• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.154-175
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• 2009

At the present state, studies on Gyeongbok palace are being done with history of architecture, records, and art. However, these studies have limits that they can only depend on existing buildings and record, which make it hard to research whole aspect of palaces. The foundation remains(Jeoksim) of Gyeongbok palace in the ground gives important clues that can fill the gaps of these studies. Thus I analysed jeoksim of Gyeongbok palace, assorted them by type, scale, material, and construction method. I examined jeoksim used by various types of building, and looked at changes by periods. Jeoksims are classified in 21 types. The foundation(jeoksim) varies according to types of buildings, building types and material of jeoksim also varies along the periods, and the fact proves certain peroid of time has its own jeoksim style in fashion. Jeoksims of Gyeongbok palace are divided into round-shape(I), rounded square-shape(II), rectangular-shape(III), square-shape(IV), and whole foundation of building(V) by the plane shape. They can be divided again into 21 types by construction techniques and materials used. During early Joseon(I), only three types of jeoksim; round-shape riprap jeoksim(1-1), II-1(rounded square-shape), II-2a(rounded square-shape riprap+roofingingtile brick), had been built, but as 19th century begun, all 21 types of jeoksim had built. In 19th century during Emperor Gojong, different types of jeoksim by periods were built, and especially different materials were used. During Gojong year 2(1865)~year 5(1868), in which Gyeongbok palace were rebuilt, 7 out of 10 types of jeoksim used piece of roofinging tile and brick mixture, in contrast, during Gojong year 10(1873)~13(1876), or 25(1888), 3 out of 5 types of jeoksim used sandy soil with mixture of plaster. Meanwhile palace buildings have different names by the class of owner and use such as Jeon, Dang, Hap, Gak, Jae, Heon, Nu, and Jeong, which were classified by types and buildings were built according to each level. With an analysis of jeoksim by its building types, I ascertained that jeoksim were built differently in accordance to building types(Jeon, Dang, Hap, Gak, Jae, Heon, Nu, and Jeong). By the limitation of present document, only some types of buildings such as Jeon, Dang, Gak, Bang were confirmed, as for Jeon and Gak, square-shape(IV) built with rectangular parallelepiped stone, and for Dang and Bang, rounded square-shape(IV) built with roofinginginging tile and riprap were commonly used. From the fact that other jeoksim with uncertain building names, were mostly built in early Joseon, we learn that round-shape riprap jeoksim(1-1) were commonly built. Therefore, the class of building was higher if the owner was in higher class, jeoksim is also considered to be built with the strongest and best material. And for Dang and Bang, rounded square-shape jeoksim were used, Dang has lots of II-2a (riprap + piece of roofing tile and brick rounded square-shape) type which mainly used riprap and piece of roofing tile and brick, but Bang has lots of II-2b (piece of roofing tile and brick+(riprap+piece of roofing tile and brick rounded square-shape), which paved piece of roofing tile and brick by 15~20cm above. These jeoksim by building types were confirmed to have changed its construction type by period. As for Jeon and Gak, they were built with round-shape riprap jeoksim(1-1) in early Joseon(14~15c), but in late Joseon(19c), various types of Jeoksim were built, especially square-shape(IV) were commonly built. For Dang, only changes in later Joseon were confirmed, jeoksim built in Gojong year 4(1867) mostly used mixture of riprap and piece of roofing tile and brick. In Gojong year 13(1876) or year 25(1888), unique type of plaster with sand and coal and soil layered jeoksim were built that are not found in any other building types. Through this study, I learned that various construction types of jeoksim and material were developed in later Joseon compare to early Joseon. This states that construction technique of building foundation of palace has upgraded. Above all, I learned jeoksim types are all different for various kinds of buildings. This tells us that when they constructed foundation of building, they used pre-calculated construction technique.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.62-70
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• 2021

2020 was a year in which the world spent in disorder due to the pandemic of Coronavirus infection-19(COVID-19). The pandemic was at the beginning of a turning point in history. For examples, the Black Death(Pest) that destroyed the feudal system of medieval Europe in the 14th century, smallpox that led to the destruction of the Inca Empire by Spain in the 17th century, and the Spanish flu that ended World War I early. The great transformation that will come after COVID-19 is presented from various fields and perspectives, but the understanding and direction of the transformation is ambiguous. This study attempts to derive and to analyze core terms based on a network of the future of globalization after COVID-19. Four Networks related to globalization, anti-globalization, and globalization and digitalization after COVID-19 were established respectively. A network integrating four networks was also constructed. The core terms were extracted from the hub nodes, the stress centrality, and the simplified network to which the K-core algorithm was applied. After COVID-19, the changes in globalization were analyzed from the extracted core terms. This study is thought to be meaningful to propose a method of deriving and analyzing core terms based on a network in understanding social changes after COVID-19.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.52
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• pp.31-52
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• 2018

The purpose of this thesis was to re-examine the utopian socialism of George Sand. In brief, her socialism is Christian socialism. She was heavily influenced by Leroux and Ramennais who insisted on Christian socialism at the time. This was socialism that differed from other utopian socialists of the time such as Saint Simon and Fourier. In addition, the socialism of Sand was similar to communism that was popular at the time. We can see in many writings portraying Sand as a Communist. Her novels were also written to spread her communicative ideas. However, the Communism of Sand is different from that of Marx. In this thesis, her novels, her letters, and her political pamphlets will be analyzed in comparison with Marxism in three ways. 1. If Marx's communism justified violence, her ideology is based on nonviolence. 2. Sand's Communism asserts equality for workers and capitalists. She says that if it is not the equality for all, we are not qualified to argue. 3. Finally, her Communism is based entirely on Christian values, love and solidarity.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.65-78
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• 2019

Objectives This study aims to investigate how the Korean disease-related vocabulary is established or changed when it is translated into French or English. Through this, we examine changes in the meaning of diseases and the ecosystem of disease-related vocabulary in transition period of $19^{th}$ to $20^{th}$ century. Methods Korean disease-related vocabulary are extracted from a total of 148,000 Korean headwords included in our corpus of three bilingual dictionaries. Among them, the scope of analyisis is limited to group of vocabularies that include a high frequency words, disease(病) and symptom(症). Results The first type of change is the emergence of a neologism. In this case, coexistence of existing vocabulary and new words is observed. The second change is the appearance of loan words written in Hangul. The third is the case where the interpretation of meaning is changed while maintaining the word form. Finally, the fourth change is that the orthographic variants are displayed while maintaining the meaning of the existing vocabulary. Discussion Disease-related vocabulary increased greatly between 1897 and 1931. The increasing factor of vocabulary was the emergence of coined words, compound words and the influx of foreign words. The Korean language and the Western language made a new lexical form in order to introduce a new unknown concept to the Korean. We could also confirm that the way in which English word expanded its semantic field by modifying the way of representing the meaning of Korean Disease-related vocabulary.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.59-76
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• 2006

This research focuses on the relationship between mathematics and visual art from a perspective of chaos theory which emerged under the influence of post-modernism. Culture and history, which transform dynamically with the passing of time, are models of complexity. Especially, when the three periods of Medieval, Renaissance, and 17-18 Centuries are observed, the Renaissance period is phase transition phenomenon era between Medieval and 17-18 Centuries. The transition stage between the late Medieval times and the Renaissance; and the stage between the Renaissance and the Modern times are also phase transitions. These phenomena closely resemble similarity in Fractal theory, which includes the whole in a partial structure. Phase transition must be preceded by fluctuation. In addition to the pioneers' prominent act of creation in the fields of mathematics and visual an serving as drive behind change, other socio-cultural factors also served as motivations, influencing the transformation of the society through interdependency. In particular, this research focuses on the fact that scientific minds of artists in the Renaissance stimulated the birth of Perspective Geometry.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
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• v.2 no.7
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• pp.953-966
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• 2001

It has been widely recognized that our educational system hasn't been able to keep up with the fast advancement of technological development. We can frequently meet the expression： students of twenty-first century and schools and teachers of nineteenth century. All the people in this country arouse their interest in education and exclaim as experts. However, there's no one to believe that the condition of education is improved. Currently, as internet is being delved into all parts of society, cyber education is being spread with rapid speed. I want to focus on some of the issues raised during the last two years from some of the institutions built on the internet using this new technology. This study will find the limits of cyber education with virtual class and suggest devices to overcome the faults.

• Women's Studies Review
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.3-35
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• 2012

This paper attempts to examine complicated relations which the nineteenth-century English novel of female development has with the Bildungsroman genre, and to discuss that the story of female development effectively realizes the potential dynamics of the genre. It looks into the history of discussions on the Bildungsroman which began at the end of the nineteenth-century in Germany and developed among twentieth-century Anglo-American critics, and those on the female development which didn't start until feminist criticism ventured out at the end of 1970s, and have developed into various perspectives ever since in accordance to the progress of feminist criticism. In general, Bildungsroman criticism considers that it portrays the process how the protagonist develops self and achieves an accommodation with society. However, this paper points out that the Bildungsroman is the narrative form which represents conflicts between self and society caused by idealizing the infinitive possibility of self-determination while simultaneously presenting the limited goal of social integration. It argues that the subversive dynamics of the genre can give full play to its potential when it reveals contradictions and tensions between individual subjectivity and integration into society and connects them with criticism of political and social structures. It is the stories of female Bildungshelds depicted by nineteenth-century female writers that exquisitely embody the subversive potential of the Bildungsroman. They acutely experience alienation from society where independency or autonomy is fundamentally impossible because the ideology of separate spheres does not allow them to live a meaningful life economically and sociologically outside the marriage. An example of a female Bildungsheld whose conflicts between development of self and integration with society are doubled by gender is Jane Eyre. Jane Eyre is a representative Bildungsroman with subversive dynamics, which tells the story of female development but splits itself through various techniques inserting contradictory and opposite meanings, thus resignifying female development and questioning social and political structures.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.133-144
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze the uses and exterior design of the balconies in urban housing from the ancient times to the 19th century. In doing so, the paper seeks to investigate the cultural identity of the balcony in urban housing. The results are as follow. First, in the urban housing the balcony space were made for protection from the heat, light and ventilation; gardening; views toward the streets, city, waterside, inner court, domain for men; breathing french air; watching ceremony, festivals and events; simple houseworks like drying, carpet cleaning and hair coloring; lever installation and fire escape. Second, as part of exterior design the typical projecting characteristic of the balconies was emphasized and they became an impotent decorative element. The monotonous facade changed to a lively design with a rhythmical sense. On the facade the effects of horizontal movement, symmetry or asymmetry from the main entrance, and the center-projection (rialto) were created. In the urban housing the balconies were used for cultural activities which supplement and enlarge the function of the interior space, and moreover the rich effects of the facade contributed to the creation of attractive urban landscape.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.305-337
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• 2019

The aim of this thesis is to explore some aspects and characteristics of 109 volumes of collections of works at Uiryeong area in Gyeongsangnam-do Province. The author analyzed type of printing, type of collections of works, their birth year and the family name of the author, the place and the year, and the publisher of the publication of these different 109 kinds of the collections of works. The results are as follows: The collections of works demonstrate their forefathers' academic competencies. The types of printings were divided into 4 types, wood block printing, wooden movable-type printing, new lead-type printing, lithography printing. Of the collections of works 48% were wooden movable-type printing. The types of collections of works were divided into 3 types, Munjip(文集), Yujip(遺集), and Silgi(實記). Of the collections of works 49% were Munjip. The authors were local intellectuals. Of these authors 67% of authors were born in the 19th century. Twenty nine lineage groups published collections of works at Uiryeong area. 90% of the publications were published in the 20th century. In terms of place, 81% of the collections of works were published in the worshipping halls for their ancestors. 63% of the collections of works were published within 50 years after the author had died.

• Proceedings of the Speleological Society Conference
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• 1995.09a
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• pp.45-52
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• 1995

카르스트라는 용어는 고대 인도-유럽어로 그 기원은 거슬러 올라간다. 암석을 뜻하는 칼라(Karra)로 부터 그 근원을 찾을 수 있고, 그것의 파생어는 유럽과 중동의 많은 언어에서도 발견된다. 북부의 유고슬라비아에서 그 단어는 칼스(kars)를 거처 카라(Kra)로 발전했다. 또한 유고슬라비아와 이태리의 국경지대인 트라에스트(Trieste)지방에서 그 지역에 대한 지역적인 명칭으로 이것이 '불모의 땅'이라는 뜻이기도 하다. 이 지역은 종종 이 지역의 자연적인 특징이 최초로 광범위하고 과학적인 연구로 받아들여진 지역으로 '고전적인 카르스트'로 언급된다. 로마시대에 지역적인 명칭은 '칼스서 혹은 칼소'(Carsus ＆ Carso)였고, 그것이 오스트리아-헝가리(Austro-Hungarian)제국의 일부분이 되고 나서, '카르스트'(karst)라는 독일말로 정착되어진다. 뷔엔나(Vienna)의 지리학 또는 지질학술대회에서 국제적인 과학적 용어로서 그 단어가 정식으로 사용되었고, 그 용어의 기술적인 사용은 19세기 중반경에 확립되었다.(중략)