• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.35-41
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• 2020

The immobilization of the hydroxylamine-oxidoreductase on the water channel surface was performed to investigate the efficacy of ammonia removal in turbulent flow. The reaction by this enzyme proceeds rapidly by converting hydroxylamine into nitrous acid. For the analysis of the effect, a dimensionless mass transfer governing equation was established with the physical properties based on room temperature. The ammonia diffusion coefficient in water and the kinematic viscosity coefficient of water were 2.45×10-9 ㎡/s and 1×10-6 ㎡/s, respectively. The distribution of ammonia concentration in the water was calculated with respect to the distance from the point at which exposure to ammonia began. The quantitative distribution with respect to the mixing depth was also found. Such a quantitative analysis can provide insight into whether the enzyme immobilized on the water channel surface can be effectively used for ammonia removal.

• Journal of Korean Historical Folklife
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• no.52
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• pp.197-250
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• 2017

Many kinds of ritual manual books for the four ceremonies (coming-of-age, wedding, funeral, and ancestral rites) were published and transcribed during the Japanese Colonial Period. The ritual manuals are classified by 5 different types: 'ritual standards', 'ritual books for the four ceremonies', 'ritual books for the written prayers', 'religious ceremonial books', and 'general manners books'. All of them contributed much to the formation of folk rituals and religions, even though the purpose and contents of each book were different. The ritual manuals were not intellectual results of elites, but rather compilations of pre-modern ritual books and contemporary manners. These were widely spread among the people with the help of modern printing techniques. The ritual manuals aimed at common readers who wanted to look for ritual references easily. They were not just made for the special upper class. We can understand the contexts and characteristics of folk ritual and religion of the $20^{th}$ century by comprehending the ritual manuals of the Japanese Colonial Rule.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.45-55
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• 2022

This study explores the issues of "eco-friendly consumption" through online media posts, and aims to identify changes in it. Total 6,812 blog posts on Naver, that included the words "eco-friendly consumption" and "eco-friendly lifestyle," published between 2005 and 2020, in five-year intervals, were analyzed. The results illustrated that consumption issues began with the identification of the causes of environmental problems however, "eco-friendly consumption" gradually gained importance, until it developed into preparing standards and alternatives for proper "eco-friendly consumption." In 2020, "eco-friendly consumption" values and ideal consumption practices were expanded into social movements. However, there is relatively little discussion on controlled and modest spending. Therefore, for the future direction of "eco-friendly consumption," it is necessary to thoroughly examine and highlight the agenda of controlled and modest living from a higher perspective.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.401-401
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• 2023

터널이나 폐기물저장소와 같은 지하 구조물 또는 지표에서부터 상당한 깊이로 설계되거나 건설되는 구조물을 계획하거나 건축할 때 구조물의 안전성에 영향을 주는 수많은 요인 중에 간과할 수 없는 것이 바로 지하수이다. 뿐만 아니라 지상 혹은 지하에서 오염이 발생하여 오염물질이 지중환경으로 유입되는 경우, 지하수 거동은 오염물의 이송·확산에 지대한 요인으로 작용한다. 최근에는 지구온난화와 같은 유례없는 기후변화를 경험하고 있고, 따라서 수자원으로써 지하수의 역할이 더욱 중요해지고 있다. 지하수의 저류와 거동은 지하매질의 특성에 지배되고 있지만, 지표 아래 자리잡고 있는 매질의 특성을 정확히 파악하기란 매우 힘들고, 따라서 지하수 거동을 해석함에 항상 불확실성이 존재한다. 전통적으로 지하매질의 특성을 이해하기 위해 다양한 지구물리탐사를 수행하여 왔고, 더욱 직접적인 관찰을 위해 시추를 수행하여, 시료를 수집·관찰하고, 시추공에서의 다양한 현장수리실험을 통해 수리특성을 알고자 하였다. 하지만 그동안의 다양한 노력에도 불구하고, 지하매질 및 지하수 거동에 대한 불확실성은 여전히 줄어들지 않고, 오히려 증가하고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 지하수 거동을 결정짓는 지하매질의 수리특성에 대한 불확실성을 정량화하기 위한 도구로써, 매개변수 보정법의 하나인 Pilot Point Method(PPM)을 소개하고자 한다. 우물 또는 관측정을 통해 관측되는 지하수의 수위는 지하매질의 특성을 반영하고 있으며, 인간이 가장 쉽게 취득할 수 있는 지하 정보에 해당한다. 지하수 수위를 이용하여 수치모형의 매개변수를 보정하게 되며, 이 때 PPM이 적용된다. Pilot points의 공간적인 분포에 따라 다양한 보정 결과가 산출될 수 있으며, 다양한 결과들을 통해 변동계수를 산정한 후 수리특성의 불확실성이 높은 지역을 나타낼 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 얻은 결과는 물리탐사 또는 시추 작업을 위한 위치 선정의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.4A
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• pp.343-352
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• 2010

Recently, many researchers have been carried out to estimate more controlled service life and long-term performance of carbonated concrete structures. Durability analysis and design based on probability have been induced to new concrete structures for design. This paper provides a carbonation prediction model based on the Fick's 1st law of diffusion using statistic data of carbonated concrete structures and the probabilistic analysis of the durability performance has been carried out by using a Bayes' theorem. The influence of concerned design parameters such as $CO_2$ diffusion coefficient, atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration, absorption quantity of $CO_2$ and the degree of hydration was investigated. Using a monitoring data, this model which was based on probabilistic approach was predicted a carbonation depth and a remaining service life at a variety of environmental concrete structures. Form the result, the application method using a realistic carbonation prediction model can be to estimate erosion-open-time, controlled durability and to determine a making decision for suitable repair and maintenance of carbonated concrete structures.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 2014

The (U-Th)/He dating utilizes the production of alpha particles ($^4He$ atoms) during natural radioactive decays of $^{238}U$, $^{235}U$ and $^{232}Th$. (U-Th)/He age can be determined from the abundances of the parent nuclides $^{238}U$, $^{235}U$ and $^{232}Th$ and the radiogenic $^4He$. Because helium is one of the noble gases (non-reactive) with a relatively small radius, it diffuses rapidly in many geological materials, even at low temperatures. Therefore, ingrowth of $^4He$ during radioactive decay competes with diffusive loss at elevated temperatures during the geologic time scale, determining the amount of $^4He$ existing today in natural samples. For example, He diffusion in apatite is known to be very rapid compared to that in most other minerals, causing a significant diffusive loss at ${\sim}80^{\circ}C$ or higher. At ${\sim}40^{\circ}C$, He diffusion in apatite becomes slow enough to preserve most $^4He$ in the sample. Thus, an apatite's (U-Th)/He age represents the timing when the sample passed through the temperature range of $80-40^{\circ}C$. The crustal depth corresponding to this temperature range is called a "partial retention zone." Normal closure temperatures for a typical grain size and cooling rate are ${\sim}60-70^{\circ}C$ for apatite and ${\sim}200^{\circ}C$ for zircon and titanite. Because the apatite He closure temperature is lower than that of most other thermochronometers, it can provide critical constraints on relatively recent or shallow-crustal exhumation histories.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 1997

At the tailings dam of the disused Brukunga pyrite mine in South Australia, reaction of groundwater with the tailings causes the formation and discharge of sulphuric acid. There is a need to improve remediation efforts by decreasing groundwater flow through the tailings dam. Geophysical methods have been investigated to determine whether they can be used to characterise variations in depth to watertable and map preferred groundwater flow paths. Three methods were used: transient electromagnetic (TEM) soundings, direct current (DC) soundings and profiling, and self potential (SP) profiling. The profiling methods were used to map the areal extent of a given response, while soundings was used to determine the variation in response with depth. The results of the geophysical surveys show that the voltages measured with SP profiling are small and it is hard to determine any preferred channels of groundwater flow from SP data alone. Results obtained from TEM and DC soundings, show that the DC method is useful for determining layer boundaries at shallow depths (less than about 10 m), while the TEM method can resolve deeper structures. Joint use of TEM and DC data gives a more complete and accurate geoelectric section. The TEM and DC measurements have enabled accurate determination of depth to groundwater. For soundings centred at piezometers, this depth is consistent with the measured watertable level in the corresponding piezometer. A map of the watertable level produced from all the TEM and DC soundings at the site shows that the shallowest level is at a depth of about 1 m, and occurs at the southeast of the site, while the deepest watertable level (about 17 m) occurs at the northwest part of the site. The results indicate that a possible source of groundwater occurs at the southeast area of the dam, and the aquifer thickness varies between 6 and 13 m. A map of the variation of resistivity of the aquifer has also been produced from the TEM and DC data. This map shows that the least resistive (i.e., most conductive) section of the aquifer occurs in the northeast of the site, while the most resistive part of the aquifer occurs in the southeast. These results are interpreted to indicate a source of fresh (resistive) groundwater in the southeast of the site, with a possible further source of conductive groundwater in the northeast.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.18 no.2 s.92
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• pp.161-168
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• 2006

An experimental investigation was conducted to examine the hysteretic behaviors of ultra-high strength concrete tied columns. The purpose of this study is to investigate the safety of ultra-high strength concrete columns with 100 MPa compressive strength for the requirement of ACI provisions. Eight 1/3 scaled columns were fabricated to simulate an 1/2 story of actual structural members with the cross section $300{\times}300mm$ and the aspect ratio 4. The main variables are axial load ratio, configurations and volumetric ratios of transverse reinforcement. The results show that the deformability of columns are affected by the configurations and volumetric ratios of transverse reinforcement. Especially, it has been found that the behavior of columns are affected by axial load ratio rather than the amounts and the configurations of transverse reinforcement. Consequently, to secure the ductile behavior of 100 MPa ultra-high strength concrete columns, ACI provisions for the requirement of transverse steel may considered axial load level and the details of transverse reinforcement.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2013

In the sewage structures and wastewater facilities, concrete is exposed to hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) which acts as an acid material in a solution, and a strongly acidic sulfate ion ($SO{_4}^{-2}$) is generated by a sulfuric bacteria. Hence, a degradation of concrete with biochemical corrosion would be accelerated. Finally, durability of concrete and concrete structures may be greatly reduced. In this study, in order to remove the hydrogen sulfide which is used by the sulfuric bacteria organic-biologically, the antibiotic metal and metallic salt powders were mixed to concrete, and a suppressing performance of the sulfate ion was assessed. For the sulfuric acid bacteria, a comparative evaluation of antimicrobial performance on neutralized concrete specimens were carried out, also by a rapid chloride penetration test, chloride penetration depths and diffusion coefficients were measured for antibiotic concrete in accordance with the amount of metal and metallic salt-based antibacterial agents. Eventually, by an observation of the biochemical state of the surface of concrete specimens exposed outdoors, the performance and applicability of antibiotic concrete were confirmed.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2003

A 150 kV gas cluster ion accelerator was constructed and the cluster sizes of $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ gases were measured using time-of-flight mast spectrometry. Through isolated cluster ion impact on a HOPG, hillock with 1 nm height and a few tenth m in diameter were found to be formed by an atomic force microscope. When monomer ion beams were irradiated on the hillocks existed on a ITO surface, they became sharper and the surface became rougher. But they changed into round-shaped ones by cluster ion irradiation and the surface became smooth after the irradiation of $5\times10^{-14}\textrm{cm}^2$ at 25 kV. As the cluster ion dose was varied, the change of surface morphology and roughness of Si was examined. At the lower dose, the density of hillocks and surface roughness were increased, called surface embossment process. And then after the critical dose at which the area of the formed hillocks equals to the unirradiated area, the sputtering from the hillocks was predominantly evolved, and dislocated atoms were diffused and filled among the valleys, called surface sputtering and smoothing process. At the higher ion dose, the surface consisting of loosely bounded atoms was effectively sputtered into the depth and etching phenomenon was happened, called surface etching process.