• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.27
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• pp.99-125
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• 2012

Shojo manga, one of Japan's comic genres, is well-known around the world. There is an equivalent manga genre in Korea and it is called Sunjeong Manhwa. What distinguishes shojo manga from other comic genres is its unique visual representation of the inner world of comic characters. In this study, shojo manga depicted in various shojo magazines in the early 1960s are analyzed. The magazines reviewed include Shojo, Shojo Club and Shojo Book. Among the visual representations, flower expression, panel composition and title page design are selected for analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, the basic elements of shojo manga are portrayed well in manga published in the early 1960s, during which several female cartoonists actively led the creation of the said genre. These findings confirm that the representations adopted in shojo manga for the purpose of expressing the inner world and psychological aspects of the main characters were already evident in the early 1960s. According to earlier studies, shojo manga reached its golden age in the 1970s, when the genre's format and representation method were developed to its full extent. Therefore, studies investigating shojo manga often focused on this golden era, during which a variety of comics emerged and stories and presentation skills further improved. An increasing number of readers began reading shojo manga. Popular cartoonists also emerged, further accelerating the genre's burgeoning popularity. However, there has been no investigation on the unique representations found in shojo manga. This means that the shojo manga published between the late 1950s and the early 1960s were underestimated compared with those published in the 1970s. The aim of this study, therefore, is to reassess the comic works and cartoonists that led to the establishment of shojo manga by analyzing visual representations of shojo manga published from 1958 to 1963. This study proposes new ideas on when the unique representations of shojo manga first emerged and how those representations were described.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the formative characteristics and the aesthetic values of denim dresses from the 19th century until the $20^{th}$ century and analyze those changes shown in Paris Milan London New York collections from 2001 S/S to 2013/14 F/W. The results of this study are as follows; 1) In the mid-$19^{th}$ century, the denim pants were working suits. In the 1920's, they started to be recognized as ordinary clothing and they were supplied to women in World War II. In the 1950's, denim pants stood for youth and resistance, and they became popular among teenagers. In the 1960's, hippies who protested against the Vietnamese War would wear worn-out denim pants symbolizing peace and freedom. As they became more common in the 1970's, people all around the world wore the clothes. In the 1980's~90's, the waves of high class brand fashions brought in sensualism, extravagance, reactionary tendency, and so forth. Consequently, the aesthetic values of denim dresses have connotations of practicality, resistibility, ornamentation and femininity. 2) Practicality in recent collections is represented in classic fashion which features typical details and raw denim and modern fashion which is made with glossy denim and minimized details. Resistibility is represented in avant-garde fashion which features deformed or over-layered jackets and pants with damaged denim and vintage fashion which is made with wash-out and wild stone denim. Ornamentation is represented in ethnic fashion which is made with wash-out denim and ethnic prints and romantic fashion which features details such as ruffle, frill and shirring as well as lace and flowery decorations. Femininity is represented in sexy fashion which designs to expose or to focus in women's body and elegant fashion which is made with soft and glossy denim and hourglass silhouette.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.715-724
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• 2003

The Korean clothing culture has shown rapid changes along with influences of western cultures, with social changes due to the liberation from Japan, the Korean War, and the economic growth concentrated on export since the westernization of Korea had begun. Also clothing materials, as a phase of such culture, have been changed. Among silk fabrics, "Dan (단: damask of satin texture with Korean traditional patterns are inwoven)", which has been concerned one of the most beautiful and precious fabrics due to its complexity and difficulty of processing. Since the beginning of the Era of Enlightenment(Kae-hwa-gi), Dan fabric materials and weaving methods have changed. It seems that the figured texture using the Jacquard loom began in 1936. when the Jacquard machine began to be imported from Japan into Korea. From that time on, new fabric materials, such as yangdan (양단), and popdan (법단), hobakdan (호박단), silk and rayon mixed Dan(교직양단) began to be produced. Before 1950's there were some restrictions about the Number of wefts, so the production of the one colored dan(단색단) was more common than that of the multi colored dan(다색단). But with the spread of 4$\times$4 shuttle box loom (양사정직기), various kinds of the multi colored dan have been produced after 1960's. Around the end of 1980's, automatic shuttle change loom have been generalized and 7 color dan(칠색단), 9 color gumsadan (구색금사단) have been current in multi colored dan. In terms of materials, synthetic and chemical textiles had been used widely and alter 1980's most fabrics, of which the ground weave is not being woven with satin-weave but being woven with plain or twill-weave, are named Dan in general.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.27
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• pp.415-434
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• 2012

The Hanja used in Korean are traditional Chinese characters, but what Chinese people use now is simplified characters. So, there are differences in pronunciation and meaning between the characters used by Korean and Chinese. More than 70% of the Korean language vocabulary derived from or were influenced by hanja. For the inheritance and development of traditional culture,and for the communication among countries of the Chinese characters cultural circle in Northeast Asia, should we build up an authentic Chinese education system. But the government hasn't pay much attention to this work, and the government's policy can't implement the efficient education. Consequently, in these days, there are more and more Korean people who are functionally illiterate in Chinese. Recently, proficiency tests of Chinese characters are expected to promote the development of Chinese education. But, most Koreans' motives for Chinese study are usually to pass the college entrance exam or to compete for jobs. However, after passing the test, the motive for studying gradually fade away. It is the basic problem faced by Korean Chinese character education. Since the 1950s, various character education methods have been studied in China, the research results were appliedin their textbooks and other materials. Therefore, a well-organized and efficient learning-by-step education system was built up. At present, China's literacy education in the textbooks utilizes a range of methods including revisional centralized and distributed. Unfortunately, there is still one shortcoming worthy of concerns: how to solve the problems due to the simplification of traditional Chinese characters? Is it possible to revive traditional Chinese characters? Before adopting the results of research on China's literacy education and applying them to our character education, we should consider our specific situation carefully. Adopting the research results with cautious review and objective criticism should have a positive impact on Korean Chinese character education.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1987

The environment and biological studies of tritium have been carried out in the advanced countries since the mid 1950's. In the case of a potential tritium exposure, the usual procedure is trifium bioassay (as HTO) in human urine in order to determine the amount of tritium deposited in the body called tritium body burden. The maximum permissible body burden(MPBB) of tritium in total body is about $30{\mu}Ci/{\ell}$ for body tissue. In the bioassay, the most common investigation level for detection of tritium in urine is 1/10th of MPBB. For this bioassay project, the first priority is given to obtaining a quench correction curve. This consideration is necessary because of the variability in color of human urine specimens. Quenching effect in this case mainly is caused by the absorption of scintillation light flashes by the urine sample. By the least squares method on the statistical basis, an estimated formula for quench correction curve was determined to be Y = 0.771 + 1.836 ${\tmes}10^{-4}$X, where the efficiency(Y) was ranged from about 12% to 31% in the liquid scientillation counting. In this paper, a brief theory concerning the biological half-life of tritium and the retention formula to apply to systematically distributed tritium are described.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 1989

The U.S. response to increased international competition was examined in the present study in order to have more comprehensive understanding of the U.S. textile and clothing market. The method employed to conduct the study was the analysis of the written materials, interview with professionals, and the survey of the actual situations of the U.S. textile and apparel industries. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Official U.S. textile and apparel trade policy has been quite has been quite protective since 1950's. The protective trend has been embodied in Japan Cotton Textile Export Control (reciprocal trade agreement signed by the U.S. and Japan in 1957), Short Term Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Cotton Textiles, Long Term Cotton Textile Arrangement (1962∼1973), and Multi-fiber Arrangement (1974∼). Other governmental programs designed to improve the competitiveness of the U.S. textile and apparel industries include Long-term Textile and Apparel Products Export-expansion Program, and 807 Trade to take labor cost advantage. 2. Along with the quite protective governmental trade policy, the corporate responses have been made such as new sourcing mixes, investment in technology, specialization in the textile and apparel industries, and recent strategies pursued by retailer's. The apparel industry was subject to pressure from imports that increased at moderate levels, and the U.S. textile and apparel industries have made extensive efforts to adjust to the increasing competition from abroad. The textile and apparel industries have taken steps to increase labor productivity through automation, to speed management to create and introduce new products and new methods, and have lowered indirect overhead costs. Several industrywide promotion campaigns have attempted to establish a greater public awareness of international competition and to develop a preference for apparel produced in the United States. 3. Regarding these response of the U.S. and other situations of world textile and apparel trade market, much of the sense of crisis that pervades Korean textile and apparel industries has to do with the problem of adjusting government and corporate policy. Textile and apparel industry of Korea faces on going pressure to reduce costs, improve quality, increase service, develop new markets, diversify, and differentiate itself from its foreign competitors. The strategies that have been adopted in the past have generally worked in the past, but the time has come to adopt strategies that reflect present conditions. If this is not done, then we stand to lose large segments of these industries, which once lost will not easily be regenerated.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 1978

First: The common points from "syllabus" period to that of "Course of study" are as follows: 1) with no introduction explained. the "Syllabus" or "Course of study" was made to be completed in accordance with the allotment of time (unit). 2) To teach how to rear animals and grow plants, and to make specimens with collected samples formed a great significant field of learning, which meant giving more emphasis on learning classification, life-centered education and basic field of learning than discipline-centered education. 3) The reason why the field of applied biology was emphasized on was that both periods had ideals in Common to educate persons more necessary and useful to the society than to major the pure academic field. 4) Both periods mainly dealt with problems of diseases, and physical health discussed all over the world in 1950's which accounts for necessity of the society to free from ignorance. Second; "The first curriculum period" and "the second one" are observed as follows: 1) The former took the unit (credit) system for the first time. It tried to lay down the conceptual hierarchy with "Biology I" and "II" divided, while "Biolgy I" is better systematized than "Biology II". 2) Discipline-centered education and structure fo knowledge are put more emphasis on especially in "the 2nd curriculum period". 3) And also in this period are included serious problems such as urgency of pollution, importance of nature conservation, population due to the development of industry. 'Third; With the recent curriculum laid down, experiments and teaching contents of subjects are put in harmony with each other and accordingly the process of Inquiry is laid emphasis on. Fourth; It is necessary to set up conceptual sequence and scope effectively in the curriculum.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.7-12
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• 2019

Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), which has been widely used in many industries, was developed in the 1950s to supplement shortcomings of the Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW). FCAW has an advantage in that it can weld regardless of postures and give good quality results in the filed with many different working conditions. In this study, SM490A (rolled steel for welding structural purpose) with different thicknesses (L:25T+R:30T) were welded using FCAW. Then the mechanical properties (tension test, bending test, hardness test, impact test and macro test) were analyzed and the following conclusions were drawn. In the tensile test, it exceeds the KS standard tensile strength range (400~510) in all welding positions, which means there is a problem in the tensile force transmission performance. In the bending test, it was found that most of the specimens did not exhibit surface rupture or other defects during bending test and they exhibit sufficient toughness even after plastic deformation. In the hardness test, all the results were lower than the standard value of 350 Hv of KS B 0893, which means they have good hardness. In the impact test, all results were larger than the KS reference value of 27J. In the macro test, they showed uniform structure state by the shape of the weld, and there was risk of lamination because no internal defects, bubbles, or impurities were found on the surface of the weld.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.21 no.2 s.51
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• pp.78-86
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• 1982

The ecological studies were conducted to identify some bark-beetles on apricot and plum trees in Jeonnam province. Harmful bark-beetles caught from apricot and plum trees were identified as Scolytus seulensis. Xyleborus atratus., X. germanus, X. rubricollis and X. saxeseni. The seoul barkbeetle emerged during the period from early May to late October $1980\~1981$, it happens twice in a year, with the peak July 10 and August 25 in 1950, July 15 and August 20 in 1981. A daily peak emerged for adults was at 11 AM to 1 PM. Distribution of holes on the apricot stems varied; more than 100 holes per meter in Henderson (Apricot) and Y-49057 (Apricot), 12 holes per meter in Derbyroyal (Apricot). Comparatively more holes were found in the European variety, and the cardinal distribution was in the order of east, south, west and north. The longer the longth of the mother-gallery, the greater number of egg-gallery found. Optimum temperature for mating was $27^{\circ}C$. The time for mating was longer during May-June than July-August. The fruit weight of damaged plum tree reached 12.25g around four weeks after flowering; where as that of normal tree increased up to 63.5g at harvest time. The natural enemy of the seoul bark beetle was Eurytoma sp. They were found as mature larva or pupa and they emerged from early May to the middle of June. Adult longevity was about a week.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.351-381
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• 2011

When EU was formed in the late 1950s, the income gap or economic development between member nations was similar so that the interest in execution of regional policies at the level of union was relatively small, with just Italy showing some interest relatively. In 1975, however, ERDF was founded, and nations such as Spain or Portugal that were falling behind in economic development compared to existing member nations joined EU, and the regional policy of the union gradually gained attention. Accordingly, EU gradually increased the budget size for regional policies so that through 1980s and 1990s, the budget size grew over 4 times. In 2004 and 2007, 12 Central-Eastern European nations with great gaps in income level with existing member countries joined EU all at once, so that the resolution of regional inequality among member nations arose as an important assignment in the development of the community. Accordingly, EU has modified the overall goals and basis of regional policies to deal with this matter. From such perspectives, this report examined the development process of regional policies executed by EU for the last 50 years. In the conclusion parts, the issues that appeared in the process of executing EU's regional policies were also examined at the same time.