• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.431-443
• /
• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Nobiletin (NOB), a citrus flavonoid, is reported to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular and metabolic health. However, there is limited research investigating the effect of long-term supplementation with low-dose NOB on high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-induced hypercholesterolemia and non-obese nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, we investigated the influence of NOB on hypercholesterolemia and NAFLD in HCD-fed mice. SUBJECTS/METHODS: C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet (ND) or HCD (35 kcal% fat, 1.25% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid) with or without NOB (0.02%) for 20 weeks. RESULTS: HCD feeding markedly reduced the final body weight compared to ND feeding, with no apparent energy intake differences. NOB supplementation suppressed HCD-induced weight loss without altering energy intake. Moreover, NOB significantly decreased the total cholesterol (TC) levels and the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/very-LDL-cholesterol to TC ratio, and increased the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol/TC ratio in plasma, compared to those for HCD feeding alone. The plasma levels of inflammatory and atherosclerosis markers (C-reactive protein, oxidized LDL, interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) were significantly lower, whereas those of anti-atherogenic adiponectin and paraoxonase were higher in the NOB-supplemented group than in the HCD control group. Furthermore, NOB significantly decreased liver weight, hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride contents, and lipid droplet accumulation by inhibiting messenger RNA expression of hepatic genes and activity levels of cholesterol synthesis-, esterification-, and fatty acid synthesis-associated enzymes, concomitantly enhancing fatty acid oxidation-related gene expression and enzyme activities. Dietary NOB supplementation may protect against hypercholesterolemia and NAFLD via regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism in HCD-fed mice; these effects are associated with the amelioration of inflammation and reductions in the levels of atherosclerosis-associated cardiovascular markers. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that NOB may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of HCD-induced hypercholesterolemia and NAFLD.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.41-49
• /
• 2008

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate Daesiho-tang(Dachaihu-tang) water extracts (DSTE) have potent anti-obesity activities in a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Methods : In this study, we designed three groups (normal diet group, high-fat diet group, high-fat diet plus DSTE group for 7-weeks oral administration). Results : Increases in body weight were inhibited by 7-weeks oral administration of DSTE at a 500 mg/kg concentration in this animal model. Results from blood lipid analysis showed that the levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly lowered by DSTE administration, also HDL-cholesterol was increased more than high-fat diet-induced obese mouse. To understand the underlying mechanism at the molecular level, the effects of DSTE were examined on the expression of the genes involved in lipogenesis by real-time PCR. In epididymal fat and liver of DSTE-treated mice, the mRNA level of lipogenic genes such as sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 and fatty acid synthase were decreased, which was well correlated with the reduction of the tissues weight. Conclusions : These results suggest that DSTE may have great potential as a novel anti-obesity agent.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2011

Objectives: This study was undertaken to evaluate anti-glycemic and anti-lipid effects of Supungsunkihwan-gagambang, which is composed of Cornus officinalis, Dioscorea Batatas Decaisne, Auantii fructus and Platicodon grandiflorum. Methods: Diabetes was induced in ICR male mice ($24{\pm}1g$) with Surwit's high fat and high sucrose diet. Mice were divided into 3 groups (n=10) of normal, control and Supungsunkihwan-gagambang. The Supungsunkihwan-gagambang group was given 5% herbal medicine in their diet. The animals were fed on each experimental diet for 8 weeks. Body weight was assessed every week. At the 7th week, the fasting blood sugar (FBS) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were conducted in all experimental groups. After 8 weeks, fructosamine, lipid profile, epididymal fat weight, liver weight and white adipose tissue (WAT) size were measured. Results: Supungsunkihwan-gagambang significantly reduced FBS, OGTT and fructosamine. It also increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and significantly reduced triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and WAT size. Conclusions: These results show that Supungsunkihwan-gagambang improves anti-glycemic and anti-lipid effect in high fat diet-induced obese mice. Therefore we suggest that Supungsunkihwan-gagambang could be an effective treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.35 no.10
• /
• pp.1015-1022
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides on hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity and morphological exchange of liver in rats fed high fat diet. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 $\pm$ 10 g were randomly divided into four groups, two normal diets and two high fat diets containing 1% cholesterol and 10% lard. Two normal diets were classified into a basal diet (normal group) and 10% xylooligosaccharide diet (NX group). The high fat diet groups were classified into a HF group without xylooligosaccharides diet and HFX group supplemented 10% xylooligosacchride diet. Experimental diets were fed ad libidum to the rats for 4 weeks and then they were sacrificed. The body weight of high fat diet (HF group) was increased more than that of normal group, but it was significantly decreased by xylooligosacchrides supplementation. The food intake was not significantly different among the all groups. The weight of liver, small intestine and cecum of all xylooligosaccharide supplemented groups were significantly heavier than those of normal and HF groups. The activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, a rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, in xylooligosaccharide supplemented groups was higher than that of HF group. Light micrographs revealed that the structures of hepatocytes in xylooligosaccharide supplemented groups were preserved well, compared to HF group. The xylooligosaccharide supplementation exerted a lipid-lowering action by decreasing cholesterol and triglycerides contents in hepatic tissue. In conclusion, the activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and damage of liver in rats fed high fat diets were improved by dietary xylooligosaccharides.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.37-48
• /
• 2015

Objectives This experimental study was designed to investigate the antiobese effects of Gamikwakhyangjungkisan and Fermented GamiKwakhyangjungkisan. Methods The cellular lipid contents were assessed by Oil-Red-O staining. The expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$ were determined by real time RT-PCR and western blotting. In addition, body weight gain and serum lipid levels were measured in the mice with obesity induced by the high fat-diet for four weeks. Results Gamikwakhyangjungkisan and Fermented GamiKwakhyangjungkisan is reduced 3T3-L1 cells' differentiation and the expressions of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$ in high concentration group. High-fat diet + Fermented GamiKwakhyangjungkisan group significantly reduced body weight gain. High-fat diet + Fermented GamiKwakhyangjungkisan group significantly increased HDL-cholesterol contents and reduced LDL-cholesterol contents. Furthermore, Fermented GamiKwakhyangjungkisan is excellent antiobese effects than Gamikwakhyangjungkisan. Conclusions These results demonstrate that Gamikwakhyangjungkisan and Fermented GamiKwakhyangjungkisan exerts antiobese effect in 3T3-L1 cells and mice fed high fat diet. Furthermore, Fermented GamiKwakhyangjungkisan is excellent antiobese effects than Gamikwakhyangjungkisan.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.191-197
• /
• 2009

This study investigated the effects to lowering hyperlipidemic levels in hamsters by feeding them naringin and onion extracts. The hyperlipidemic levels on all of the hamsters were raised by feeding them with high fat atherogenic diet (HFAD) containing 10% coconut oil and 0.05% cholesterol. The experimental groups were randomly assigned to 5 groups (normal, control, OEN, OES, and OESN) each 6 hamsters over a 40 days period. The control group (HFAD) received a 10% coconut oil and 0.05% cholesterol with basal diet, the OEN group which received an onion extract mixture contaning 50% water and 50% onion extract, the OES group which received 100% onion extract, the OESN group which received 100% onion extract combined with 1% naringin. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels significantly decreased in the naringin treated group while the HDL cholesterol level increased. On the other hand, the morphology of the mitochondria and nuclei found in the livers of the treated group given naringin were siginficantly different when compared to those group given high fat diets. In conclusion, onion extract with naringin decreased cholesterol levels in hamster's livers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.432-441
• /
• 1987

This study was undertaken to investigate effects of alcohol and fat content in a balanced diet on growth, hepatic function and some biochemical indices of blood in growing rats. Fourty eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing about 160g were divided into 4 groups ; high fat diet group, alcohol-adminstered high fat diet group, low fat diet group and alcohol-administered low fat diet group. High and low fat diet supplied 30% and 12%, respectively, of total calorie intake from fat and alcohol-treated groups received water containing 10% ethanol. Diets contained adequate amounts of all nutrients required for rats, including lipotropic agents(choline and methionine) to minimize effects of factors other than alcohol on liver function. Growth rate was lowest in alcohol-administered low-fat diet group, despite that their energy intake was equivalent to the others. For a 3-week study period, 21.86% and 23.61% of total calorie intake were derived from alcohol in alcohol-adminitered high fat diet group and low fat diet group, respectively. There was no influenced on vitamin B$_1$ status by alcohol consumption. Concentration of triglyceride in plasma increased with alcohol comsumption, and the effect was greater after 6 weeks than after 3 weeks of alcohol consumption . Difference of dietary fat content did not affect the level of triglyceride . The levels of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in plasma were not influenced by alcohol consumption. Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase activity and hepatic mitochondrial respiration rate did not differ between groups. The results indicate that neither moderate alcohol drinking for 6 weeks nor fat content with a balanced diet caused any dramatic change of metabolism and liver function in rats. However they suggest that even moderate alcohol consumption can affect growth of animals dramatically and the effect may be lessened with relatively high fat content in diet.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.116-132
• /
• 2008

Objective: This study investigated the effects of Bimanbang-1 (肥滿1號方: here in after referred to BMB-1) on the obese gene and obese inhibitory. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were induced by high fat diet. Mice were divided into three groups (normal, high fat diet with control, high fat diet with BMB-1 extract) and fed for 15 weeks. Items of this experimental study are as follows: body weight change, final body weight, the weight change of the adipocytes in body, the level change of LFT, NEFA and creatinine, the expression of ${\beta}3AR$ and leptin gene in primary adipocytes, the production change of leptin in primary adipocytes, the expression of ${\beta}3AR$, leptin and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in adipocytes tissue. Result: 1. All experimental groups showedthat the weight change decreased considerably and the high density group showedthat the final weight decreased considerably. 2. The high density group showed that the amount of the adipocyte in weight decreased considerably. 3. All experimental groups showedthat the amount of ALT decreased considerably, and AST decreased in the high density group. However, the amount of creatinine and glucose did not increase considerably. 4. All experimental groups showed that the amount of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and NEFA decreased, and HDL-cholesterol increased considerably. 5. The high density groups showedthat the amount of leptin decreased considerably. 6. All experimental groups showed that the revelation of ${\beta}3AR$ in primary adipose cell and 3T3-L1 cell increased considerably, and that the revelation of leptin and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in primary adipose cellsand 3T3-L1 cells decreased considerably. 7. All experimental groups showed that the size of adipocyte in adipocytes tissue decreased. 8. All experimental groups showed that the adipose vacuoles in liver tissue decreased considerably. Conclusion: The findings suggest that Bimanbang-1 causes weight loss and histological change, thus it may be effective to treat obesity.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.31-39
• /
• 1995

This study was performed to observe how soy protein and calcium in rats fed unsaturated fat-enriched diet affect the total lipid and cholesterol contents of blood and tissues male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 220g were fed four purified diets which contained 18% (w/w) corn oil, 1% (w/w) cholesterol, two sources of protein : casein or isolated soy protein (ISP) and two levels of dietary calcium : 0.1% or 1.0%, first for four weeks (Expt. 1) and second for eight weeks (Expt. 2). The contents of total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride in blood, liver, heart and feces were determined. After four weeks feeding, the serum lipid and cholesterol concentration was not significantly different among the groups. After eight weeks feeding, these concentrations were significantly lower in ISP-High calcium group. The serum lipid concentration was influenced by dietary protein sources and calcium levels. These results indicated that the hypolipidemic effects of soy protein and high calcium intake were partly due to decrease in lipid absorption and these effects were not detected at 4 weeks feeding but 8 weeks feeding.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.281-289
• /
• 1984

The present studies were designed to observe the effects of both dietary fat levels and P/S ratio on lipid components in plasma and tissues of young rats when cholesterol was supplemented at 1%(w/w) to four dietary groups providing total fat as 10%( LF ) or 45% ( HF ) of calories and P/S ratio as 0.2 or 4.0, Low Fat-0.2 : Low Fat-4.0 : High Fat-0.2 : High Fat-4.0. Plasma total cholesterol was increased almost to the same level in all dietary groups after the cholesterol supplement but the value of HF -0.2 was slightly higher than that of LF -0.2. Plasma TG was also increased in all dietary groups when cholesterol was supplemented but was more significantly increased in LF group than in HF group. HDL-cholesterol was slightly increased by cholesterol supplement but there was no effect by the total dietary fat level of previous diet. However, plasma HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and TG levels were slightly reduced in high fat diet of P/S 4.0. Total cholesterol per g -liver was higher in HF group than in LF group before and after cholesterol supplement even though it was increased more in LF group with cholesterol addition. Liver cholesterol was also higher in rats fed diets of P/S 4.0 at high fat level before and after cholesterol supplement. In contrast, total cholesterol per g-muscle was reduced by cholesterol supplement in all groups and it was significantly higher in LF than in HF. There was no significant effect in liver TG by total fat level and P/S ratio when cholesterol was supplemented. Muscle TG was lowered in all groups by cholesterol supplement but no effect by total fat level and P/S ratio.