• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.14-17
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• 2017

The effect of cationization agent concentration on glycan detection via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was investigated using $Na^+$ ions in the form of NaCl as the cationization agent. NaCl solution concentrations ranging from 1 mM to 1 M were investigated. Glycans from ovalbumin were mixed with the cationization agent solution and the 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB) matrix solution in a volume ratio of 1:1:1. The resulting mixture was loaded onto the MALDI plate. Two MALDI-TOF MS instruments (Voyager DE-STR MALDI-TOF MS and Tinkerbell RT MALDI-TOF MS) were used for detection of glycans. The best detection, in terms of the number of identified glycans, the peak intensity, and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, was obtained with NaCl concentrations of 0.01-0.1 M for both MALDI-TOF MS instruments.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.268-275
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• 2024

The study examined the electrogeneration of hypochlorite ions (ClO^-) via electrolysis of aqueous NaCl solutions using a dimensionally stable anode-type (DSA-type) electrode based on platinum and palladium oxides supported on titanium mesh (Ti/PtPd(10%)O_x). The electrogenerated ClO^- was quantified on the basis of the absorption band at 292 nm (A_λ = 292) of the UV-Vis spectrum. The effect of initial pH, concentration of NaCl, cell potential difference and electrolysis time were investigated in this study. The results showed that the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl solutions increases the solution pH up to high values (≥ 8.0) that favor the formation of ClO^- over chlorine or hypochlorous acid. The hypochlorite concentration increases significantly at pH values > 7.0 and shows a linear trend with increasing NaCl concentration and with increasing cell potential difference. When the cell potential and NaCl concentration are held constant, the maximum hypochlorite value during electrolysis depends on both the cell potential and NaCl concentration. The Ti/PtPd(10%)O_x anode favors the production of hypochlorite ions, making this anode a promising material for use in electrochemical oxidation of wastewater via an indirect mechanism.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.185-190
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• 2012

Rejection characteristics of perchlorate ($ClO_4^-$) were examined for commercially available reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. A bench-scale dead-end stirred-cell filtration system was employed to determine the toxic ion rejection and the membrane flux. Model water solutions were used to prepare $ClO_4^-$ solutions (approximately, $1,000{\mu}g/L$) in the presence of background salts (NaCl, $Na_2SO_4$, and $CaCl_2$) at various pH values (3.5, 7, and 9.5) and solution ionic strengths (0.001, 0.01, and 0.01 M NaCl) in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM). Rejection by the membranes increased with increasing solution pH owing to increasingly negative membrane charge. In addition, the rejection of the target ion by the membranes increased with increasing solution ionic strength. The rejection of $ClO_4^-$ was consistently higher for the RO membrane than for the NF membrane and $ClO_4^-$ rejection followed the order $CaCl_2$ < NaCl < $Na_2SO_4$ at conditions of constant pH and ionic strength for both the RO and NF membranes. The possible influence of NOM on $ClO_4^-$ rejection by the membranes was also explored.

• 청정기술
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.158-162
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• 2017

철, 구리, 알루미늄, 니켈 등의 금속을 에칭하기 위한 에칭액으로 $FeCl_3$ 용액이 사용되며, 에칭 과정에서 $Fe^{3+}$가 $Fe^{2+}$로 환원되면서 에칭속도를 저하시키고, 에칭효율이 감소하게 된다. 또한 에칭 후 발생하는 염화철 에칭폐액은 환경적, 경제적으로 문제를 지니기 때문에 에칭액을 재생하여 재사용 할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 $FeCl_2$ 용액에 HCl을 첨가한 후, 산화제로 $H_2O_2$, $NaClO_3$를 첨가하여 용액 내 $Fe^{2+}$를 산화시켰으며, 산화과정에서 산화-환원전위(ORP)와 산화율간의 관계를 조사하였다. ORP는 $H_2O_2$와 $NaClO_3$의 농도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며, 산화가 진행되면서 점차 감소하여 산화가 완료된 후에 일정한 ORP를 유지하였다. Nernst 식과 일치하는 결과를 보였다. 또한 충분한 양의 HCl 및 $H_2O_2$, $NaClO_3$를 첨가하였을 경우, 약 99% 이상 산화가 이루어짐을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.27-31
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• 2002

배추 절임시 염농도에 따는 김치의 품질특성 변화를 알아보기 위해 5%, 8%. 10% 및 15%의 염수에 절인 배추로 김치를 제조하고 10℃에서 숙성시키며 pH, 총산도, 기계적 조직감 및 관능검사를 실시하였다. 15%의 염수에 절인 배추의 염농도는 2.49%이며, 숙성기간중 pH 감소, 산도의 증가 및 기계적 조직감의 감소 속도가 5-10%의 염수를 사용한 김치에 비해 억제되었다. 또한, 15%의 염수를 사용한 김치는 관능검사 결과에서도 아삭한, 짠맛, 신맛 및 종합적 기호도가 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.180-188
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• 2011

In the present study, denting corrosion experiments were performed as a function of crevice gap size (50, 100 and 200 ${\mu}m$) in a solution containing 3,500 ppm NaCl + 0.2 M $CuCl_2$ (pH = 3 adjusted by HCl). The effects of chloride ion concentrations (3, 3,500 and 35,000 ppm as NaCl) were also outlined with two different crevice gap sizes (100, 200 ${\mu}m$). In addition, the effect of NiB on the denting corrosion was also investigated in a solution of 35,000 ppm NaCl + 0.2 M $CuCl_2$ (pH = 3 adjusted by HCl). The results showed that denting rate increased with the increasing crevice gap size at an initial stage and became nearly constant afterwards. As the concentration of chloride ion increased, the denting rate also increased. However, the addition of a NiB powder of 4 g/L in to the acid-chloride solution was observed to suppress the denting rate significantly.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2002년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.201-206
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to improve the anti-corrosive properties of coated reinforcing bar using polymer cement slurry. Poymer cement slurry are prepared with three types of polymer dispersions and corrosion inhibiting admixture. And tested for corrosion accelerating tests such as immersion in NaCl 10% solution NaCl 10% solution spray, high temperature and pressure steam in condition of 8cycles, carbonation before and after, penetration of NaCl solution. From the test results, it is concluded that the anti-corrosive properties are considerably improved by coating using polymer cement slurry at surface of reinforcing bar. And this trend is marked by adding of corrosion inhibiting admixture. The difference of the anti-corrosive properties is hardly recognized according to types of polymer dispersions. The anti-corrosive properties of coated reinforcing bar using polymer foment slurry are improved to a great extent compared to those of plain reinforcing bar accordiy to increasing content of chloride ion in cement concrete.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.318-324
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• 1983

이온흡착, 전위차적정, 전기이동법 등을 이용 하여 kaolinite 현탄액의 전기 화학적 성질을 연구하였다. 0.001M 또는 0.1M NaCl 용액중에서 kaolinite로부터 용해되어 나온 알루미늄 이온이 $Na^+$ 및 $Cl^-$과 같이 지시이온으로서 kaolinite 표면에 흡착되는 것을 고려할 때 kaolinite는 pH independent + 및 -전하와 pH dependent + 및 -전하를 모두 가지고 있었다. 증류수와 0.001M NaCl 용액중에서 kaolinite 입자의 전기이동은 전기 이동셀(cell)에서 측정이 시작된 후 시간경과(전기이동 측정시간)에 관계없이 일정한 이동성을 나타냈으나 0.1M NaCl 용액중에서 kaolinite 입자는 등전점 (pH 4.7) 이상에서는 측정시간이 경과함에 따라 전하가 -에서 +로 변화하였다. 즉 최초 10초 동안에는 -전하를 가지며 그 후에는 +전하를 띠면서 전기이동 속도가 단계적으로 증가하게 되는데 약 10분 후에는 일정하게 되었다. 이것은 아마도 제일 바깥쪽 Octahedral layer 표면의 aluminol group의 부분들이 높은 이온 강도의 전해질 용액중에서 분해되어 복잡한 전기이중층(electric double layer)을 이루고 이것이 전기장 내에서 이동할 때 표면으로부터 counter이온들이 점차 떨어져 나가는 과정에서 전하(net charge)의 변화가 생기는 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1002-1006
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• 2010

In this study, magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and aluminium (Al) as anode electrode and the solution of NaCl dissolved with 2~20 wt% as electrolytes were used for the metal-air cell. The open circuit voltage, short circuit current and I-V characteristics upon different kinds of anode electrode and electrolyte concentration were investigated. The open circuit voltage, initially about 1.45 V, rises to 1.6 V during the first 10 minutes indicating the necessity of an induction time to activate the catalyst on the air cathode. The short circuit current increases with an increased concentration of NaCl, causes an increase in the conductivity of the electrolyte solution, but the open circuit voltage did not under undergo influence of electrolyte. From NaCl 20 wt% electrolyte, the maximum output power of the magnesium electrode materials was measured with 177mW. It is found that the power characteristics of metal-air cell could be improved by using magnesium electrode materials in the NaCl electrolyte.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2023

Sodium hydroxide solutions are often employed as sterilization agents in the pharmaceutical industry. Here, the chloride content is considered as a critical impurity. In this study, an electrochemical method was developed to remove chloride ions (Cl^-) through the oxidative deposition of AgCl on a Ag anode. The Cl^- content in the commercially available 50% w/w NaOH solution employed was approximately 100 mg Cl^-/kg NaOH. As the OH^- content is approximately 18,000 times higher than the Cl^- content, the formation of AgCl may be expected to be thermodynamically less favorable than the formation of Ag₂O. However, activation energies for AgCl and Ag₂O formation have been reported to be approximately 3.8 and 31.2 kJ/mol, respectively, and indicate that AgCl formation is favored. AgCl can be selectively produced by controlling the anode potential. Here, the Cl^- concentration was reduced to less than 50 mg Cl^-/kg NaOH when an anode potential of 0.18 or 0.19 V vs. Hg/HgO (reference electrode) was applied for one hour at 50℃. XRD analysis and visual monitoring of the Ag anode confirmed the oxidative deposition of AgCl on the anode surface as well as the electrochemical desalination of the concentrated NaOH solution.