• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.255-262
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to provide preliminary data on chloride diffusion of lightweight aggregate concrete containing crushed stone-powder. Accordingly, the study performed experiments using concrete aggregates of Crushed Aggregate (CG), Single-sized Lightweight Aggregate (SLG), Continuous Graded Lightweight Aggregate (CLG), and using water-binder ratio of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and using binder of FA and BFS. The chloride diffusion coefficient is calculated according to the NT BUILD 492. Diffusion coefficient of SLG and CLG were higher than that of CG concrete, but the difference was not significant. Also, chloride diffusion coefficient data indicated that it was highly affected by water-binder ratio, and it decreased with the decrease in waterbinder ratio. The admixture substitution of FA15% was effective in decreasing the diffusion coefficient only with water-binder ratio of 0.4 while admixture substitution of FA10+BFS20% was effective with all levels of water-binder ratio. The result of study shows lightweight aggregate concrete containing crushed stone-powder has slightly higher chloride diffusion coefficient than CG concrete, but the difference is not significant such that it can be overcome by adjusting water-binder ratio and admixture substitution. In addition, the data indicate the chloride diffusion coefficient of lightweight aggregate concrete can be estimated from the strength of lightweight aggregate.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to predict the cracking behavior and suggest the method of controlling the cracking in concrete box culvert for power transmission due to differential drying shrinkage. Drying shrinkage cracking is mainly influenced by the moisture diffusion coefficient that determines moisture diffusion rate inside concrete structures. In addition to the diffusion coefficient, surface coefficient of concrete surface and relative humidity of ambient air simultaneously affect the moisture evaporation from concrete inside to external air outside. Within the framework of drying shrinkage cracking mechanism, it is necessary to perform the numerical analysis, which involves these three influencing factors to predict and control the shrinkage cracking of concrete. In this study, moisture diffusion and stress analysis cor responding to drying shrinkage on concrete box culvert are performed with consideration of diffusion coefficient, surface coefficient, and relative humidity of ambient air. From the numerical results, it is found that cracking behavior due to differential drying shrinkage of box culvert shows the different feature according to three influencing factors and the methodology of controlling of drying shrinkage cracks can be suggested from this study.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.4A
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• pp.329-335
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to provide the efficient method and guideline of controlling the cracking in bridge deck concrete due to differential drying shrinkage. Drying shrinkage cracking is mainly influenced by the moisture diffusion coefficient that determines moisture diffusion rate inside concrete structures. In addition to the diffusion coefficient, surface coefficient of concrete surface and relative humidity of ambient air simultaneously affect the moisture evaporation from concrete inside to external air outside. Within the framework of cracking shrinkage cracking mechanism, it is necessary to conceive the numerical analysis, which involves these three influencing factors to predict and control the shrinkage cracking of concrete. In this study, moisture diffusion and stress analysis corresponding to drying shrinkage on bridge deck are performed with consideration of diffusion coefficient, surface coefficient, and relative humidity of ambient air. From the numerical results, it is found that cracking behavior due to differential drying shrinkage of bridge deck concrete shows different feature according to three influencing factors and the methodology of controlling of drying shrinkage cracks can be suggested from this study.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1998

액체 상태에서 물질이 확산되는 현상을 자유 부피의 개념으로 해석하고자 하는 노력은 1959년에 Cohen과 Turnbull에 의해서 시작되었다. 그들은 액체의 부피를 두 부분으로 나누었는데, 하나는 분자가 차지하고 있는 점유 부피(Occupied volume)이고, 다른 하나는 자유 부피(Free-volume)로서 무작정한 열적 유동에 의해서 재분배된다. 온도의 변화에 의해 부피가 변하는 것은 이 자유 부피의 변화때문이며, 점유 부피는 온도에는 무관함 것으로 갖주하였다. 분자가 액체 상태에서 이동하려면 이웃에 충분한 크기의 자유 부피 공간이 존재해야한다. 따라서, 분자의 확산은 분자가 이들 자유 부피 공간들로 도약하는 것이다. Cohen-Turnbull의 이론에서는 순수한 액체의 자기 확산 계수(Self-diffusion conefficient)는 자유 부피의 무작정한 유동에 의하여 임계 크기의 공간이 생성되는 확률과 관련이 있다. Cohen-Turnbull 자유 부피 이론은 그 후 많은 사람들에 의해서 수정되었고, 그중에서 현재 가장 널리 사용되는 것은 Fujita의 이론과 Vrentas-Duda의 이론이다. 두 이론 모두 확산 데이터를 correlation하는데는 문제가 없으나, Vrentas-Duda의 이론만이 확산계수를 예측할 수 있는 능력이 있다. 또한, 고분자와 용매의 도약 단위의 몰 질량이 같을때에 Vrentas-Duda의 이론은 Fujita의 이론과 같아지므로, Fujita의 이론은 Vrentas-Duda의 이론의 특수한 경우라고 할 수 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 Vrentas-Duda 자유 부피 이론만을 다루기로 하겠다.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.419-427
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• 2000

We propose a method to obtain various diffusion parameters of deposited atom. By comparing the results of kinetic Mote Carlo (KMC) simulation with the results of STM, HRLEED experiments, we can determine diffusion parameters including the hopping barrier of an adatom on terrace, detachment barrier at the step edge, and well known Schwoebel barrier. It is found that the branch-width, island density, and roughness were suitable atomic scale structure parameters for comparing simulation calculation with experimental results, and especially, it is found that the parameter branch-width which is not widely used in thin film growth study, plays an important role in determining diffusion barriers.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.14 no.5 s.59
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• pp.115-123
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• 1999

동일한 신기술 제품의 수요는 각 국가가 어떠한 정책과 시장요인 등을 가지고 있느냐에 따라서 제품의 수요가 확산되어 지는 속도는 임의의 한 국가에 있어서 다른 국가에 비하여 빠르거나 느릴 것으로 예상할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 이동전화 가입자를 대상으로 한국과 일본의 경우에 로지스틱 모형을 적합시킨 후 확산계수를 이용하여 어느 국가의 확산속도가 빠른지 검증하여 보았다. 여기에서 사용한 검정방법은 두 확산계수의 비에 대한 검정방법으로써 정규근사이론을 적용하였다. 그 결과 한국의 경우가 일본에 비하여 3~4배 정도 빠른 것을 알 수 있었다. 단적으로 최근의 이동전화 보급률을 살펴보았을 때, 1999년 3월말 기준으로 한국은 보급율 36.4%, 일본은 37.6%에 이르고 있어 한국의 이동전화 보급률이 일본과 비슷한 수준에 이른 것으로 나타났다. 이는 일본이 1979년에 상용서비스를 실시하고 한국이 1984년에 상용서비스를 실시하였지만 한국의 이동전화 가입 확산이 일본보다 어느 정도 빨랐음을 알 수 있는 사실이다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.4A
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• pp.753-759
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• 2006

To predict service life of concrete structures exposed to chloride attack, surface chloride concentration, diffusion coefficient of chloride ion, and chloride corrosion threshold value in concrete, are used as important factors. Of these, as the diffusion coefficient of chloride ion for concrete is strongly influenced by concrete quality and environmental conditions of structures and may significantly change the service life of structures, it is considered as the most important factor for service life prediction. The qualitative factors affecting the penetration and diffusion of chloride ion into concrete are water-cement (W/C) ratio, age, curing conditions, chloride ion concentration of given environment, wet and dry conditions, etc. In this paper the influence of W/C ratio and curing conditions on the diffusion characteristics of chloride ion in concrete was investigated through the chloride ion diffusion test. In the test, the voltages passing through the diffusion cell were measured by accelerated test method using potential difference, and then with the consideration of IR drop ratio the diffusion coefficient of chloride ion for concrete with different W/C ratios were estimated by Andrade's model. Furthermore, under different curing conditions formulas for the estimation of the diffusion coefficient of chloride ion have been proposed by the regression analysis considering the effect of W/C ratio and age.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.483-488
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• 1996

InP 기판위에 InP와 격자정합된 undoped-InGaAs에서 zine의 확산 특성을 Electrochemical Capacitance-Voltage 법(polaron)과 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(SIMS)로 조사하였다. Metallorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD)를 이용하여 undoped-InGaAs 층을 성장시켰으며 확산방법으로는 Zn3P2 확산원 박막과 Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA)를 이용하였다. 450-55$0^{\circ}C$온도범위에서 30-300초 동안 확산을 수행한 결과 zinc의 확산계수는 D=Doexp(-$\Delta$E/kT)의 특성을 만족하였으며, Do와 $\Delta$E는 각각 1.3x105$\textrm{cm}^2$/sec와 2.3eV였다. 얻어진 확산계수는 다른 확산방법을 이용한 값들에 비해 매우 큰 값인데, 이것은 RTA 처리시 빠른 온도 증가에 의한 확산원 박막, 보호막, 그리고 InGaAs 에피층이 가지는 열팽창계수의 차이로인한 응력의 효과에 의한 것으로 생각되며, 이를 sealed-ampoule 법을 사용한 경우의 확산특성과 비교를 통하여 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.313-323
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• 2009

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has been demonstrated to be a practical method for the diagnosis of various brain diseases such as acute infarction, brain tumor, and white matter disease. In this study, we used two techniques to examine the average signal intensity (SI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the brains of patients who ranged in age from 10 to 60 years. Our results indicated that the average SI was the highest in amygdala (as derived from DWI), whereas that in the cerebrospinal fluid was the lowest. The average ADC was the highest in the cerebrospinal fluid, whereas the lowest measurement was derived from the pons. The average SI and ADC were higher in $T_2^*$-DW-EPI than in FLAIR-DW-EPI. The higher the b-value, the smaller the average difference in both imaging techniques; the lower the b-value, the greater the average difference. Also, comparative analysis of the brains of patients who had experienced cerebral infarction showed no distinct lesion in the general MR image over time. However, there was a high SI in apparent weighted images. Analysis of other brain diseases (e.g., bleeding, acute, subacute, chronic infarction) indicated SI variance in accordance with characteristics of the two techniques. The higher the SI, the lower the ADC. Taken together, the value of SI and ADC in accordance with frequently occurring areas and various brain disease varies based on the b-value and imaging technique. Because they provide additional useful information in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with various brain diseases through signal recognition, the proper imaging technique and b-value are important for the detection and interpretation of subacute stroke and other brain diseases.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2007

Purpose : The purpose of this study was a phantom study to measure the diffusion properties of water molecules by steady-state free precession diffusion-weighted imaging (SSFP- DWI) with a low b-value and to determine if this sequence might be useful for application to the evaluation of bone marrow pathology. Materials and methods : 1. The phantom study: A phantom study using two diffusion weighted sequences for the evaluation of the diffusion coefficient was performed. Three water-containing cylinders at different temperatures were designed: phantom A was $3^{\circ}C$, B was $23^{\circ}C$ and C was $63^{\circ}C$. Both SSFP and echo planar imaging (EPI) sequences (b-value: $1000s/mm^2$) were performed for comparison of the diffusion properties. The Signal to noise ratios (SNR) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the three phantoms using each diffusion-weighted sequence were assessed. 2. The Clinical study: SSFP-DWI was performed in 28 patients [sacral insufficiency fractures (10), osteoporotic lumbar compression fractures (10), malignant compression fractures (8)]. To measure the ADC maps, a diffusion-weighted single shot stimulated echo-acquisition mode sequence ($650s/mm^2$) was obtained using the same 1.5-T MR imager Results : For the phantom study, the signal intensity on the SSFP as well as the classic EPI-based DWI was decreased as the temperature increased in phantom A to C. The ADC values of the phantoms on EPI-DWI were $0.13{\times}10^{-3}mm^2/s$ in phantom A, $0.22{\times}10^{-3}mm^2/s$ in B and $0.37{\times}10^{-3}mm^2/s$. in C. The SSFP can be regarded as a DWI sequence in view of the series of signal decreases. Conclusion : Bone marrow pathologies with different diffusion coefficients were evaluated by SSFP-DWI. All benign fractures were hypointense compared to the adjacent normal bone marrow where as the malignant fractures were hyperintense compared to the adjacent normal bone marrow.