• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.370-377
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• 1998

본 연구는 황색포도상구균의 병원성 인자인 alpha-toxin, casular polysaccharides (CPS)와 fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP)을 이용해 실험동물인 토끼에서의 항체가 형성 능과 공격접종 후 방어능에 관한 연구를 위하여 수행되었으며 향후 젖소 유방염 아단위 항원 을 이용한 백신개발 가능성을 탐색하고자 수행되어졌다. 황색포도상구균의 alpha-toxin, capsu18r polysaccharides (CPS)91 fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP) 항원을 이통재 효소면 역측정법을 통한 혈중 IgG 항체가수준을 측정하였으며 alpha-toxin, capsular polysaccharides (CPS)와 fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP)으로 면역시킨 토끼에서 대조군의 토끼보다 혈 중 항체가 수준이 1차 면역 이후 유의성 있게 높았다 (p<0.05). 백신에 사용된 alpha-toxin, capsular polysaccharides (CPS)와 fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP) 항원중 capsular polysaccharides (CPS)가 다른 alpha toxin과 fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP)의 혈중항 체가 수준과 비교하여 볼 때 비교적 낮은 수준이었다. 세균을 혈중으로 공격접종한 후 대조군 과 백신접종군의 혈중내 세균제거율에 있어 대조군에 비해 백신접종군에서 유의성 있게 낮은 균수를 보였다 (p<0.05). 또한 장기내 균수측정실험결과 대조군의 장기보다 백신접종군에서 유의성 있게 세균수가 낮게 출현하였다 (p<0.05). 결론적으로 본 연구결과 황색포도상구균의 3가지 항훤 alpha-toxin, capsular polysaccharide와 재조합 fibronectin binding protein을 이 퐁한 실험동물에서 안단위 유방염 백신은 방어능이 있다고 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 1998

The present study was carried out to investigate the biochemical characteristics, antibiotic susceptibility and toxin(ST, LT, VT1.2 type) production test of 60 Escherichia coli isolated from diseased domestic animals in southern area of Kyungbuk province from April to December 1997. 1. The biochemical and cultural reaction were consistent with the classification criteria of Edwards and Ewing. 2. In antibiotic susceptibility test, 60 E coli showed highly susceptible to CL(96.7%), XNL(86.7%), AN(81.7%), SXT(61.7%), Lin(55%), GM(53.3%), KM(41.7%), N(41.7%), ENR(40%), AM(40%), CF(30%), 5(13.3%) and Te(11.7%), in order. 3. Sixty E coli isolates were multiful resistant to seven or more antibiotics incombination. 4. Three strains for 60 E coli were detected heat-labile enterotoxin(LT) and that's titers were 2, 8 and 16, respectively.

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 1998

Foreign proteins, $endo-{\beta}-1,4-glucanase$ of Bacillus subtilis, preS1+S2 region of hepatitis B virus large surface antigen, human ${\beta}_2-adrenergic$ receptor ($h{\beta}_{2}AR$), and bovine growth hormone (bGH) were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and secreted into the medium. These proteins were expressed using the alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADH1) promoter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and secreted by signal sequence of the 97 K killer toxin gene of doublestranded linear DNA plasmid (pGKL1) of S. cerevisiae. All these proteins underwent severe modifications; in particular, N-glycosylation in the case of $endo-{\beta}-1,4-glucanase$, $h{\beta}_2AR$, and preS1+S2. Seventy four percent of the expressed $endo-{\beta}-1,4-glucanase$ was secreted into the culture medium. Highly modified proteins were detected in the culture medium and in the cell. Expressed $h{\beta}_2AR$, which has seven transmembrane domains, remained in the cell. The degrees of secretion and modification and the states of proteins in the culture medium and in the cell were quite different. These results indicated that the nature of the protein has a critical role in its secretion and modifications.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2010

Bruxism is nonfunctional jaw movement that includes clenching, grinding and gnashing of teeth. It usually occurs during sleep, but with functional abnormality of brain, it can be seen during consciousness. Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) can involve the masticatory, lower facial, and tongue muscles and may result in trismus, bruxism, involuntary jaw opening or closure, and involuntary tongue movement. Its prevalence in the general population is 21%, but its incidence after brain injury is unknown, Untreated, bruxism and OMD cause masseter hypertrophy, headache, temporomandibular joint destruction and total dental wear. We report a case of successful treatment of bruxism and OMD after brain injury treated with botulinum toxin A and occlusal appliance. The patient was a 59-year-old man with operation history of frontal craniotomy and removal of malformed vessel secondary to cerebral arteriovenous malfomation. We injected with a total 60 units of botulinum toxin A each masseteric muscle and took impression for occlusal appliance fabrication under general anesthesia. On follow up 2 weeks and 2 months, the patient remained almost free of bruxism. We propose that botulinum toxin A and occlusal appliances be considered as a treatment for bruxism and OMD after brain injury.

• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.820-825
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• 2008

Bacillus thuringiensis Cyt2Aa toxin is a mosquito-larvicidal and cytolytic $\delta$-endotoxin, which is synthesized as a protoxin and forms crystalline inclusions within the cell. These inclusions are solubilized under alkaline conditions and are activated by proteases within the larval gut. In order to assess the functions of the N-and C-terminal regions of the protoxin, several N- and C-terminal truncated forms of Cyt2Aa were constructed. It was determined that amino acid removal at the N-terminal, which disrupts the $\beta$1 structure, might critically influence toxin production and inclusion formation. The deletion of 22 amino acids from the C-terminus reduced the production and solubility of the toxin. However, the removal of more than 22 amino acids from the C-terminus or the addition of a bulky group to this region could result in the inability of the protein to adopt the proper folding. These findings directly demonstrated the critical roles of N- and C-terminal amino acids on the production and folding of the B. thuringiensis cytolytic $\delta$-endotoxin.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.152-158
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• 2000

capsular polysaccharide(CPS), alpha toxin과 재조합 fibronectin binding protein (FnBP)으로 구성된 유방염 백신을 개발하여 야외효능실험을 수행하였다. 이 subunit 백신은 비유우 23두와 처녀우 20두를 대상으로 10개월동안 각각 수행되었다. 비유우는 매 3주간격으로 2회 백신접종을 하였으며 대조군은 PBS를 상유방림조절 주위에 피하주사하였다. 처녀우를 대상으로 한 실험에서는 분만 8주전부터 시작하여 매 3주간격으로 2회 비유우 백신접종부위와 동일하게 접종하였다. 접종후 비유우에서는 황색포도상구균에 의한 총유선내 감염율이 대조균에 비해 유의성있게 감소하였으며 (p<0.001) 처녀우에서도 총유선내 감염이 백신 접종균(1.6%)이 대조군(11.7%)에 비해 다음 비유기동안 유의성있게 낮았다. (p<0.001). 비유기동안 백신접종한 젖소의 체세포수는 변화가 없었으며 처녀우에서는 추가접종후 백신접종군에서 대조군의 체세포수에 비해 낮았지만 통계학적으로 유의성은 없었다(p>0.05). 본 실험결과 황색포도구균에 대한 유방염 아단위 백신은 비유우와 처녀우에서 체세포수를 증가시키지 않고 총 유선내 감염율을 낮추어주었다. 하지만 본 실험은 1군데의 목장을 대상으로 하였기 때문에 향후 대규모 목장을 대상으로 하는 유방염 백신의 야외효능실험이 심도있게 이루어져야 한다고 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.813-816
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• 1998

Toxicity and toxin compositions of wild and cultured scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis), collected from coastal waters near Kangnung of East Sea, were examined from January to June, 1997. By mouse bioassay methods, the toxicity was detected with low toxicity of $2 MU\;g^{-1}$, and paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin was detected in the specimens from 30 April to 15 May by HPLC. GTXs and PXs were identified as the major toxin components.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.204-209
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• 1997

In the treatment of spasmodic dysphonia, laryngeal injection of botulinum toxin has been reported to be successful. The treatment of adductor type spasmodic dysphonia with botulinum toxin type A injection using EMG was conducted in 24 patients and it's effect was compared with results from flexible nasopharyngoscopy guided injection(29 patients) and telelaryngoscopy guided injection(31 patients). Sixty two point five percent(62.5%) of patients using EMG and 75.8% of patients using flexible nasopharyngoscope and 90.0% of patients using telelaryngoscope reported that the patient's symptom was improved. The functional status of the patient's disorder was classified into low grades. The mean pre-injection grade for patients using EMG, flexible nasopharyngoscope and telelaryngoscope was 1.7, 1.6 and 2.1 respectively. And it was lowered to 1.0, 0.7 and 1.1 respectively after the injection. Results were similar(p＜0.05). As a self assessment method, patients were asked to rate their voice on a scale of 100. In this study, the mean pre-injection score was 66.3, 44.0 and 40.0 respectively. And it was improved to 74.8, 77.7 and 69.8 respectively after the injection. Among 23 patients who undergone above 3method, 17 patients(73.9%) told that EMG-guided botulinum injection was preferable method in its convenience and effectiveness. In conclusion, EMG guided botulinum toxin injection is an another effective method for the treatment of adductor type spasmodic dysphonia similar to telelaryngoscopy-guided injection and flexible nasopharyngoscopy guided injection.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.111-119
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• 2013

Eleven mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, and HT-2 toxin, were analyzed simultaneously in rice, barley, and maize produced in 2011 by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Limits of detection (LOD) are 0.2 ${\mu}g/kg$ for aflatoxin $B_1$, and $G_1$, 0.3 ${\mu}g/kg$ for aflatoxins $B_2$, and $G_2$, 0.1 ${\mu}g/kg$ for ochratoxin, fumonisins, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin and 3.0 ${\mu}g/kg$ for deoxynivalenol and HT-2 toxin. Limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.6 ${\mu}g/kg$ for aflatoxins $B_1$, and $G_1$, 0.9 ${\mu}g/kg$ for aflatoxins $B_2$, and $G_2$, 0.3 ${\mu}g/kg$ for ochratoxin, fumonisins, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin and 10.0 ${\mu}g/kg$ for deoxynivalenol and HT-2 toxin. Recoveries for 11 mycotoxins ranged from 70.45 to 111.11%. Fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, and zaeralenone were detected from 0.9 to 334.0 ${\mu}g/kg$ in the polished rice, barley and raw corn cultivated in Korea. Other mycotoxins were not detected. Deoxynivalenol contamination was mainly found in barley (24 out of 43 samples) and the average value in positive samples was 113.30 ${\mu}g/kg$.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.510-519
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to evaluate the microbiological contamination of the indoor air of the lunchrooms at child care centers and investigate the toxin genes and toxin production ability of food-borne pathogens. Methods: A total of 64 child care centers were sampled to test total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, fungi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella spp. according to the Korea Food Code. All toxin genes of pathogens were detected using the Polymerase Chain Reaction method. The Sthaph. aureus enterotoxin was detected by a Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin-reversed passive latex agglutination kit. The heamolysin BL (HBL) and non-heamolytic enterotoxin (NHE) produced by B. cereus were detected using a B. cereus enterotoxin-reversed passive latex agglutination kit and Bacillus diarrheal enterotoxin visual immunoassay kit, respectively. Results: The means of total aerobic bacteria and coliform bacteria were $1.91{\pm}1.84$ log CFU/plate and $0.47{\pm}0.62$ log CFU/plate, respectively. The mean of fungi also showed $0.59{\pm}0.71$ log CFU/plate. Among the pathogenic bacteria tested in this study, Staphy. aureus and B. cereus were detected in four (6.3%) and 21 (32.8%) out of 64 indoor air samples from lunchrooms in child care centers, respectively. All Staphy. aureus tested in this study possessed no toxin genes and did not produce enterotoxin. The detection rate of nheABC, hblCDA, entFM and ces toxin gene in B. cereus was 100, 57.1, 76.2 and 0%, respectively. B. cereus isolates were classified into four groups according to the presence or absence of toxin genes. The nheABC gene was the major toxin gene among B. cereus tested in this study. The HBL was detected in 11 out of 21 B. cereus isolates (52.4%) and three B. cereus isolates produced NHE (14.3%). Conclusion: The results indicated that the contamination by microorganisms in the indoor air of lunchrooms was unqualified to supply safe catering in child care centers. The ongoing control of indoor air quality is required.