• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2021

This study aimed to develop an alternative organic fertilizer to castor oil cake-based fertilizers. To assess the nutrient effect of the developed fermented mixed organic fertilizers, the yield of lettuce and soil characteristics after growth were analyzed and compared to those of a trial using a mixed expeller cake fertilizer. Two fermented mixed organic fertilizers, FA and FB, each containing 5.0% nitrogen, 2.6% phosphate, and 1.4% potassium, were produced by mixing different ratios of rice bran, dried distillers grains, sesame oil meal, and fish meal. This study was conducted with six trials: untreated, mixed expeller cake fertilizer, and the fermented mixed organic fertilizers FA and FB. Based on the amount of nitrogen fertilization (70 kg ha^-1) on the lettuce, the fermented mixed organic fertilizers FA and FB were applied at 100% and 150%, respectively, and the mixed oil cake was applied at 100%. As the amount of treatment increased, there was no significant difference except the number of leaves in FA treatment. The yields from the FA100 and FB100 treatments were 38.2 and 40.8 Mg ha^-1, respectively, which was not significantly different from that of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer treatment at 38.3 Mg ha^-1. In addition, the nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of the lettuce were not significantly different between mixed expeller cake fertilizer and fermented mixed organic fertilizer treatments. Analysis of the chemical properties of the soil after the trial showed that he mixed expeller cake fertilizer treatment showed the lowest pH. There were no significant differences in electrical conductivity, content of soil organic matter, available phosphate, and exchangeable cation among the fertilizer treatments. However, the bacterial and actinomyces density was higher in the soil from the fertilizer trials than in the non-fertilizer trials. These results indicated that the two tested fermented mixed organic fertilizers had nourishing effects and soil characteristics that were similar to those of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer. Thus, farmers can use these fermented mixed organic fertilizers as alternatives to castor oil cakes for the cultivation of organic lettuce.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.77-85
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• 2020

This study analyzes the effects of mixed fermented organic fertilizer on chinese cabbage growth and soil properties in order to investigate the nutritional effects of organic fertilizers, which are developed as an alternative fertilizer for imported castor oil cake. In this study, four treatments were set up: 100% and 200% rate of nitrogen application (320 kg ha-1 for Chinese cabbage) on mixed fermented organic fertilizer A(FA) and mixed fermented organic fertilizer B(FB), respectively, 100% rates of the mixed expeller cake (MEC) fertilizer, and the untreated control. Results revealed that the growth and yield of Chinese cabbage increased as more fermented organic fertilizer was used. However, while there were no significant differences in growth characteristics between treatments of 100% rate of mixed fermented organic fertilizer and 100% rate of MEC, the impacts on yields resulted similar. The nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of Chinese cabbage was measured a range of 20-31% depending on the response to treatment. The 100% FA showed the same as NUE and nitrogen absorption with 100% rate of MEC. Regarding soil properties after cultivation, there were no significant differences among the effects of fertilizers in pH, EC, soil organic matter, and available phosphate. However, the content of exchangeable cations(K, Ca, Mg) was higher in areas treated with mixed fermented organic fertilizer than in untreated areas. Furthermore, the bacterial population density in the soil was higher in areas treated with mixed fermented organic fertilizer than in untreated areas and increased as more mixed fermented organic fertilizer was used. There were no significant differences in the population density of actinomycetes and fungi when fertilizer was applied to the soil. These results also show that FA, as a alternative organic fertilizer for imported castor oil cake, has similar nutritional effects as that of MEC. Therefore, further research the appropriate amounts of fertilizer is required to achieve economical and eco-friendly nutrient management.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to determine the development of mixed organic fertilizer using photosynthetic bacteria and mass production of mixed microbial compound for the environment-friendly agriculture. Photosynthetic bacteria, Rhodobacter sp. SA16 was isolated from soil collected by plastic film house. The SA16 strain was identified based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis and it is closely related to Rhodobacter sp.(100% similarity). The mixed organic fertilizer using SA16 was made of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O=60-10-20\;g\;kg^{-1}$ with combined soybean cake, sesame cake, powdered blood, fish meal, powdered bones and red-yellow soil. The mixed organic fertilizer 0.45, 0.90 and 1.35 Mg $ha^{-1}$ application in Ihyeon series was treated based on soil testing for lettuce cultivation in plastic film house. These results showed that the yield was increased the 18 and 19%over control by the mixed organic fertilizer application 0.45 and 0.90 Mg $ha^{-1}$, respectively. In the physical properties of the soil, the porosity of mixed organic fertilizer 1.35 Mg $ha^{-1}$ treatment was highest at 58.8%. Our results clearly revealed that the organic fertilizer using Rhodobacter sp. SA16 and mass production of mixed strains could be a useful technology in pursuing environment-friendly agriculture.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.35-42
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• 2019

Organic fertilization (OF) was an effective management strategy to improve crop yield and soil fertility. Determination of optimum application rate has been received great interest as a major research field. In this study, we evaluated optimum application level of three different organic fertilizers; mixed expeller compost (MEC), mixed organic fertilizer (MOF) and organic complex fertilizer (OCF), for garlic cultivation. Treatments consisted of MEC, MOF, OCF (50, 100, 150% of standard nitrogen input), inorganic fertilizer(NPK, N-P₂O₅-K₂O : 250-78-128 kg ha^-1) and no-fertilization (control). Overall, the yields of garlic under MEC, MOF and OCF 100% (5,337, 5,617 and 5,276 kg ha^-1) were higher than under control (4,496 kg ha^-1). The 100% of three OFs treatements showed the highest yield and bulb diameter, similar with NPK, while leaf length and bulb height were not significantly different among all treatments. The 150% of three OFs rather decreased yield. The highest nitrogen use efficiency (38.4 and 38.0%) was observed in MOF 100% and OCF100%, which was the most similar with that in NPK (38.8%). As OF application rate increased, pH was decreased, but soil NO₃-N and NH₄-N were increased. There was no significant difference in soil organic matter (OM), av. P₂O₅ and Ex. cation values. From these results, 100% application of OFs could be recommended as a suitable input level for garlic cultivation, regardless of organic fertilizer types. Further study might be required to evaluate long-term OF application effect on soil health and crop productivity.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.46-54
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• 2001

도시녹지 면적 확대의 해결책으로 부각되고 있는 옥상정원은 조성이 용이해야 하며, 옥상정원 조성에 있어 가장 문제시되는 하중 또한 고려되어야 한다. 이러한 문제들로 인해 최근 경량 인공토양의 이용 필요성이 부각되고 있으나, 자연토양에 비해 고가(高價)라는 이유로 자연토양이 주로 이용되거나, 인공토양이 이용되더라도 대부분 무기질계 단종(斷種) 인공토양만으로 시공되고 있어 식물 생육측면에서 단점 보완이 요구되고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 옥상정원 조성에 이용 가능한 유·무기질계 인공토양들을 혼합 조성하여 그 물리·화학적 특성을 살펴보고, 각각의 혼합 인공토양 및 토심에 따른 식물생육을 조사해 봄으로써 이용 가능성을 살펴보았다. 12종류의 혼합 경량 인공토양 및 5종류의 토심(5, 10, 20, 30cm)으로 조성된 인공지방산에 2000년 6월 7일 비비추(Hosta longipes)를 정식하였으며, 정식 112일 후에 최종 생육조사를 실시하였다. 혼합 경량 인공 토양 및 토심에 따른 토양의 물리 화학성은 인공토양 분석법을 기초로 조사 분석하였다. 그 결과, 1) 질석;피트모스(1:1, v/v), 펄라이트:질석:피트모스(1:1:2, v/v/v), 펄라이트;피트모스;입상암면(1:1:1, v/v/v) 혼합 경량 인공토양에서 비비추의 생육이 가장 좋았으며, 물리·화학성도 다른 토양에 비해 양호하였고, 하중도 적게 측정되었다. 2) 토심에 따른 비비추의 생육에서는 토심 10∼20cm에서 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않아, 토심 10cm에서도 자생 초화류의 생육이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다. 3)또한 인공토양의 물리·화학적 특성과 식물 생육(생체중)과의 상관관계를 조사한 결과 전기전도도(EC), Na함량 및 토양표면 온도가 식물 생육에 있어 다른 요인들에 비해 더 큰 영향을 끼침을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 위의 결과들을 살펴볼 때 혼합 경량 인공토양은 토심을 낮추어 하중을 감소시킬 수 있을 뿐 아니라 식물 생육측면에서도 긍정적인 효과를 나타내 기존 건물의 옥상정원에서도 이용이 가능할 것으로 보인다. 그러나 본 실험에서는 더 나아가 저장기적인 혼합 인공토양의 물리·화학성 변화 및 식물생육을 살펴보는 연구 또한 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.352-357
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• 1998

Biodegradation of benzoate and m-toluate was investigated using a Pseudomonas sp. isolated in a continuous culture for 45 days with a step-wise increase of the subsrates. The optimum mixture ratio of benzoate and m-toluate was 75% and 25%, respectively. During 45-day culture, removal of benzoate and m-toluate, which was replaced 2,000 ppm on the 30th day were 94% and 79%, respectively, when COD removal rate was 80%. The enzymatic activity of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase increased and that of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase decreased as the concentration of m-toluate was increased. These results suggested that m-toluate induced enzyme activity for degradation of benzoate. The shape of isolated strain in the continuous culture was investigated with SEM and the results showed that the cell shape was more damage according to the higher concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons. Therefore, we suggested that the tolerance against aromatic hydrocarbons was related to not only enzymatic activity but also characteristic of cell membrane or cell wall.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.4 s.83
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• pp.297-304
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• 1997

Effects of cultural conditions on the production of xylanase by Tremella fuciformis, symbiotic fungi and mixed fungi were investigated. The optimum carbon source for high production of xylanase by T. fuciformis, symbiotic fungi and mixed fungi was xylose. The optimum nitrogen source for both T. fuciformis and symbiotic fungi was $KNO_3$, whereas mixed fungi was $(NH_4)_2SO_4$. The optimum culture period for high production of xylanase was 5 days for both T. fuciformis and mixed fungi, and 6 days for symbiotic fungi, respectively. The optimum temperature for T. fuciformis and symbiotic fungi was $40^{\circ}C$, and the corresponding value for mixed fungi was $45^{\circ}C$. Xylanase activity was high at pH 6 for T. fuciformis and symbiotic fungi, and pH 7 for mixed fungi. Except $Hg^{2+}$ and $Pb^{2+}$, metal ions in T. fuciformis inhibited the activity of xylanase, and, thermal stability of xylanase in T. fuciformis, symbiotic fungi and mixed fungi maintained 80% of activity until $50^{\circ}C$. The Michaelis constant (Km) of xylan was $6.25{\times}10^{-5}\;M$ in T. fuciformis, $5.6{\times}10^{-2}\;M$ in symbiotic fungi, $5.2{\times}10^{-2}\;M$ in mixed fungi.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2003

The cellulases production in solid state fermentation (SSF) of Trichoderma harzianum FJ1 with high cellulases productivity using cellulosic wastes was investigated. Physical and chemical conditions of the fermentation, such as moisture content, initial pH, and composition of mixed substrate (wine waste, rice straw, and soybean flour) on FPase (Filter paper activity) production were examined. The enzyme production was optimized in the conditions of moisture content of 70%, pH 5.0, 3$0^{\circ}C$, and 1:1:1 composition of mixed substrate containing wine waste, rice straw, and soybean flour. The highest activities of FPA, CMCase, Xylanase, $\beta$-glucosidase, and Avicelase in the optimized culture conditions were 15.2, 69.1, 83.9, 29.2, and 4.2 unit/g-SDW in 5 day cultivation, respectively. Economical and efficient production of cellulolytic enzymes by T harzianum FJ1 using cellulosic wastes in solid state fermentation will contribute to the biological saccharification of cellulosic wastes with enormous potential resource value in future.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.209-217
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• 1990

The influence of cellulosic and hemicellulosic substrates on the production of cellulase and xylanase complexes in Aspergillus niger was investigated. The culture conditions with different substrates exhibited profound effects on the level of endoglucanase (CMCase), ${\beta}-glucosidase$, endoxylanase and ${\beta}-xylosidase$, and on their isozyme patterns. However, intracellular and extracellular isozyme patterns of cellulase and xylanase complexes were qualitatively identical and appeared to be simultaneous in the early growth phase. Prolonged incubation led to the increase in the concentrations of isozymes with a little changes in the relative proportions of those isozymes. These results suggest that the biosynthesis of cellulase and xylanase complexes in A. niger is coordinately regulated at the level of induction. Moreover, multiple forms of extracellular cellulase and xylanase complexes seem to be the outcome of specific gene expression and should not be considered solely as the consequence of post-secretional modification of synthesized enzymes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1448-1455
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• 1998

Fermented milk was prepared from milk or mixture of milk and apple juice/grape juice, and it was freeze dried. pH change and growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus (KCTC 2182) during freeze drying were studied. The effects of freeze drying on sensory evaluation and volatile aroma compounds in freeze dried sample or reconstituted sample were also studied. Freezing and freeze drying did not affect pH of fermented milk. Number of viable cells of L. acidophilus was markedly reduced during freezing or freeze drying. When number of viable cells in original fermented milk was considered as 100%, survival ratio of viable cells after freezing was $64.5{\sim}85.2%$ and that after freeze drying was $10.0{\sim}21.1%$. When sensory properties of original fermented milk prepared from juice-milk (ratio 15:35) were compared with those of freeze dried/reconstituted sample, sensory properties of original sample were better than those of freeze dried/reconstituted sample. Ethanol, diacetyl, butanol and acetoin were detected in all of original samples and freeze dried/reconstituted samples while acetone was detected in samples containing high amount of grape juice. Volatile aroma compounds in original fermented milk were reduced during freeze drying. L. acidophilus produced ethanol, diacetyl and acetoin during fermentation.