging machine started to be supplied to fishing vessels from the early 1970s, and fish finders began to be supplied in the early 1980s and gradually increased. Therefore, the relative fishing power index in the offshore squid jigging fishery increased from 1.0 in 1980 to 1.1 in 1990, to 3.5 in 2000 and to 2.5 in 2010, but the increment rate slowed down gradually. The results are expected to contribute to reasonable fisheries stock management.

• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.187-197
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• 2004

Owing to continuous economic growth, an increased standard of living, and improvements to health care in Korea, the life expectancy of Koreans rose from 69.0 years in 1985 to 71.3years in 1990. It continued to rise throughout the 1990s, and, by 2002, had reached 76.5years for the general population and 80.0 years for Korean females. Similarly, the percentage of the Korean population that is 65 years of age or older increased from 3.1 in 1970 to 7.1in 2000, and is expected to reach approximately 14,0 in 2019. Thus, according to this estimate, Korea will have evolved from an "aging society" to an "aged society" in only 19years. In the case of other countries, this same transformation has generally taken 2 to 5times longer. One of the major issues related to Korea's rapidly aging population relates to the health problems of the elderly. According to the 2002 National Health Survey Report, 87,6 percent of the elderly were reported to Have at least one chronic disease. In other words, almost 9out of every 10 elderly persons in Korea were suffering from a chronic illness, This, clearly, places a significant economic burden on Korean society in the form of increased health care Costs. This paper examines the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases within Korea's rapidlv aging population and offers some possible short- and long-term solutions to cope with the increased burden being placed on Korea's health care system. These include the basic services at local health centers for the elderly and the national life-long health promotion programs that aim to correct unhealthy behavior, such as smoking, the excessive use of alcohol, and poor eating and exercise habits.

• Architectural research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.61-72
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• 2023

The main factors that made Seoul's rapid population accommodation and urbanization possible in the mid-to-late 20th century were the ex-pansion of urban infrastructure, completion of the transportation system, and housing supply. The development of transportation and resi-dential development occurred simultaneously, and in particular, apartment complexes, a representative residential area in Seoul, were most influenced by Perry's neighborhood unit theory. The purpose of this study is to analyze the process of the physical environment of apartment complexes in the metropolitan area in response to development of transportation in the mid-to-late 20th century. The analysis sites are Jamsil Apartment Complex(1974), Dunchon Apartment Complex(1979), Mok-dong New Town(1983), Sanggye New Town(1985), Bundang New-town(1990) and Ilsan Newtown(1990), which were planned at the turning point of development of transportation and actively reflect the neigh-borhood unit theory. The analysis was conducted in three stages. Analyzing the status of transportation when the plan was established, deriv-ing the planning elements, and classifying the planning elements into walking, bus, car, and subway which is the representative transportation. The conclusions from the analysis are as follows. Firstly, completing the legal system and expanding the related infrastructure are essential. Secondly, in contrast to the increase in traffic volume, the pedestrian environment has been continuously improved. Thirdly, despite the emergence of new mode of transportation, there was a tendency to activate the linkage between transportation.