• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2020

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Ultrasonication-Assisted (UA) extraction on the functionality of the herbaceous biennial plant maca (Lepidium meyenii). The specific objectives include comparison of the antioxidant activities among various maca extracts, determination of the macamide B content of the extracts, and in vitro evaluation of maca on cell viability and creatine kinase (CK) activity. The antioxidant activities of the water, ethanol, and UA extracts were compared by determining the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities, and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the extracts. The macamide B content of maca extracts were analyzed by HPLC. The effects of the extracts on muscle cell viability and creatine kinase activity were also determined using C2C12 myoblasts. UA extraction significantly increased the total phenolic content (2.90 GAE ㎍/mg, p < 0.05), without affecting the flavonoid content. DPPH radical scavenging activity did not exhibit any statistical difference among the extracts. The ethanol and UA extracts exhibited significantly higher FRAP than the water extract (p < 0.05). The macamide B content of ethanol and UA extracts were 0.087 and 0.083 ㎍/mg, respectively. The water and UA extracts exhibited higher C2C12 muscle cell viability than the ethanol extract, and both extracts resulted in a significantly lower CK level than the H₂O₂-treated control group. This research suggests that the maca extract can protect muscle cells and serve as an antifatigue agent under oxidative stress conditions.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.29-37
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• 2019

Objectives : Bang-poong (Saposhnikovia divaricata; SD) was traditionally used to treat inflammatory disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether Bang-poong and related species including SD, Glehnia littoralis (GL), and Peucedanum japonicum (PJ) possess neuroprotective effects and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. Methods : Roots of SD, GL and PJ were extracted with distilled water (DW) or 70% ethanol (EtOH). We assessed 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities of the extracts. To examine neuroprotective effects, we measured cell viability in PC12 or HT22 cells after treatment of the extracts with $H_2O_2$ or amyloid-beta ($A{\beta}$). To assess anti-neuroinflammatory effects, we measured the nitric oxide (NO) levels after treatment with the extracts and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV2 microglial cells. In addition, we performed AChE inhibition assay to explore effects of the extracts on the cholinergic system. Results : DW and EtOH extracts of SD, GL and PJ showed mild DPPH free radical scavenging activities. Also, DW extracts of GL and PJ showed protective effects against $H_2O_2$-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. In LPS-activated BV2 cells, EtOH extracts of SD, GL and PJ exerted inhibitory effects on NO production. Meanwhile, DW extracts of SD, GL and PJ inhibited the $A{\beta}$-induced cell death in HT22 cells. In addition, DW and EtOH extracts of GL exhibited remarkable inhibitory activities on AChE. Conclusions : We demonstrated that SD, GL and PJ exert anti-oxidative, anti-neuroinflammatory and AChE inhibitory activities. These results indicate that SD, GL and PJ could be potential candidates for neurological disorders.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2023

Mulberry exhibits unique characteristics and functionalities across various components, including the roots, branches, leaves, and fruits. However, despite numerous studies on mulberry, research on this plant at the seedling stage is insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the suitability for seedling cultivation and antioxidant effects of four Korean mulberry cultivars, namely, Daesim, Suhong, Simgang, and Cheongsu. In terms of seed weight, germination rate, and growth rate, Daesim was the most suitable cultivar for seedling production. Polyphenol and flavonoid content analysis showed that all cultivars, except for Cheongsu, showed the highest phenolic content at the 2-week seedling stage. Similarly, antioxidant assays using 2,2'-azino-di-3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals revealed that the antioxidant effect of all cultivars, except for Cheongsu, increased with cultivation at 2- 4- and 6-week. However, mulberry seedlings had a slower reaction rate against DPPH radical removal than mulberry leaves. In addition, ABTS radical scavenging activity showed a different correlation with polyphenol content. This phenomenon may be due to the different polyphenol compositions between mulberry leaves and seedlings. The results of this study suggest that mulberry seedlings exhibit different bioactivities from mulberry leaves, and component analysis is required in further research.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2018

Objectives The object of this study was to investigate the antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects of Jinmu-tang extract (JMT) on the Monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced rat osteoarthritis. Methods To investigate the antioxidant capacities of JMT, we measured the total polyphenol and flavonoid, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. To evaluate the antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects of JMT, the rats were divided into 5 groups (n=8). Normal group was not induced by MIA and treated at all (N), control group was induced by MIA and not treated at all (Con), positive control group was induced by MIA and orally administered indomethacin 5 mg/kg (Indo) and experimental groups were induced by MIA and orally administered JMT 100 mg/kg (JMT100) and JMT 200 mg/kg (JMT200) for 4 weeks. The changes of anti-type II collagen antibody in serum, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), phosphorylated inhibitor of ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ ($p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in knee joint tissue and histopathological observation (Hematoxylin & Eosin and Safranin-O stain) were measured. Results Total polyphenol and flavonoid levels of JMT were $26.90{\pm}0.33mg/g$ and $6.02{\pm}0.34mg/g$. $IC_{50}$ of L-ascorbic acid and JMT of DPPH radical scavenging activity were $1.35{\pm}0.07{\mu}g/ml$ and $52.95{\pm}0.97{\mu}g/ml$. $IC_{50}$ of L-ascorbic acid and JMT of ABTS radical scavenging activity were $3.18{\pm}0.02{\mu}g/ml$ and $91.49{\pm}1.74{\mu}g/ml$. In serum, the anti-type II collagen antibody levels of JMT100 and JMT200 groups were decreased significantly. In knee joint tissue, the HO-1 level of JMT200 was increased significantly. The $p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ levels of JMT200 were decreased significantly. The COX-2 and iNOS levels of JMT groups were decreased significantly. In histopathological observation, in comparison with Con, synovial tissue, cartilage and proteoglycan of JMT100 and JMT200 were well preserved. Conclusions According to the results, It is considered that JMT has antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects for MIA-induced rat osteoarthritis, so it could be applied to osteoarthritis treatment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1420-1427
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• 2012

We investigated the physiological activity and solvent-partitioned fractions of methanol extracts from the green seaweed Sargassum fulvellum. The methanol extract from S. fulvellum was sequentially fractionated with n-hexane (SFMH), methanol (SFMM), buthanol (SFMB), and water (SFMA). We investigated the antioxidant activities of solvent fractions from S. fulvellum by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity and an SOD activity assay. DPPH radical scavenging capacity of SFMM was 79.5% at 10 mg/ml. SOD activity of SFMM was 79.9% at 10 mg/ml. Nitrite scavenging activities of solvent fractions from S. fulvellum were investigated under different pH conditions and showed the most remarkable effect at pH 1.2. In particular, the activity of SFMB was higher than the other fractions. ADH activity and ALDH activity of SFMM were 177.0% and 167.4% at 10 mg/ml, respectively. ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of SFMH increased in a dose-dependent manner and was about 94.1% at 2 mg/ml. Elastase inhibitory activity was 93.2% at 2 mg/ml. These results revealed that S. fulvellum extracts have strong antioxidant and alcohol dehydrogenase activities and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, suggesting that S. fulvellum extracts have potential as a source of natural products for health and beauty.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.670-677
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• 2007

We analyzed antioxidant and physiological activities to investigate the functional effects of ethanol extracts of Anomala albopilosa imago and A. albopilosa larva. In order to effectively screen for anti-inflammatory agents, we first investigated the antioxidant activities such as DPPH radical scavenging capacity, superoxide radical scavenging capacity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, and nitric oxide scavenging capacity of the A. albopilosa extracts. By the screening system, we found that A. albopilosa extracts had antioxidant activity which increased with increments of the extract concentration. Moreover, we examined the inhibitory effect of the A. albopilosa extracts on the production of anti-inflammatory factors that the nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$ production activated with LPS ($1{\mu}g/mL$) in murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. A. albopilosa extracts potentially inhibited the iNOS and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of iNOS activity was correlated with the decrease in nitrite levels. Additionally, the $PEG_2$ production is markedly inhibited after a treatment with the A. albopilosa extracts.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.879-884
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• 2017

In a continuing screening of selected medicinal plants native to Mongolia, the antioxidant and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities of methanol extract of Iris bungei were investigated. After extraction with 80% of methanol, the methanol fraction was further extracted with n-hexane, EtOAc and n-BuOH in order to obtain four different solvent-soluble fractions, namely n-hexane-soluble, EtOAc-soluble, n-BuOH-soluble and $H_2O$ residue. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by radical scavenging assay using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) ($ABTS^+$) radicals. The anti-diabetic efficacy of I. bungei extract was investigated by ${\alpha}$-glucosidase assay. All tested samples showed dose-dependent radical scavenging and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Among the tested extracts, the EtOAc-soluble fractions showed the greatest radical scavenging activity and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory properties among other solvent-soluble fractions. This result suggested that there was a significant relationship between the total phenolic content and biological efficacy. Thus, I. bungei extract might be considered as a new potential source of natural antioxidant and as a ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory source. A more systematic investigation of this biomass sill be performed for further investigation of activity against antioxidative and anti-diabetic effects.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.989-994
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• 2016

As part of our continuing search for bioactive natural products, the antioxidant and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities of an 80% methanolic extract and organic solvent soluble-portions of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus roots were investigated by using a bioassay system. The antioxidant activity of A. dioicus var. kamtschaticus roots extract and organic solvent soluble-portions were assessed by examining with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) ($ABTS^+$) radical scavenging. In addition, anti-diabetic effects of the A. dioicus var. kamtschaticus root extract and organic solvent soluble-portions were tested via ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition assay. The total phenolic contents of the products were determined by applying UV-VIS spectrophotometry. All tested samples showed dose-dependent radical scavenging and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory properties. In particular, the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory and radical scavenging effects of the ethyl-acetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion from the roots of A. dioicus var. kamtschaticus were greater than those from other solvent-soluble portions. These results indicate that A. dioicus var. kamtschaticus could be considered a new effective source of natural antioxidants and anti-diabetic materials. More systematic research of the constituents of the roots of this A. dioicus variety will be conducted to further develop its antioxidative and anti-diabetic properties.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2020

The stem extract from Pyrus serotina var has natural antioxidant ability, but the extraction method does not result in a soluble compound in cosmetic formulations. This study investigated the cosmetic efficacy of the Pyrus serotina var stem extract and its epidermis permeation ability when combined with polymer micelles and a cell penetrating peptide. The total concentration of polyphenol compounds was determined to be 103.1644 ± 1.38 mg/g in the ethanol extract and 78.97 ± 1.45 mg/g in the hydrothermal extract. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effects were 55.94 ± 0.22% in the ethanol extract at 1,000 mg/L. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity rates were 104.05 ± 3.28% in the ethanol extract at 62.5 mg/L. The elastase inhibition rate was 67.21 ± 2.72% in the ethanol extract at 1,000 mg/L. An antimicrobial effect was observed in the Propionibacterium acnes strain. In the epidermal permeability experiment, it was confirmed that formulation of the polymer micelle containing the Pyrus serotina var stem extract and cell penetrating peptide (R6, hexa-D-arginine) showed small particle size and much better skin permeability. The cumulative amount of total Pyrus serotina var stem extract that penetrated to the skin over time increased over 24 hours in three formulations. The three formulations showed 51.61 ㎍/㎠ (Formulation 0), 75.97 ㎍/㎠ (Formulation 1) and 95.23 ㎍/㎠ (Formulation 2) skin penetration, respectively. Therefore, it was confirmed that the ethanol extracts of Pyrus serotina var stem showed good cosmetic efficacy and excellent epidermis permeation ability when combined with a polymer micelle and cell penetrating peptide. Thus, this extract has the potential to be used as a safe and natural cosmetic material in the future.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.18-22
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• 2013

To investigate radical scavenging effects and protective activities of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) against oxidative stress, in vitro and a cellular system using LLC-$PK_1$ renal epithelial cells were used in this study. The butanol (BuOH) fraction of bitter melon scavenged 63.4% and 87.1% of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals at concentrations of 250 and $500{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. In addition, the BuOH fraction of bitter melon effectively scavenged hydroxyl radicals (${\cdot}OH$). At all concentrations tested, the scavenging activity of the BuOH fraction was more potent than that of the positive control, ascorbic acid. Furthermore, under the LLC-$PK_1$ cellular model, the cells showed a decline in viability and an increase in lipid peroxidation through oxidative stress induced by pyrogallol, a generator of superoxide anion ($O_2{^-}$). However, the BuOH fraction of bitter melon significantly and dose-dependently inhibited cytotoxicity. In addition, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), a generator of peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) formed by simultaneous releases of nitric oxide and $O_2{^-}$, caused cytotoxicity in the LLC-$PK_1$ cells while the BuOH fraction of bitter melon ameliorated oxidative damage induced by $ONOO^-$. These results indicate that BuOH fraction of bitter melon has protective activities against oxidative damage induced by free radicals.