• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1094-1099
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• 2021

Hermetia illucens (Black soldier fly) is attracting attention as an environmental purification insect because it can supply a wide range of by-products of the agricultural food industry. Also, it has a potential feed for fish, birds, and pets due to a short life cycle and excellent nutritional components. Several pharmacological effects, including antimicrobial, of H. illucens have been reported. However, no study has focused on antiobesity effects of ethanol extract of H. illucens. In this study, we aimed to assess the anti-obesity effects of ethanol extract of H. illucens larvae (HIE) through inhibition of differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes. The amount of lipid accumulated in adipocytes was measured by oil red-O staining, and the inhibitory effect on adipogenesis was confirmed. The expression levels of factors related to adipocyte differentiation and fat synthesis were determined using Western blot analysis. Lipid droplet formation in adipocytes was remarkably inhibited by HIE. In addition, treatment with 400 ㎍/ml of HIE significantly reduced the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α-transcription factors involved in adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that HIE is a potential anti-obesity agent because it inhibits adipocyte differentiation.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.447-455
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• 2022

Fully dehydrated Tl₁₂-LTA (|Tl₁₂|[Si₁₂Al₁₂O₄₈]-LTA,Tl₁₂-A) was treated with 6.0×10³ Pa of ZrI₄ (g) at 623 K for 72 hr under anhydrous conditions. The crystal structure of product, |Zr_0.25I_1.5Tl₁₂|[Si₁₂Al₁₂O₄₈]-LTA, was determined by single-crystal crystallography using synchrotron X-radiation in the cubic space group Pm3m (a = 12.337(2) Å). It was refined using all data to the final error index (for the 712 unique reflections for which F_o> 4σ(F_o) R₁/wR₂= 0.055/0.189. In this structure, octahedral ZrI₆^2- ions center about 25% of the large cavities (Zr-I = 2.91(4) Å). Each coordinates to eight Tl⁺ ions and they are further bridged by Tl⁺ ions in the planes of 8-rings to form a cubic three-dimensional ZrI₆Tl₁₁⁹⁺ cationic cluster. About 1.5 Tl⁺ ions per unit cell moved to deeper side of sodalite cavity after reaction with ZrI₄(g). The remaining Tl⁺ ions occupy well-established cation positions near 6- and 8-rings.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.756-765
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• 1997

Background : To study the prognosis of patients with lung cancer, many investigators have reported the methods to detect cell proliferation in tissues including PCNA, thymidine autoradiography, flow cytometry and Ki-67. PCNA, also known as cyclin, is a cell related nuclear protein with 36KD intranuclear polypeptide that is maximally elevated in S phase of proliferating cells. In this study, PCNA was identified by paraffin-embedding tissue using immunohistochemistry which has an advantage of simplicity and maintenance of tissue architecture. The variation of PCNA expression is known to be related with proliferating fraction, histologic type, anatomic(TNM) stage, degree of cell differentiation, S-phase fraction and survival rate. We analyzed the correlation between PCNA expression and S-phase fraction, survival. Method : To investigate expression of PCNA in primary lung cancer, we used immunohistochemical stain to paraffin-embedded sections of 57 resected primary non-small cell lung cancer specimen and the results were analyzed according to the cell type, cell differentiation, TNM stage, S-phase fraction and survival. Results : PCNA expression was divided into five group according to degree of staging(-, +, ++, +++, ++++). Squamous cell type showed high positivity than in adenocarcinoma. Nonsignificant difference related to TNM stage was noticed. Nonsignificant difference related to degree of cell differentiation was noticed. S-phase fraction was increased with advance of PCNA positivity, but it could not reach the statistic significance. The 2 year survival rate and median survival time were -50% 13 months, +75% 41.3 months, ++73% 33.6 months, +++67% 29.0 months, ++++25% 9 months with statistic significance (P<0.05, Kaplan-Meier, generalized Wilcox). Conclusion : From this study, PCNA expression was high positive in squamous cell cancer. And, there was no relationship between PCNA positivity and TNM stage, cellular differentiation or S-phase fraction. But, the patients with high positive PCNA staining showed poor survival rate than the patients with lower positive PCNA staining (p<0.05). It was concluded that PCNA immunostaining is a simple and useful method for survival prediction in paraffin embedded tissue of non-small cell lung cancer.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.766-773
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• 2013

A transparent film was fabricated based on bacterial cellulose (BC), BC has excellent physical strength and stability at high temperature and it is an environmental friendly flexible material. In order to improve the conductivity, silver nanowire (AgNW) and/or graphene were introduced to the BC membrane. The aspect ratio of the AgNW synthesized in this study was 214, with a length of $15{\mu}m$ and width of 70 nm. The higher aspect ratio improved the conductivity by reducing the contact resistance. The thermal and electrical properties of 7 types of films prepared were investigated. Each film was fabricated with rectangular shape ($2mm{\times}2mm{\times}50{\mu}m$). The films were scored with a net shape by a knife, and filled with AgNW and graphene to bestow conductivity. The film filled with AgNW showed favorable electrical characteristics with a thickness of $350{\mu}m$, electron concentration of $1.53{\times}10^{19}$, electron mobility of $6.63{\times}10^5$, and resistivity of 0.28. The film filled with graphene had a thickness of $360{\mu}m$, electron concentration of $7.74{\times}10^{17}$, electron mobility of 0.17, and resistivity of 4.78. The transmittances at 550 nm were 98.1% and 80.9%, respectively. All the films were able to light LEDs bulbs although their brightness differed. A thermal stability test of the BC and PET films at $150{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ showed that the BC film was more stable, whereas the PET film was quickly banded. From these results, it was confirmed that there it is possible to fabricate new transparent conductivity films based on BC.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24
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• pp.5-38
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• 1991

비료(肥料)를 공업적(工業的)으로 제조(製造)하여 농업(農業)에 사용(使用)하기 시작(始作)한 이래(以來) 신비종(新肥種)의 개발(開發)에 대한 관심(關心)은 부단(不斷)히 계속(繼續)되어 왔으며 현재(現在)에도 어느 국가(國家)나 생산업계(生産業界)에서 개발(開發)을 위한 노력(努力)을 많이 기우리고 있음이 현실(現實)일 것이다. 어느 국가(國家)와 어느 시대(時代)에 있어서나 현존(現存) 비종(肥種)을 생산(生産)함에는 소비(消費)와 생산면(生産面)에서 상응(相應)하는 사정(事情)이 있었을 것이며 또한 미래(未來)에도 신비종(新肥種)을 개량(改良)하거나 창제(創製)함에는 여러 가지 관련문제(關聯問題)를 검토(檢討)하여 새로운 요구(要求)에 합리적(合理的)으로 부합(符合)되도록 설계(設計)해야 할 것이다. 비료(肥料)는 현대(現代) 농업(農業)에서 불가피(不可避)하게 사용(使用)되는 기본자재(基本資材)이며 세계적(世界的)으로 그 소비(消費)가 증가(增加)되나 국가별(國家別) 농업(農業)의 특수성(特殊性)에 맞추어서 비료(肥料)의 형태(形態)와 생산량(生産量)에 차이(差異)가 있게 되며 또 변화(變化), 개량(改良)될 것이다. 우리나라의 농업(農業)이 최근(最近) 급속(急速)히 변화(變化)되면서 생산수단(生産手段)과 경영(經營)에도 큰 변혁(變革)이 불가피(不可避)하게 따라야 할 것으로 판단(判斷)된다. 생산수단(生産手段)의 개량(改良)은 농산물(農産物) 생산가(生産價)를 낮추고 노력(勞力)의 투입(投入)을 줄이며 우수품질(優秀品質)의 농산물(農産物)을 안정적(安定的)으로 생산(生産)하기 위한 대응책(對應策)이 될 것이다. 비료(肥料)의 사용(使用)은 이러한 시대적(時代的) 요구(要求)에 맞추어 신비종(新肥種)이 개발(開發)되고 시용기술면(施用技術面)에서 발전(發展)이 있어야 될 것이다. 미래(未來)의 우리 나라 농업(農業)을 위하여 개발(開發)되어야 할 비종(肥種)의 형태(形態)와 그에 관련(關聯)되는 요건(要件)은 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 시비효율(施肥效率)을 높히기 위하여서나 성력재배(省力裁培)를 위하여 완효성(緩效性) 비료(肥料) 특히 질소비료(窒素肥料)의 신비종(新肥種) 개발(開發)이 절실(切實)히 필요(必要)하다고 판단(判斷)됨. 신비종(新肥種)은 대상작물(對象作物)의 종류(種類), 재배방식(裁培方式) 및 기계화(機械化) 상태(狀態)에 적합(適合)한 형태별(形態別)로 제조(製造)됨이 바람직함. 완효성(緩效性) 질소비료(窒素肥料)의 제조(製造)에는 화학합성(化學合成), 성형화(成形化), 흡착화(吸着化) 및 피복화(被覆化) 방식중(方式中) 성형화(成形化)에 의한 것이 최다(最多)이나 피복화(被覆化)도 재료(材料)와 기술(技術)의 발전(發展)에 따라 증가(增加)의 경향(傾向)임. 2. 현존(現存) 복합비료(複合肥料)의 토양(土壤) 및 작물(作物)에 대한 적합성(適合性)을 재검토(再檢討)하여 효율(效率)을 높히도록 개량(改良)함. 3. 소시비방식(少施肥方式)의 영농(營農)으로서 환경(環境)을 오염(汚染)으로부터 방호(防護)할 것이며 4. 작물종류(作物種類)(품종포함(品種包含)) 유전자형별(遺傳子型別) 비료감응성(肥料感應性)을 검정(檢定)하여 소시비(少施肥), 고효율(高效率)을 기(期)하도록함. 5 작물(作物)의 영양생리학(營養生理學) 분야(分野)에서도 비료외적(肥料外的)인 성장관련요인(成長關聯要因)의 작용(作用)을 연구(硏究)하여 응용(應用)의 가능성(可能性)을 추구(追究)함이 미래(未來)의 한 과제(課題)가 될 것으로 생각됨. 예(例): 유전공학적(遺傳工學的) 기법(技法)에 의한 성장인자(成長因子)의 개량(改良) 또는 시비효율(施肥效率)의 증대(增大) 작물성장(作物成長)과 미생물활동(微生物活動)과의 상호관계(相互關係) 등(等). 6. 가용(可用) 자원(資源)의 비료화(肥料化)를 위하여 타산업(他産業)의 부산물(副産物) 및 폐기물(廢棄物) (특히 유기질(有機質) 자원(資源))을 효율적(效率的)으로 재활용(再活用)하도록 함.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.21-35
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• 2016

Recently, there has been a rapid increase in the sale and purchase of an array of organic products. In particular, organic milk has grown in popularity. This growth could lead to expensive, premium retail prices for various organic cow's milk products. In fact, most consumers believe that (1) dairy farming to produce organic milk is beneficial for human health and (2) organic milk products are made without the use of various antibiotics, synthetic chemicals, genetic modification, extra hormones, and so on. Several factors, including breed, diet, and stage of lactation, are known to influence the composition of milk. Therefore, this review (1) presents a research outline to compare organic and conventional milk and (2) provides a summary of individual elements that affect the composition of milk.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.482-491
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• 2004

Background: The xenogenic or allogenic valves after in Vitro repopulation with autologous cells or in vivo repo-pulation after acellularization treatment to remove the antigenicity could used as an alternative to synthetic polymer scaffold. In the present study, we evaluated the process of repopulation by recipient cell to the acellu-larized xenograft treated with NaCl-SDS solution and grafted in the right ventricular outflow tract. Material and Method: Porcine pulmonary valved conduit were treated with. NaCl-SDS solution to make the grafts acellularized and implanted in the right ventricular outflow tract of the goats under cardiopulmonary bypass. After evaluating the functions of pulmonary valves by echocardiography, goats were sacrificed at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after implantation, respectively. After retrieving the implanted valved conduits, histopathologic examination with Hematoxylin-Eosin, Masson' trichrome staining and immunohistochemical staining was performed. Result: Among the six goats, which had been implanted with acellularized pulmonary valved conduits, five survived the expected time period. Echocardiographic examinations for pulmonary valves revealed good function except mild regurgitation and stenosis. Microscopic analysis of the leaflets showed progressive cellular in-growth, composed of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and endothelial cells, into the acellularized leaflets over time. Severe inflammatory respon-se was detected in early phase, though it gradually decreased afterwards. The extracellular matrices were regenerated by repopulated cells on the recellularized portion of the acellularized leaflet. Conclusion: The acellularized xenogenic pulmonary valved conuits were repopulated with fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and endothelial cells of the recipient and extracellullar matrices were regenerated by repopulted cells 12 months after the implantation. The functional integrity of pulmonary valves was well preserved. This study showed that the acellularized porcine xenogenic valved conduits could be used as an ideal valve prosthesis with long term durability.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 2012

Purpose: Polymerization of HEMA(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) which can be used in the soft contact lens has been performed by using electron beam(EB) irradiation, and examined the best condition for the polymerization. Comparing the physical properties of the contact lenses to the one fabricated by thermal polymerization method, we check the use possibility of the EB irradiation to the fabrication of the soft contact lens. Methods: We investigated the degree of polymerization of the HEMA according to the composition of the monomer, the additive ratio and the dose of electron beam (0~120 kGy). The degree of polymerization was measured depending on the EB dose to research the best synthetic condition under the EB irradiation. The physical properties of the contact lens such as water content(%), oxygen transmissibility(Dk/t) and optical transmittance were analysed by using the FT-IR results with comparing the two different polymerization method (thermal and electron beam polymerization) with same additive ratio. Results: When the dose of electron beam was above 100 kGy, the degree of polymerization of HEMA was above 99% with regardless using cross-linker and initiator. The water content of the lens fabricated by EB method showed 10% higher than the one by the thermal method which was 40%. The lens fabricated by EB method also showed higher oxygen transmissibility(Dk/t) as same with the water content, and showed twice higher value in the lens fabricated by pure HEMA. According to the FT-IR results, hydrophilic property of the lens fabricated by EB method was increased due to increasing the intermolecular hydrogen bonding. It showed above 90% optical transmittance in the visible range of wavelength on the contact lenses fabricated by the both of two different polymerization method. Conclusions: The polymerization of HEMA without cross-linker and initiator was successful above 100 kGy of EB irradiation. Moreover the lens fabricated from the polymer synthesized by pure HEMA with 100 kGy of EB showed the highest water content and oxygen transmissibility. Therefore EB irradiation is another possible method to synthesize the polymer which can be used for the soft contact lens.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.226-234
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• 2010

Foliage residue toxicity experiment was performed against honeybee (Apis mellifera) with bifenthrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide with strong acute contact toxicity and imidacloprid, a neo-nicotinoid insecticide with strong acute oral toxicity to know the honeybee toxicity at the residue level on the leaves of alfalfa and apple. Also, the formulation differences to honeybee toxicity were investigated with WP (2%) and EC (1%) of bifenthrin and WP (10%) and SL (4%) of imidacloprid. Generally, foliage residual toxicity of honeybee and residual amounts of tested insecticides was higher in alfalfa leaves with large leaf area per unit weight than in apple leaves. While on the other hand, the only bifenthrin WP treatment showed higher honeybee toxicity on apple leaves than alfalfa. Although imidacloprid showed higher residue amounts ranged $4.9{\sim}25.4\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ than bifenthrin ranged $0.6{\sim}12.7\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ on the leaves, the residual toxicity to honeybee was lower than bifenthrin because of its strong penetration character. In conclusion, the residual toxicity of insecticide to honeybee could be affected by the contact and vaporized toxicity of chemical, the residual amounts on the surface of leaves, and the leaf area per unit weight and formulation differences.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.210-225
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• 1997

From their general natures of peraluminous, S-type and ilmenite-series granites, two-mica granites in the Cheongsan, Inje-Hongcheon, Yeongju and Namwon areas were originated from crust-derived granitic magma and solidified under reducing condition. Each two-mica granite in Inje-Hongcheon and Namwon districts was differentiated from the the residual magma of porphyric biotite granite and high Ti/Mg biotite granite, respectively. The genetic relationships between two-mica granite and porphyritic biotite granite in Chenongsan district and between two-mica granite and biotite granodiorite in Yeongju district are ambiguous. In Namwon district granitic magmas were water-saturated and possible water solubilities in magmas were more than 5.8wt.%. In Yeongju district two-mica granitic magma was nearly water-saturated and showed possible water solubilities between 2.4~5.8wt.%. Two-mica granitic magmas in Cheongsan and Inje-Hongcheon districts were water-undersaturated. Pressure-dependent minimum melt compositions (0.5~2kb) and petrographic textures of two-mica granites in Inje-Hongcheon and Yeongju districts represent that the granites intruded and solidified at shallow level, whereas those in Cheongsan and Namwon districts exhibit relatively deeper level of granitic intrusion (2-3kb). The intersection of granite-solidus/muscovite stability indicates that magmatic primary muscovite can be crystallized from the water-saturated magma above 1.6kb (ca. 6km), but below the pressure muscovite can be formed by the subsolidus reaction. On the other hand, more pressure would be necessary for the crystallization of primary muscovite from the water-undersaturated magma. This pressure condition can explain the occurrence of primary and secondary muscovites from the two-mica granites in the areas considered. The experimental muscovite stability must be cautious of the application to examine the origin of muscovite. The muscovite stability can move toward high temperature field with adding of Ti, Fe and Mg components to the octahedral site of pure muscovite end member.