• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제57권9호
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• pp.35.1-35.8
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• 2015

Background: An experiment was conducted in Vietnam to test the hypothesis that total dry matter (DM) intake and liveweight (LW) gain would increase in a curvilinear manner with increasing amounts of concentrate offered. Method: There were five treatments: a basal diet of Guinea grass fed at 1 % of LW and rice straw fed ad libitum (T0), or this diet supplemented with concentrate at 0.6 (T1), 1.2 (T2), 1.8 (T3), or 2.4 % of LW (T4). The concentrate comprised locally available ingredients, namely cassava chips, rice bran, crushed rice grain, fishmeal, salt, and urea, mixed manually. Results: Concentrate intake increased from T0 to T3, but there was no difference in concentrate intake between T3 and T4. Total feed intake increased in a curvilinear manner from 4.0 to 6.4 kg DM/d as the quantity of concentrate consumed increased. The substitution of concentrate for grass and rice straw increased with increasing consumption of concentrate and was as high as 0.49 kg DM reduction per kg of concentrate consumed. LW gain increased curvilinearly, with significant differences between T0 (0.092 kg/d), T1 (0.58 kg/d) and T2 (0.79 kg/d); but there were no significant differences in LW gain between T2, T3 (0.83 kg/d) and T4 (0.94 kg/d).With increasing amount of concentrate in the diet, the digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fat increased, but NDF digestibility decreased. Conclusion: Based on these results, young Vietnamese Brahman-cross growing cattle will respond to a locally-sourced concentrate mix offered at a level of up to 1.2 % of LW.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1268-1273
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• 2011

The present study was conducted to determine a feasible method of protein concentrate extraction from rice bran (RBPC) and its effect as a substitution for skim milk in early weaning pig diets. An investigation to extract protein concentrate from full fat rice bran was undertaken to determine the best ratio of water and rice bran, the amount of NaOH and a HCl solvent to use in a simple paddle-type mixer with modified spinning to produce RBPC. The results stated that the best ratio for water mixing in the RBPC extraction process was 1:5 with 20 g NaOH and 30 min in a paddle-type mixer at 300 rpm. A mix of 250 ml 0.2 N HCl was optimum for neutralization and protein precipitation. After the fluid was spun out with a washing machine, the sediment was left for 12-14 hours to complete the filtration. One kilogram of rice bran could produce an average of 324.5 gram RBPC and it contained 3.40% ash, 496.48 kcal of GE/100 gram, 1.94% crude fiber, 28.20% ether extract, 7.64% moisture and 16.66% crude protein, respectively. A total of 45 crossbred piglets, weaned at 3 weeks of age were allotted into control diet (A) and dietary treatments formulated with a four different rates of RBPC substitution for skim milk at a percentage of 25 (B), 50 (C), 77 (D) and 100 (E) respectively, in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. All piglets had free access to feed and water until 8 week of age when the experiment ended. Feed intake, average daily gain, growth rate and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary treatments. Blood test parameters after completion of the growth trial indicated normal health. Even though the mean of cell hemoglobin concentration was significantly different between treatments (p<0.05) it was still within the normal range. The cost difference for BW gain of 100% RBPC substituted for skim milk in the weaning diet was approximately 35% lower than that of the control and the relative cost of production was 96.67, 92.85, 70.75 and 64.48% lower for the replacement of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of skim milk respectively. These results implied that this technology is feasible for use by small scale farmers to improve their self-reliance.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.329-335
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• 2003

국내산 치커리의 생리적 기능성을 알아보기 위해 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 복음치커리의 물추출물은 간세포의 독성을 유발시키지 않았으며, 5 mM의 galactosamine을 5시간 배양하였을 때 LDH의 활성이 가장 높게 나타났다. 5 mM의 galactosamine으로 독성을 유발시킨 흰쥐의 간세포에 볶음치커리 물추출물을 투여한 결과 간세포로 부터 유리되는 LDH의 활성을 유의성 있게 감소시켜 간세포 보호 활성을 나타내었다. 볶음치커리 물추출물 800 mg을 당뇨 유발 흰쥐에 10일간 투여한 결과 혈당치는 297 mg/dl로 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타냈었고, 체중은 대조구에 비해 20% 높게 나타났다. Salmonella thyphimurium YG 1024의 복귀돌연변이 콜로니수를 조사한 결과 복음치커리 물추출물 ($10{\sim}5,000\;{\mu}/g$)의 처리구에서는 돌연변이를 유발시키지 않았으며, 2-aminofluorene을 처리한 양성 대조군에 물추출물을 plate당 $1,000{\sim}5,000\;{\mu}/g$ 농도로 처리한 결과 돌연변이 억제 활성은 없었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.182-192
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• 2004

과메기의 위생화를 위한 방사선 조사기술의 이용 가능성을 검토할 목적으로 방사선 조사를 실시한 후 독성학적 안전성 실험인 in vitro Ames test SOS chromotest 및 CHL 세포를 이용한 염색체 이상시험과 ICR 수컷 마우스를 이용한 in vivo 소핵세포실험을 실시하였다. 감마선 조사 및 비조사된 과메기의 Salmonella typhimurium(TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537)과 Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA 균주에 대한 복귀변이 집락수 시험, SOS chromotest(Escherichia coli PQ37) 시험 및 CHL 세포를 이용한 염색체 이상시험을 수행한 결과 물추출물과 용매추출물 및 대사활성계 도입 혹은 부재시 모두, 모든 시험균주에서 시험적용 농도인 10,000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate까지의 농도에서 감마선 조사된 시료는 비조사된 시료와 같이 음성을 나타내었다. 또, 감마선 조사 및 비조사된 과메기의 in vivo 소핵세포실험에서도 소핵이 발견되지 않았다. 따라서, 10 kGy까지 고선량 감마선 조사된 과메기는 위 수행된 in vitro 및 in vivo 유전독성시험을 실시한 결과 음성을 나타낸 것으로 보아 유전독성학적으로 돌연변이원성이 없음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1288-1294
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• 1997

항돌연변이원성 물질을 탐색하기 위하여 $AFB_1$, B(a)P의 돌연변이원성에 대한 95종 생약재 열수 추출물의 효과를 SOS Chromotest를 이용하여 검색하였다. $AFB_1$의 변이원성을 26%이상 억제시킨 생약재는 익모초와 지실이었으며, B(a)P의 변이원성을 26%이상 억제시킨 생약재는 건부자 외 7종이었다. 두 종류의 변이원 모두에 대하여 억제활성을 나타낸 생약재는 시호, 현호색, 천마, 강활, 반하, 지실, 행인 및 숙지황이었다. $AFB_1$의 변이원성을 26%이상 상승시킨 생약재는 계피 외 45종이었으며, B(a)P의 변이원성을 26%이상 상승시킨 생약재는 연자육과 감국이었다. 생약재의 열수 추출물은 $AFB_1$으로 유도된 변이원성을 대부분 증가시켰으나 B(a)P의 변이원성은 증가시키지 않았다. 두 종류의 변이원성을 모두 뚜렷하게 증가시킨 생약재(감국, 계피, 향부자, 삼백피, 패장, 관동화, 적하수오, 측백옆)의 열수 추출물 그 자체는 변이원성을 나타내지 않았으므로 변이원성 유발을 도와주는 보돌연변이 활성을 나타냈다. Ames test에서도 강활, 정향, 황금을 제외한 생약제에서 SOS Chromotest와 유사한 결과가 얻어졌다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.28-36
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• 2018

There was a difference in recognition of respirators according to the educational performance environment. they were showed higher recognition of respirators of group by internal and external mix trainer, less than 6 months, over 1hour, more than 5 times, variety of education. To identify the relationship between types of job classification(typical and atypical)and the levels of recognition of respirators, a total of 153 workers in a business workplace. mainly, typical workers showed higher recognition of respirators than atypical workers. Training of correct wearing showed high demands both typical and atypical workers. Descriptive statistics(SAS ver 9.2)was performed. the results of recognition of respirators were analyzed the mean and standard deviation by t-test, and anova, fit factor is used geometric means(geometric standard deviation), paired t-test, Wilcoxon analysis(P=0.05). Particulate filtering facepiece respirators (PFFR) is one of the most widely used items of personal protective equipments, and a tight fit of the respirators on the wearers is critical for the protection effectiveness. In order to effectively protect the workers through the respirators, it is important to find and evaluate the ways that can be readily applicable at the workplace to improve the fit of the respirators. This study was designed to evaluate effects of mask style (cup or foldable type) and donning training on fit factors (FF) of the respirators, since these are available at various workplace, especially at small business workplace. A total of 40 study subjects, comprised of employment type workers in metalworking industries, were enrolled in this study. The FF were quantitatively measured before and after training related to the proper donning and use of cup or foldable-type respirators. The pass/fail criterion of FF was set at 100. After the donning training for the cup-type mask, fit test were increased by 769%. but foldable-type mask was also increased after the donning training, the GM of FF for the foldable-type mask and it's increase rate were smaller as compared to the cup-type mask. Furthermore, the differences of the increase rates of the GM of FF in employment type of the subjects were not significantly for the foldable-type mask. These results imply that the raining on the donning and use of PFFR can enhance the protection effectiveness of cup or foldable-type mask, and that the training effects for the foldable-type mask is less significant than that for the cup-type mask. Therefore, it is recommended that the donning training and fit tests should be conducted before the use of the PFFR, and listening to workers opinion regularly.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.31-43
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• 2022

Purpose: Service quality is a topic of constant interest in marketing research and practitioners. Service quality is an important factor influencing performance even in the context of coffee shops, and research on service quality management strategies continues by coffee shop researchers and practitioners. The service quality of coffee shops is a source of competitive advantage and is an important factor in enhancing customer and business performance. This study aims to identify the effects of cognitive evaluation on emotional and behavioral responses using a cognitive-emotional-behavioral framework and SOR model in the coffee shop context. Cognitive evaluation (service quality) consists of tangibles, responsiveness, assurance, reliability, and empathy dimensions. Research design, data, and methodology: In the proposed model, positive and negative emotions and satisfaction mediate the relationship between service quality and money to spend and visit frequency. The data were collected from customers who visited a coffee shop within the last 1 month. The survey was conducted for about one month. Among a total of 300 distributed questionnaires 261 responses were used for data analysis. The data were analyzed using frequency analysis, measurement model analysis, and structural equation modeling analysis with SPSS 28.0 and SmartPLS 4.0. Results: Tangibles, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy had significant positive effects on positive emotion, while only reliability had a significant negative effect on negative emotion. Both positive and negative emotions had significant positive effects on customer satisfaction, but not on money to spend and visit frequency. Lastly, customer satisfaction had significant positive effects on money to spend and visit frequency. Conclusions: The study revealed the relative weight of cognitive factors on customer emotions and confirmed the validity of SOR model. The fact that tangibility is the most important factor in increasing positive emotions and reliability is the most important factor in reducing negative emotions provides a direction for emotional branding strategies using the service quality mix of coffee shops. This study confirmed the full mediating role of satisfaction between positive and negative emotions and consumer behaviors (money to spend and visit frequency). This infers that when a coffee shop increases customer satisfaction through customer emotion management, the customer's money to spend and visit frequency in the coffee shop increases.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.584-596
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• 1994

The objective of the study is to explore the relationships between the variables of nursing productivity on the framework of system del in the tertiary university based care hospital in Korea. Productivity is basically defined as the relation-ship between inputs and outputs. Under the proposition that the nursing unit is a system that produces nursing care output using personal and material resources through the nursing intervention and nursing care management. And this major conception of nursing productivity system comproises input, process and output and feed-back. These categorized variables are essential parts to produce desirable and meaningful out-put. While nursing personnel from head nurse to staff nurses cooperate with each other, the head nurse directs her subordinates to achieve the goal of nursing care unit. In this procedure, the head nurse uses the leadership of authority and benevolence. Meantime nursing productivity will be greatly influenced by environment and surrounding organizational structures, and by also the operational objectives, the policy and standards of procedures. For the study of nursing productivity one sample hospital with 15 general nursing care units was selected. Research data were collected for 3 weeks from May 31 to June 20 in 1993. Input variables were measured in terms of both the served and the server. And patient classification scores were measured drily by degree of nursing care needs that indicated patent case-mix. And also nurses' educational period for profession and clinical experience and the score of nurses' personality were measured as producer input variables by the questionnaires. The process varialbes act necessarily on leading input resources and result in desirable nursing outputs. Thus the head nurse's leadership perceived by her followers is defined as process variable. The output variables were defined as length of stay, average nursing care hours per patient a day the score of quality of nursing care, the score of patient satisfaction, the score of nurse's job satis-faction. The nursing unit was the basis of analysis, and various statistical analyses were used : Reliability analysis(Cronbach's alpha) for 5 measurement tools and Pearson-correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and canonical correlation analysis for the test of the relationship among the variables. The results were as follows : 1. Significant positive relationship between the score of patient classification and length of stay was found(r=.6095, p.008). 2. Regression coefficient between the score of patient classification and length of stay was significant (β=.6245, p=.0128), and variance explained was 39%. 3. Significant positive relationship between nurses’ educational period and length of stay was found(r=-.4546, p=.044). 5. Regression coefficient between nurses' educational period and the score of quality of nursing care was significant (β=.5600, p=.029), and variance explained was 31.4%. 6. Significant positive relationship between the score of head nurse's leadership of authoritic characteristics and the length of stay was found (r=.5869, p=.011). 7. Significant negative relationship between the score of head nurse's leadership of benevolent characteristics and average nursing care hours was found(r=-.4578, p=.043). 8. Regression coefficient between the score of head nurse's leadership of benevolent characteristics and average nursing care hours was significant(β=-.6912, p=.0043), variance explained was 47.8%. 9. Significant positive relationship between the score of the head nurse's leadership of benevolent characteristics and the score of nurses' job satis-faction was found(r=.4499, p=050). 10. A significant canonical correlation was found between the group of the independent variables consisted of the score of the nurses' personality, the score of the head nurse's leadership of authoritic characteristics and the group of the dependent variables consisted of the length of stay, average nursing care hours(Rc²=.4771, p=.041). Through these results, the assumed relationships between input variables, process variable, output variables were partly supported. In addition it is also considered necessary that-further study on the relationships between nurses' personality and nurses' educational period, between nurses' clinical experience including skill level and output variables in many research samples should be made.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2016

혐기성 소화의 주요 조건 중 하나인 C/N비의 경우 하수슬러지는 5.40으로 낮게 나타난 반면 음폐수(Food waste leachate)는 21.84로 높게 나타났다. C/N비가 낮을 경우 혐기성소화의 저해 요인으로 작용될 수 있기 때문에 음폐수의 높은 유기물 농도 및 C/N 비를 활용하여 메탄가스 발생량 증가시킬 수 있었다. Tchobanoglous이 제안한 이론적 메탄가스 발생량 예측수식을 적용하여 메탄 및 바이오가스 발생량을 산정한 결과 하수슬러지 단일 혐기소화의 경우 $305.6mL{\cdot}CH_4/g{\cdot}VS$, $689.4mL{\cdot}CH_4/g{\cdot}VS$의 메탄, 바이오가스가 발생하였고 음폐수 : 하수슬러지를 1:9로 혼합한 시료는 약 $322mL{\cdot}CH_4/g{\cdot}VS$, 3:7시료에서는 약 $354mL{\cdot}CH_4/g{\cdot}VS$, 5:5시료에서는 약 $386mL{\cdot}CH_4/g{\cdot}VS$의 메탄가스가 발생하는 것으로 분석되었다. BMP 실험 결과 1:9, 3:7, 5:5 비율로 병합 처리한 경우 각각 약 233, 298, $344mL{\cdot}CH_4/g{\cdot}VS$의 메탄가스가 발생하였다. 따라서 음폐수의 혼합비율이 높아질수록 메탄가스 발생량은 증가하였고 하수슬러지와 음폐수의 혼합비율에 따른 병합처리 시 하수슬러지 단독처리에 비해 다량의 메탄가스가 발생되었다. BMP 실험을 통해 생산된 메탄가스의 누적생산 곡선을 Modified Gompertz model과 first order kinetic model에 적용하여 추정한 결과, 메탄생성량은 Modified Gompertz model에서는 238.5, 302.3, $353.6mL/g{\cdot}VS$ 발생하였고 first order kinetic model에서는 242.8, 312.5, $365.5mL/g{\cdot}VS$로 음폐수와의 혼합비율이 증가할수록 높게 나타났으며, 최대 메탄생성속도의 경우 3:7비율에서 $48.2mL/gVS{\cdot}day$로 최대 메탄생성 속도를 보였다. first order kinetic model의 1차 반응속도상수 k값은 1:9, 3:7, 5:5 비율에 따라 0.32, 0.22, $0.08day^{-1}$ 나타났다. 1차 반응속도 상수의 경우 음폐수의 혼합비율이 낮을수록 높게 나타났다. Modified Gompertz와 first order kinetic model 모두 실험결과를 잘 모사하였으며, 실험결과와 모의결과의 적합도를 나타내는 상관계수($R^2$)의 경우 0.92~0.98으로 높은 상관성을 나타내었다.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.303-308
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• 2015

쌈채소는 웰빙시대의 도래와 더불어 식생활에서 큰 변화를 주었고, 소비량이 계속적으로 증가하고 있다. 지금까지 국내에서는 배추, 상추 등 일부 채소 작물에 대한 쌈문화가 발달해 왔지만 최근 들어 다양한 종류의 쌈채소와 재배기술에 관한 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 인공 광원으로 형광등을 이용하여 식물공장내에서 비트와 쌈추의 수량과 품질을 향상시키고자 수행하였다. 처리는 식물공장내 식물체로부터 30cm 위치에 자동센서를 설치하여 온도가 20, 25, $30^{\circ}C$가 유지 되도록 하였고, 광량은 $200{\mu}mol{\pm}20{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$로 고정하고 일장은 주야간이 12/12hr, 상대 습도 50-80%로 하였다. 모든 처리구의 근권부 전기전도도(EC)는 $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$로 공급하였으며 재배기간 pH는 6.1-7.2로 유지되었다. 그 결과 비트의 초장과 엽면적은 온도가 높았던 $25^{\circ}C$와 $30^{\circ}C$ 처리구가 $20^{\circ}C$ 처리구보다 높았고, 쌈추의 경우도 온도가 높았던 처리구에서 초장, 엽면적, 생체중 및 건물중이 유의적으로 높았다. 식물체 잎의 총 페놀 함량은 비트의 경우, $20^{\circ}C$와 $25^{\circ}C$ 처리구가 각각 42.4와 $46.9mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$로 $30^{\circ}C$ 처리구의 $22.4mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$보다 2배이상 높았고, 쌈추의 경우도 $20^{\circ}C$ 처리구가 $79.2mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$로 가장 높았고, $30^{\circ}C$ 처리구가 $53.7mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$로 가장 낮아 두 작물 모두 온도가 낮았던 $20^{\circ}C$ 처리구가 높은 경향을 보였다. 또한 식물체 잎의 총 플라보노이드 함량은 두 작물 모두 총 페놀 함량과 비슷한 경향으로 온도가 낮은 $20^{\circ}C$ 처리구에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 인공광 이용형 식물공장에서 생육과 기능성 물질 함량은 반비례 관계를 나타내고 있어 기능성 물질 함량이 높은 비트와 쌈추를 생산하고자 할 때에는 생육 온도를 $20^{\circ}C$ 정도로 관리하는 것이 적절할 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 향후 생육 단계에 따른 변온관리 방법, LED와 형광등 병용이용 시스템 적용 등으로 수량성에 대한 추가적인 검토가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.