• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.231-251
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• 2016

This study examined the effect of brand experience and personality on customer-brand relationships, brand attachment, and brand loyalty in domestic and global coffee shop brands. By comparing inter-structural relationships among factors between domestic brands and global brands, this study also provided strategic implications and directions for the effective marketing strategy of coffee shop brands. Data were collected through a self-administered survey of the consumers aged 20's to early 40's who used domestic and global brand coffee shops in Seoul and Kyunggi between August 1, 2014 and August 30, 2014. 500 surveys were distributed and 495 surveys were returned. Among them, data from 493 surveys were used for the analysis. The results from this study are as follows. First, it was found that the Think of experiences in coffee shop had a greater effect on consumer-brand relationship than the Sense-Feel. Second, the Sophistication of brand personality in coffee shop had a greater effect on consumer-brand relationship than the Excitement. Third, only Think of experience in coffee shop significantly impacted brand attachment, but Sense-Feel did not impact brand attachment. Fourth, only Excitement of brand personality in coffee shop significantly impacted brand attachment, but Sophistication did notact on brand attachment. Fifth, the consumer-brand relationship had a greater effect on brand loyalty than did brand attachment. Finally, the differences from a comparison analysis of domestic brands and global brands of coffee shop are as follows. In domestic brands, only the Sophistication of brand personality in coffee shop significantly impacted consumer-brand relationship. In global brands, the brand personality in coffee shop did not impact on consumer-brand relationship.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.97-121
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• 2013

With the growing importance of knowledge for sustainable competitive advantages and innovation in a volatile environment, many researches on knowledge sharing have been conducted. However, previous researches have mostly relied on the questionnaire survey which has inherent perceptive errors of respondents. The current research has drawn the relationship among primary participant behaviors towards the participation level in knowledge sharing, basically from online user behaviors on Wikipedia, a representative community for online knowledge collaboration. Without users' participation in knowledge sharing, knowledge collaboration for creating knowledge cannot be successful. By the way, the editing patterns of Wikipedia users are diverse, resulting in different revisiting periods for the same number of edits, and thus varying results of shared knowledge. Therefore, we illuminated the participation level of knowledge sharing from two different angles of number of edits and revisiting period. The behavioral dimensions affecting the level of participation in knowledge sharing includes the article talk for public discussion and user talk for private messaging, and community registration, which are observable on Wiki platform. Public discussion is being progressed on article talk pages arranged for exchanging ideas about each article topic. An article talk page is often divided into several sections which mainly address specific type of issues raised during the article development procedure. From the diverse opinions about the relatively trivial things such as what text, link, or images should be added or removed and how they should be restructured to the profound professional insights are shared, negotiated, and improved over the course of discussion. Wikipedia also provides personal user talk pages as a private messaging tool. On these pages, diverse personal messages such as casual greetings, stories about activities on Wikipedia, and ordinary affairs of life are exchanged. If anyone wants to communicate with another person, he or she visits the person's user talk page and leaves a message. Wikipedia articles are assessed according to seven quality grades, of which the featured article level is the highest. The dataset includes participants' behavioral data related with 2,978 articles, which have reached the featured article level, with editing histories of articles, their article talk histories, and user talk histories extracted from user talk pages for each article. The time period for analysis is from the initiation of articles until their promotion to the featured article level. The number of edits represents the total number of participation in the editing of an article, and the revisiting period is the time difference between the first and last edits. At first, the participation levels of each user category classified according to behavioral dimensions have been analyzed and compared. And then, robust regressions have been conducted on the relationships among independent variables reflecting the degree of behavioral characteristics and the dependent variable representing the participation level. Especially, through adopting a motivational theory adequate for online environment in setting up research hypotheses, this work suggests a theoretical framework for the participation level of online knowledge sharing. Consequently, this work reached the following practical behavioral results besides some theoretical implications. First, both public discussion and private messaging positively affect the participation level in knowledge sharing. Second, public discussion exerts greater influence than private messaging on the participation level. Third, a synergy effect of public discussion and private messaging on the number of edits was found, whereas a pretty weak negative interaction effect of them on the revisiting period was observed. Fourth, community registration has a significant impact on the revisiting period, whereas being insignificant on the number of edits. Fifth, when it comes to the relation generated from private messaging, the frequency or depth of relation is shown to be more critical than the scope of relation for the participation level.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 2005

Effects of co-solvent polarity, citric acid, pressure, temperature, run time, and co-solvent ratio on extraction of major flavonoids from Lonicera Flos were investigated using supercritical fluid $CO_{2}(SF-CO_{2})$. HPLC analysis revealed addition of pure methanol resulted in low extraction yield of major flavonoids, luteoloin (Lu), Quercetin (Qu), Apigenin (Ap). Under same condition, as co-solvent polarity increased, yields of major flavonoids increased gradually, At optimum co-solvent extraction condirion of 60% aqueous methanol (10%, v/v), yields of Lu, Qu, and Ap were 42.09, 28.18, and 3.49 mg/100 g, respectively. Addition of citric acid to 60% aqueous methanol gave higher, with addition of 1% citrie acid resulting in highest yields of 63.2 (Lu), 39.35 (Qu), and 5.79 (Ap) mg/100 g. Optimum extraction conditions of major flavonoids were 200 bar, $50^{\circ}C$, 60 min, and $CO_{2}$-methanol-water(20: 1.8: 1.2).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1243-1253
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• 2012

The production and secretion of growth hormone (GH) in the anterior pituitary gland can be induced by several natural products to control cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. To investigate whether Chungkookjang (CKJ) produced by the fermentation process affects GH-related metabolism, the secretion and the response of GH were observed in pituitary cells and GH target cells. Among six CKJs manufactured by different strains of glycine max, only three CKJs, including Daewon (DW), Daepung (DP), and Taegwang (TG), induced GH secretion from GH3 cells at 5.0 mg/ml concentration. There were no significant changes detected in the viability of any of the cells treated with these CKJs. In addition, the increase in GH secretion from the GH3 cells was dependent on the concentration of the three types of CKJs. The proliferation of cell lines, including MG63 and HepG2 cells, that originated from those derived from the GH target organs was significantly activated by treatment with the GH-containing conditional medium (GCM) harvested from the three CKJ-treated GH3 cells, although their induction rate was different from each other. In these cells, p-STAT5 was maximally translocated into the nucleus of MG63 cells 30 min after DW treatment, while it was translocated in HepG2 cells at 60 min. These results suggest that these three types of CKJ could enhance the secretion of GH, as well as the GCM-derived response, in the two target organs.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.105-122
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• 2019

Dimensionality reduction is one of the methods to handle big data in text mining. For dimensionality reduction, we should consider the density of data, which has a significant influence on the performance of sentence classification. It requires lots of computations for data of higher dimensions. Eventually, it can cause lots of computational cost and overfitting in the model. Thus, the dimension reduction process is necessary to improve the performance of the model. Diverse methods have been proposed from only lessening the noise of data like misspelling or informal text to including semantic and syntactic information. On top of it, the expression and selection of the text features have impacts on the performance of the classifier for sentence classification, which is one of the fields of Natural Language Processing. The common goal of dimension reduction is to find latent space that is representative of raw data from observation space. Existing methods utilize various algorithms for dimensionality reduction, such as feature extraction and feature selection. In addition to these algorithms, word embeddings, learning low-dimensional vector space representations of words, that can capture semantic and syntactic information from data are also utilized. For improving performance, recent studies have suggested methods that the word dictionary is modified according to the positive and negative score of pre-defined words. The basic idea of this study is that similar words have similar vector representations. Once the feature selection algorithm selects the words that are not important, we thought the words that are similar to the selected words also have no impacts on sentence classification. This study proposes two ways to achieve more accurate classification that conduct selective word elimination under specific regulations and construct word embedding based on Word2Vec embedding. To select words having low importance from the text, we use information gain algorithm to measure the importance and cosine similarity to search for similar words. First, we eliminate words that have comparatively low information gain values from the raw text and form word embedding. Second, we select words additionally that are similar to the words that have a low level of information gain values and make word embedding. In the end, these filtered text and word embedding apply to the deep learning models; Convolutional Neural Network and Attention-Based Bidirectional LSTM. This study uses customer reviews on Kindle in Amazon.com, IMDB, and Yelp as datasets, and classify each data using the deep learning models. The reviews got more than five helpful votes, and the ratio of helpful votes was over 70% classified as helpful reviews. Also, Yelp only shows the number of helpful votes. We extracted 100,000 reviews which got more than five helpful votes using a random sampling method among 750,000 reviews. The minimal preprocessing was executed to each dataset, such as removing numbers and special characters from text data. To evaluate the proposed methods, we compared the performances of Word2Vec and GloVe word embeddings, which used all the words. We showed that one of the proposed methods is better than the embeddings with all the words. By removing unimportant words, we can get better performance. However, if we removed too many words, it showed that the performance was lowered. For future research, it is required to consider diverse ways of preprocessing and the in-depth analysis for the co-occurrence of words to measure similarity values among words. Also, we only applied the proposed method with Word2Vec. Other embedding methods such as GloVe, fastText, ELMo can be applied with the proposed methods, and it is possible to identify the possible combinations between word embedding methods and elimination methods.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.3 s.260
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• pp.208-213
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• 2006

Background: The prevalence of anastomotic complication is related to anastomotic procedure or site in esophageal cancer operation. We studied the anastomotic leakage and stricture related to the anastomotic procedure & site in patients who received the esophageal resection and reconstruction for esophageal cancer. Material and Method: The anastomotic procedure, site and complication of 321 patients who received the esophageal reconstruction from August 1993 to May 2003 were investigated. Mean age was 64.5$\pm$4.9 (37${\~}$94) years, 300 patients ($93.5\%$) were male and 21 patients were female ($6.5\%$). Result: There were 7 anastomotic leakages ($2.2\%$) and no difference in anastomotic site (cervical anastomosis $4.1\%$, thoracic anastomosis $1.6\%$) and procedure (stapler technique $1.6\%$, semi-staple technique $9.1\%$, hand-sewn technique $0.0\%$). There were 52 anastomotic strictures ($16.2\%$), differences in sites (cervical anastomosis $2.7\%$, thoracic anastomosis $20.2\%$) (p < 0.001) and procedure (stapler technique $20.0\%$, semi-stapler technique $3.0\%$, hand-sewn technique $4.7\%$). And the stapler technique showed higher stricture rate (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Anastomotic technique was less related to anastomotic leakage in esophageal reconstruction for esophageal cancer. However, stapler technique had higher stricture rate than other techniques. Therefore, we suggest that the anastomotic technique be improved to reduce anastomotic stricture.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1002-1008
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• 2011

This study aimed to examine the effect of the Schizandra chinensis fruit and Morus alba leaf on insulin expression in HIT-T15 cells, which is exposed by glucose. The total polyphenol contents of the S. chinensis fruit ethanol extract and the M. alba leaf hot-water extract were $20.11{\pm}0.35$ mg/g and $50.02{\pm}0.62$ mg/mL, respectively. The S. chinensis fruit ethanol extract and the M. alba leaf hot-water extract contained $2.85{\pm}0.15$ and $8.76{\pm}0.43$ mg/g flavonoids, respectively. The antioxidant ability of the M. alba leaf hot-water extract was found to be superior to that of the S. chinensis fruit ethanol extract. Compared to the HIT-T15-treated 10 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose, the $100{\mu}g/mL$ S. chinensis ethanol extract was found to have a two fold increase in insulin productivity. Moreover, the $100{\mu}g/mL$ M. alba leaf hot-water extract promoted the insulin secretion of high-glucose-damaged HIT-T15 almost ten fold. The above results showed that the S. chinensis fruit ethanol extract and M. alba leaf hot-water extract may improve the insulin productivity of the beta cell with glucose-induced oxidative damage. These data suggest that the S. chinensis fruit ethanol extract and the M. alba leaf hot-water extract can be used as food materials for the regulation of insulin secretion.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.431-439
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• 2017

This study was conducted to examine the antioxidant activities and physiological activities of mixture extracts (Liriope platyphylla, Schizandra chinensis and Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) with different extraction mixing ratios (MEC, 2:1:1; ME1, 1:2:1; ME2, 1:1:2; ME3, 1.34:1.33:1.33). The yield of extracts ranged from 25.33 to 33.87%. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of ME1 extracts were 1.01 g/100 g, 0.07 g/100 g, respectively. The total sugar contents of MEC extract was 22.83 g/100 g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of ME1 extracts at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 26.79% and 21.08%. The superoxide radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power of ME1 extracts at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 67.83% and $295.47{\mu}M$, respectively. The functionalities of extracts were investigated with L-132 and RAW264.7 cell lines. The extracts on different mixing ratios did not show the toxicity on L-132 and RAW264.7 cell line in $100-2,500{\mu}g/mL$. The ME1 extract of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ performed better than other extracts protective effects against oxidative stess in L-132 cells (81.22%) and the ME2 extract at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ decreased nitric oxide production by $7.48{\mu}M$ which was more potent than other extracts. There results suggest that the ME1 extracts may be a useful functional food material in the food industry.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2005

To investigate the effect of pyroligneous acid liquor (PAL) on the maturity of pig manure compost, PAL was treated to the compost piles. The treatments included applications of 100 and 300 times diluted PAL in addition to the control. The compost piles were stirred in three times at the 1st, 10th, and 25th day of composting. Temperature in the compost pile of control treatment increased from 28 to $60^{\circ}C$ within 10 days and remained nearly at the level until 30th day, then it began to decrease. On the other hand, temperature of the PAL-100 and PAL-300 treatments reached 65 to $70^{\circ}C$ within 8 days and became stabilized until 30th day, then the temperature decreased to about $28^{\circ}C$. However, the temperature of control was stabilized approximately at the 40th day. Initially, the pH of control treatment dropped from 8.2 to slightly above pH 8.0 during 4th day, but that of the PAL-100 treatment declined to 7.8. Among treatments, pH value of PAL-100 treatment was the lowest, which was about 7.3 after becoming stabilization. Also the germination index (GI) was increased at all treatments. The C/N ratio range of PAL-100 treatment was better balanced than others and was at 24.3. Moreover the round paper chromatogram of extracted solution of compost of PAL-100 treatment was the sharpest and clearest among treatments. The GI values of control, PAL-100, and PAL-300 in 60 days of composting were about 108, 120, and 118 in germination test using chinese cabbage, respectively. It can be concluded that the addition of diluted PAL solution is effective in composting of pig manure.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.223-232
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• 2023

Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of various skin conditions, resulting in cellular and tissue damage that can contribute to the development of skin tone unevenness, roughness and wrinkles. In this study, we found that Trifolium pratense L. extract (TE) attenuated oxidative-induced damage in HaCaT cells and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism. Our finding demonstrated that TE effectively protected HaCaT cells against H₂O₂-induced cell death by inhibiting caspase-3 activation, downregulating Bax and upregulating Bcl-2, and attenuating the activation of three mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Our results suggest that TE has remarkable cytoprotective properties against oxidative damage in HaCaT cells and could serve as a complementary or alternative approach to prevent and treat skin damage.