• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.549-559
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• 2016

Korean Black body fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus; Ogae) designated as a natural monument (registration number 265) has been known as a superb traditional Korean medicine. In this study, The production of peptide from the Viscera Waste of Yeonsan Ogae was optimized using commercial protease (bromelain) by response surface methodology under high pressure process. The range of processes was pressure (30 to 100 MPa), reaction time (1 to 5 h), and substrate concentration (10 to 30%, w/v). After reaction, the degree of hydrolysis, distribution of amino acids, and molecular weight of peptides were investigated. As a results, the optimization conditions were pressure 90 MPa, reaction time 3 to 4 h, and the amount of viscera meat 20% (w/v), respectively. The molecular weight of protein hydrolysates was distributed 400 to 1,000 Da. Accordingly we presumed that most products were peptides. Of those peptides, nonpolar or hydrophobic, polar but uncharged, positively charged, and negatively charged amino acids were 42.03, 26.0, 13.3, and 18.6%, respectively. Because higher amount of hydrophobic amino acids, we expected that those products would be able to utilize as the functional food ingredients.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 1996

For the effective ethanol fermentation, the high concentration of sugar as the substrate of microbial fermentation is required. The most important reason in the inefficient hydrolysis; the easy deactivation of enzyme by temperature or shear stress and the severe inhibition effects of its products. In our work, we comprehended the kinetic characteristics of cellulose and ${\beta}$-glucosidase in the progress of hydrolysis, and observed the potential inhibitory effects of the hydrolyzed products and the deactivation of enzymes. We also tried to present the kinetic model of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, which is applicable to process at the high concentration of sugar. Cellulase and ,${\beta}$-glucosidase exhibit diverse kinetic behaviors. At a level of only 5g/$\ell$ of glucose, the ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity was reduced by more than 70%. This result means that ${\beta}$-glucosldase was the most severely inhibited by glucose. Also at l0g/$\ell$ of cellobiose, the cellulose lost approximately 70% of its activity. ${\beta}$-glucosldase was more sensitive to deactivation than cellulose by about 1.6 times. The comprehensive kinetic model in the range of confidence was obtained and the agreement between the model prediction and the experimental data was reasonably good, testifying to the validity of the model equations used and the associated parameters.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 2009

Because of high contents of cellulose (~37 wt%) and hemicellulose (~17%), rice straw seems to be a potential lignocellulosic biomass for production of bioethanol. In this study, Ammonia Recycled Percolation (ARP) pretreatment of rice straw was extensively investigated. In particular, the experimental study included the effects of temperature, reaction time and concentration of ammonia on compositions and enzymatic digestibility of the resulting solid residues; the ranges of pretreatment conditions were, in turn, $150{\sim}190^{\circ}C$, 10~90 min and 0~20 wt%. Through ARP pretreatment, the lignin content was reduced by as high as ~84% while 20~80% of the hemicellulose was also solubilized. The solid residue resulted from the pretreatment with 15 wt% aqueous ammonia solution at $170^{\circ}C$ for 90 mim showed as high as ~90% of digestibility with 15FPU/g of glucan enzyme loading. Supplement of xylanese to cellulase led to a notable enhancement of digestibility, indicating a discernable inhibitory role of hemicellulose. Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) and Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-Fermentation (SSCF) were performed to obtain ethanol productions of 13.8 g/L (corresponding to 81% yield) and 15 g/L (corresponding to 89% yield), respectively.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.241-246
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• 2014

This study is to compare characteristics of saccharification reactions applying to enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated fallen leaves for bio-ethanol production. It experimented pretreatment of acid, alkaline in the chemical. This experiment includes preteatment of acid and alkaline in chemical, soaking, shaking and autoclaving method, which were applied to biomass. In result, the glucose production from alkaline-NaOH method was 263 mg glucose/ g biomass comparing with them of acid-HCl method. Thus, alkaline-NaOH method is superior than the acid-HCl method for chemical preteatment of fallen leaves. Also, when various chemical treatments were compared, they were all. Based on the results of this study, we found that leaves, one of biomass, are possible in pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis process, and they are likely to affect bio-ethanol production in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.367-377
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• 2018

Swimming crab(Ovalipes punctatus) is produced in Korea and utilized as semi-processed food at streamed cooked state. Recently, protein hydrolysates have been known as having function such as antioxidant, suppression of hypertension, immunodulatory, alleviation of pain, and antimicrobial activity. This research was investigated to find the functional antioxidant from crab hydrolysates. To fine optimal protease enzyme, alcalase, bromelain, flavourzyme, neutrase, papain, and protamex were selected to evaluate the DPPH radical scavenging activity and finally bromelain to show the best activity was selected. The molecular weight of bromelain hydrolysates were distributed with range from 500 to 3,200 Da and 7 different molecules or more. The amino acids related to antioxidant capacity was about 42.54%. The processes optimization study used was the response surface methodology. The ranges of processes were the reaction temperature of 40 to $60^{\circ}C$, pH 6 to 8, and enzyme concentration 1 to 3%(w/v). As a result, the optimization of process was determined at temperature of $55^{\circ}C$, pH of 6.5, and enzyme concentration of 3%(w/v). In these conditions, degree of hydrolysates were maximum 71.60%. Therefore, we expect that those products are useful as functional food ingredients.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.177.2-177.2
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• 2011

세계적인 자원고갈과 지구온난화와 같은 환경문제가 발생됨에 따라 대체에너지 개발에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 섬유소 기질을 이용한 바이오에탄올 생산은 세계적으로 막대한 자원이 있으며 광합성에 의해 재생산되는 무한한 재원으로서 환경적으로도 대기오염물질을 적게 배출하여 유용한 에너지원으로 각광받고 있다. 하지만 섬유소 기질은 cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin과 같은 고분자 화합물이 유기적으로 결합된 단단한 결정구조로 이루어져 있어 이를 분해하여 원하는 물질을 얻기 위해서는 전처리 과정이 필요하다. 전처리 공정은 바이오에탄올을 생산하는 당화 및 발효공정의 효율 및 반응시간 단축에 기여하며, 특히 섬유소 기질일 경우에는 필수불가결한 공정이다. 전처리 공정은 물리적, 화학적, 생물학적 방법으로 나누어지며, 이러한 방법들 중 기질의 특성과 처리효율에 따라 기술들을 병합하여 사용하기도 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 산 처리, 암모니아 처리, 과산화수소 처리 및 효소를 이용한 생물학적 처리를 단독 또는 병행하여, 전환된 당 성분 및 함량을 조사함으로서 섬유소계 기질인 채소 음식물류 쓰레기를 대상으로 바이오에탄올을 경제적으로 생산하기 위한 적합한 전처리법을 검토하였다. 전처리 방법별 당화율을 살펴보면, 산 처리와 암모니아-과산화수소-계면활성제 처리가 각각 65.3 % 및 65.7 %로 가장 높았으며, 과산화수소 처리는 16.2 %로 가장 낮았다. 반면 전처리 공정 없이 효소를 이용한 당화만을 실시한 경우에는 4.3 %의 낮은 당화율을 나타내었다. 섬유소계 기질의 전처리 효율을 향상시키기 위해 첨가하는 계면활성제의 효과는 암모니아-과산화수소 및 암모니아-과산화수소-계면활성제 처리의 당화율을 비교한 결과, 뚜렷한 효과를 확인할 수 없었다. 전처리 방법별 당의 성분 및 함량을 비교한 결과 육탄당은 암모니아-과산화수소-계면활성제 전처리에서 가장 많이 검출되었다. 오탄당은 산 처리 후 그 함량이 현저히 높았으며, 오탄당 중 xylose의 함량이 60.49 mg/g로 가장 많이 차지하고 있었다. 이 결과로부터 전처리 방법에 관계없이 당화율은 유사한 수준을 보이지만, 당화된 당의 성분 및 함량에는 큰 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이당류의 경우 과산화수소 및 암모니아-과산화수소 처리를 제외한 나머지 전처리 방법에서 유사한 수준을 나타내었다. 암모니아 처리 및 과산화수소 처리를 순차적으로 병행한 암모니아-과산화수소 처리에서는 각각의 처리시보다 육탄당의 함량은 증가하였으나 암모니아 처리시보다 이당류의 함량은 감소한 것으로 나타났다.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.17
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• pp.79-83
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• 1999

The objective of this research was to characterize viscosity of sea tangle extract isolated from sea tangles in Korea to obtain basic data for production of dietary fiber materials with new functional properties. The viscosity of sea tangle extract was increased as the the extraction time increased. However, these values increased significantly up to 1 hour of extraction time and then slow increased in case of hot water extraction and enzymatic hydrolyzed sea tangle extract. As for addition of sugar and salts, the values of viscosity of sea tangle extract was very low in the addition of EDTA-2Na regardless of concentration. But in case of sucrose and NaCl, the viscosity of sea tangle extract were tended to decreased up to 2.5% concentration.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 1992

An innovative process for high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) production coupled with direct saccharification of raw corn starch in the agitated bead enzyme reactor (bioattitor) was investigated. The required high concentration/purity of glucose solution suitable for isomerization was produced directly in a bioattritor. without condensation of hydrolyzate, 398 g glucose/$\ell$ and 98% glucose content from 400 g/$\ell$ (w/v) of raw corn starch after 24 hours. The unsaccharified residual starch could be separated easily upon centrifugation, and resaccharified. The obtained solution also possessed other desirable requirements as substrate for isomerization, such as. low concentrations of denatured protein and calcium ions, thereby, simplified the purification step. The obtained glucose solution was isomerized in an enzyme reactor paked with immobilized glucose isomerase to evaluate the suitability as a substrate. The proposed new HFCS process seems to have many advantages over the conventional process via liquefaction-saccharification steps. The follow-up investigations of the proposed process need to be conducted to evaluate the feasibility of industrial application.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.194-199
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• 2009

An efficient production method of food-grade heamatococcus extract was developed based on stepwise enzymatic hydrolysis. In the first step, Haematococcus pluvialis cells hydrolysis carried out with commercially available exopeptidase(Flavourzyme) and endopeptidase (Alcalase), resulted in increased astaxanthin content. In the second step, proteolytic hydrolyzed H. pluvialis cells treated with hetero-polysaccharides hydrolytic enzyme (Viscozyme). By two-stage treatments using Alcalase and Flavourzyme and Viscozyme, the highest astaxanthin content was obtained. The astaxanthin content was remarkably enhanced by 320% $(529{\mu}g/g\rightarrow2,256{\mu}g/g)$ than that of the non-treated extract. And then, antioxidative activities determined by DPPH method were increased with increasing the astaxanthin content in haematococcus extract prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2011

${\beta}$-Galactosidase was immobilized on chitosan bead by covalent bonding using glutaraldehyde. The characteristics of the immobilized enzyme were investigated. Maximum immobilization yield of 75% was obtained on chitosan bead. Optimum pH and temperature for the immobilized enzyme was 7.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. The immobilized enzyme showed a broader range of pH and temperature compared to a free one. A mathematical model for the operation of the immobilized enzyme in a packed-bed reactor was established and solved numerically. Under different inlet lactose concentrations and feed flow rate conditions, lactose conversion was measured in a packed-bed reactor. The experimental results of continuous operation in a packed-bed reactor were compared to theoretic results using Michaelis-Menten kinetics with competitive product inhibition and external mass transfer resistance. The model predicted the experimental data with errors less than 5%. Process optimization of continuous operation in a packed-bed reactor was also conducted. In a recirculation packed-bed operation, conversion of lactose was 97% in 3 hours. In a continuous packed-bed operation, the effect of flow rate and initial lactose concentration was investigated. Increasing flow rates and initial lactose concentration decreased the conversion of substrate.