• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.35-39
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• 1987

The present study was attempted to obtain the basic data concerning a reasonable preparing method and the optimum fermentation conditions of Kochujang (Red pepper paste). To establish the standard qualify of Kochujang, changes of the chemical composition and the numbers of bacteria and feasts in Kochujang during fermentation were observed. Moisture, salts and crude ash contents of Kochujang were not changed significantly during fermentation. Titrable acidity and amino nitrogen gradually increased with the time-passed, whereas crude fat gradually decreased with the time-elapsed. And reducing sugar and total nitrogen increased until 40 days, but slightly decreased after this period. The numbers of bacteria and yeasts in the ingrients for the preparation of Kochujang were $3.9{\times}10^7/g$, $1.5{\times}10^3/g$ in red pepper powder, $7.6{\times}10^4/g$, $2.8{\times}10^2/g$ in salts. respectively, but those of sugar and malt were not more than 100/g. Microbial counts in Kochujang during fermentation increased until 40 days, but those are gradually decreased after that.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.2
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• pp.208-215
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• 2000

In order to improve 'Salso' method (conventional tapping method) which was very inefficient in the aspects of collection time and labor, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of the application date and the distance from treatment point in the lactree(Rhus verniciflua) treated with 10% CEPA and to decide the possibility of application of the technique in the field. Bark thickness was significantly increased to the part 40cm above and below the treatment point, but urushiol content was increased to the part 20cm above and 10cm below the zone treated with 10% CEPA. The urushiol content of the bark was highest at 5cm above the treated zone and decreased in the order of 10, 20, and 40cm. And the urushiol contents of the bark of the upper part were higher than that of the low part. The effects of CEPA on bark thickness were similar to urushiol contents. Urushiol production of lactree is highly dependent on climatic conditions and particularly on the precipitation, and duration of sunshine. Ten percent of CEPA-lanolin pastes which was treated on June 16 affected bark anatomy and urushiol contents, while the treatment on August 24 did not affect. In the Rhus verniciflua treated with 10% CEPA, the urushiol contents was initially increased from 7 days after treatment, continued for the 4 weeks, and then slight decrease occurred at 5 weeks after the treatment. We measured a total sap yield by Salso method in lactree treated with 10% CEPA. By applying 10% CEPA, the sap yield was increased 3-4 times compared to that of untreated trees in the first tapping. But the relative ratio was gradually decreased from the second tapping to sixth, and after seventh tapping, the untreated trees secreted more sap than the treated trees. We discussed about the causes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.217-222
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• 2008

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of marination with mixed salt (NaCl, $CaCl_2$, and phosphate) and kiwi juice and of different cooking methods for pork loin-based products in order to establish the basic database for increasing the consumption of pork loin in Korea. Diced chilled pork loin ($2{\times}2{\times}2\;cm$) was marinated in 4 different treatments: no additives (T1), salt mix only (T2), kiwi juice only (T3), and salt mix+kiwi juice (T4). The mixed salt was prepared by the addition of NaCl, $CaCl_2$, and phosphate dissolved in water (10% of pork loin weight) at concentrations of 0.5, 0.5, and 0.3% per pork loin weight, respectively. The amount of kiwi juice was 10% of pork loin weight. After marination for 24 hrs at $4^{\circ}C$, the samples were cooked with different methods including roasting with Kimchi, pan broiling, and simmering. After simmering, pH of pork loin of T1 and T2 was higher than that of T3 and T4 (p<0.05), while that of roasted with Kimchi and pan broiled did not show any difference. Water holding capacity of T4 after pan broiling was higher than that of T1, T2, and T3 (p<0.001) and shear force of T4 was lower than other treatments. Also flavor and acceptability of T4 after pan broiling were scored higher by 11 sensory panelists (p<0.05). From this result, the pork loin-based products marinated with mixed salt and kiwi juice with pan broiling would be preferred by consumers as one of the methods to promote the consumption of pork loin in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1086-1091
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• 2011

Anti-oxidative activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of various ethanol extracts of Polygoni multiflori radix (PMR) and Cynanchi wilfordii radix (CWR) were compared to identify an anti-oxidant and whitening agent source from nature. We conducted an investigation into the anti-oxidant activities of PMR and CWR ethanol extracts by measuring total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and ABTS radical capacity. The total polyphenol contents of PMR and CWR were 17.31${\pm}$0.54 mg GA/eq g, and 2.75${\pm}$0.22 mg GA/eq g, respectively. The total flavonoid contents of PMR and CWR were 6.38${\pm}$0.39 mg naringine/eq g, and 1.34${\pm}$0.09 mg naringine/eq g, respectively. The 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical decolorization of PMR and CWR were 96.89${\pm}$0.21% at 1 mg/mL and 93.49${\pm}$0.76% at 50 mg/mL. Melanoma cells were cultured with the PMR and CWR ethanol extracts for 48 hr, and total melanin content as a final product and the activity of tyrosinase, a key enzyme, in melanogenesis, were estimated. The PMR and CWR ethanol extracts increased melanin content and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that PMR and CWR ethanol extracts could be useful as a skin whitening agent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1128-1135
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• 2011

Changes in the chemical components of three cereals, foxtail millet, proso millet, and sorghum, during germination were determined. The crude protein contents of the three cereals did not significantly change during germination, whereas the contents of total dietary fiber of the three cereals increased during germination. The contents of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) of Whanggeum-cho (347.4 ${\mu}g/g$), Chongcha-cho (336.5 ${\mu}g/g$), Bulgeun-gijang (347.4 ${\mu}g/g$), Noranchal-gijang (344.9 ${\mu}g/g$), Whanggeumchal-susu (410.4 ${\mu}g/g$), and Whinchal-susu (444.0 ${\mu}g/g$) increased after 24, 24, 84, 36, 48, and 72 hr of germination, respectively, and then sharply decreased. The contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannin in foxtail millet, proso millet, and Whinchal-susu tended to increase during germination. However, the total phenolic content of Whanggeumchal-susu greatly decreased by 48 hr of germination and then considerably increased, whereas the total flavonoid content of Whanggeumchal-susu greatly decreased during germination. Total tannin content of Whanggeumchal-susu greatly decreased by 36 hr of germination and then slowly increased. DPPH radical scavenging activity of Whanggeumchal-susu greatly decreased by 36 hr of germination and then remained constant, whereas those of other cereals did not greatly change during germination. These results indicate that there are some differences in the chemical components of three cereals during germination.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1172-1178
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of a school foodservice menu evaluation and the perception of the school's dietitian on menu evaluation. Questionnaires were distributed to 448 school dietitians with an official letter, and a total of 292 responses were used for analysis. More than 90% of the respondents stated that a menu evaluation for the school foodservice was necessary. The major barriers to menu evaluation were "excessive workload" and a "lack of know-how", and the expected benefits were "increased satisfaction of customers" and "increased foodservice efficiency". The menu evaluation for "student preferences", "health improvement", and "ease of quality management" categories were performed in more than 45% of schools. The proportion of subjects who answered that "customer satisfaction" and "increased efficiency of foodservice" were expected benefits of menu evaluation were significantly higher in the menu evaluation group (p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.566-570
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• 2012

Inhibitory activity of $Sargassum$ $thunbergii$ (ST) against porcine pancreatic lipase was assessed after heat treatment, pH changes, and gamma irradiation. This analysis revealed that the ST ethanol extract exhibited high lipase inhibitory activity (37.37%) at 5 mg/mL. The ST ethanol extract was treated with heat at $60^{\circ}C$ for 10, 30, and 60 min; 80 and $100^{\circ}C$ for 10 and 20 min; and $121^{\circ}C$ for 15 min, pH (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) and ${\gamma}$-irradiation (3, 7 and 20 kGy). The lipase inhibitory activity of the ST ethanol extract increased in all heat treatments, especially at $121^{\circ}C$ for 15 min (51.55%) compared with the control. With regard to pH stability, the ST ethanol extract showed no significant changes at pH 4~8, but somewhat decreased inhibitory activity was revealed at pH 2 (26.25%) and 10 (29.93%). On the other hand, the ST ethanol extract was not affected by ${\gamma}$-irradiation treatment conditions used in this study. These results suggest that ST has a potential role as a functional food agent.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 1999

This study was based on a series of 164 patients with zygomatic bone fracture treated at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Chonnam University Hospital from January 1992 to December 1996. The male-to-female ratio was 7:1. Their ages ranged from 8 to 78 years, with a median age of 35.6 years. The age frequency was highest in the second decade (30.5%), and third decade (23.8%), fifth decade (16.5%) in orders. The monthly distrbution of incidence showed October to be the month in which the greatest percentage occured (14.0%). The major cause of zygomatic bone fracture was alleged traffic accidents (53.7%). The incidence of concomitant facial bone fractures was 69,5%, and maxilla fracture (52.4%) was most frequently combined. The admission route was through emergency room (72.3%) and through outpatient department (26.8%). The incidence of associated injuries was 37.2%. The intraoral approach was the major method of treatment in zygomatic bone fracture (57.1%). The most frequent type of zygoma fracture was class IV (33.5%), and class III (25.6%) was next in order of frequency. Complications were enophthalmos (7.3%), facial asymmetry (6.7%), paresthesia (6.1%), and diplopia (2.4%) These results suggest that correct diagnosis and treatment of severity of fracture, concomitant fracture, and associated injuries are necessary, and co-operative treatment with medical department should be performed to reduce postoperative complication.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2014

Objectives: Depression, sleep complaints and cognitive impairments are commonly observed in the elderly. Elderly subjects with depressive symptoms have been found to show both poor cognitive performances and sleep disturbances. However, the relationship between sleep complaints and cognitive dysfunction in elderly depression is not clear. The aim of this study is to identify the association between sleep disturbances and cognitive decline in late-life depression. Methods: A total of 282 elderly people who underwent nocturnal polysomnography in a sleep laboratory were enrolled in the study. The Korean version of the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery developed by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD-K) was applied to evaluate cognitive function. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the geriatric depression scale (GDS) and subjective sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI). Results: The control group ($GDS{\leq}9$) when compared with mild ($10{\leq}GDS{\leq}16$) and severe ($17{\leq}GDS$) depression groups, had significantly different scores in the Trail making test part B (TMT-B), Benton visual retention test part A (BVRT-A), and Stroop color and word test (SCWT)(all tests p<0.05). The PSQI score, REM sleep duration, apnea-hypopnea index and oxygen desaturation index were significantly different across the three groups (all indices, p<0.05). A stepwise multiple regression model showed that educational level, age and GDS score were predictive for both TMT-B time (adjusted $R^2$=35.6%, p<0.001) and BVRT-A score (adjusted $R^2$=28.3%, p<0.001). SCWT score was predicted by educational level, age, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and GDS score (adjusted $R^2$=20.6%, p<0.001). Poor sleep quality and sleep structure alterations observed in depression did not have any significant effects on cognitive deterioration. Conclusion: Older adults with depressive symptoms showed mild sleep alterations and poor cognitive performances. However, we found no association between sleep disturbances (except sleep apnea) and cognitive difficulties in elderly subjects with depressive symptoms. It is possible that the impact of sleep disruptions on cognitive abilities was hindered by the confounding effect of age, education and depressive symptoms.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.356-361
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• 2008

Background: We wanted to examine the clinical characteristics of adult patients with tracheobronchial foreign bodies (FBs) according to the risk of aspiration and the outcomes of intervention with using a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Methods: From December 1994 through December 2004 at Kyung Hee Medical Center, we retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 29 adult patients with FBs that were identified by using a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Results: 14 patients were not at risk of aspiration, whereas 15 had cerebrovascular diseases and they were at a high risk of aspiration. No history suggestive of FB aspiration was noted in 7 (24.1%) patients. Respiratory symptom(s) were noted in 22 patients, and these symptoms were cough (62.0%), dyspnea (44.8%), fever (20.7%), wheezing (13.8%), chest pain (10.3%) and hemoptysis (0.4%). Only 60% of those patients at a high risk of aspiration had symptom(s) (92.8% of those patients without a risk of aspiration had symptoms, p=0.005). Those patients at risk for aspiration had a longer duration of symptoms (median: 4 days vs. 2 days for those patients not at risk for aspiration, p=0.007) before diagnosis. Acute respiratory symptom(s) within 3 days after aspiration were more frequent in the patients without a risk of aspiration (9 vs. 4, respectively p=0.048). Chest x-ray revealed radiological abnormalities in 23 patients, and these were opacities suspicious of FB (n=11), pneumonia (n=8), air trapping (n=5) and atelectasis (n=3). There were no differences in radiological findings according to the risk of aspiration. FB aspiration developed most commonly during medical procedures (57.1% for the patients at risk) and during eating (35.7% for the patients without risk). The most common FB materials were teeth (n = 11). Alligator jaw biopsy forceps (n = 23) was the most commonly used equipment. All of the FBs were removed without significant complications. Conclusion: This study underlines that a tracheobronchial FB in the patients who are at a high risk of aspiration are more likely to overlooked because of the more gradual onset of symptoms and the symptoms develop iatrogenically in many cases.