• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 2002

Background: A tracheal stenosis is caused by mucosal ischemic injury related to a high cuff pressure ($P_{cuff}$) of the endotracheal tube. In contrast, aspiration of the upper airway secretion and impaired gas exchange due to cuff leakage is related to a low $P_{cuff}$. To prevent these complications, the $P_{cuff}$ should be kept appropriately because the appropriate $P_{cuff}$ appears to change according to the patient's daily respiratory mechanics. However, the constant cuff volume($V_{cuff}$) has frequently been instilled to the cuff balloon on a daily basis to maintain the optimal $P_{cuff}$ instead of monitoring the $P_{cuff}$ directly at the patients' bedside. To address the necessity of continuous $P_{cuff}$ monitoring, the change in the $P_{cuff}$ was evaluated at various $V_{cuff}$ levels on a daily basis in patients with long-term mechanical ventilation. The utility of mercury column sphygmomanometer for the continuous monitoring $P_{cuff}$ was also investigated. Method: The change in $P_{cuff}$ according to the increase in $V_{cuff}$ was observed in 17 patients with prolonged endotracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation for 2 week or more. This maneuver measured the change in $P_{cuff}$ daily during the mechanical ventilation days. In addition, the $P_{cuff}$ measured by mercury column sphygmomanometer was compared with the $P_{cuff}$ measured by an automatic cuff pressure manager. Results : There were no statistically significant changes of $P_{cuff}$ during more than 14 days of intubation for mechanical ventilation. However the $V_{cuff}$ required to maintain the appropriate $P_{cuff}$ varied from 1.9 cc to 9.6 cc. In addition, the intra-individual variation of the $P_{cuff}$ was observed from 10 $cmH_2O$ to 46 $cmH_2O$ at constant 3 cc $V_{cuff}$. The $P_{cuff}$ measured by the bedside mercury column sphygmomanometer is well coincident with that measured by the automatic cuff pressure manager. Conclusion: Continuous monitoring and management of the $P_{cuff}$ to maintain the appropriate $P_{cuff}$ level in order to prevent cuff related problems during long-term mechanical ventilation is recommended. For this purpose, mercury column sphygmomanometer may replace the specific cuff pressure monitoring equipment.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.25-43
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• 1997

Introduction : The outcome and incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) could be variable related to the varied definitions used for ARDS by researchers. The purpose of the national survey was to define the risk factors of ARDS and investigate the prognostic indicies related to mortality of ARDS in Korea according to the definition of ARDS determined by the American-European Concensus Conference on 1992 year. Methods : A Multicenter registry of 48 University or University-affliated hospital and 18 general hospital s equipped with more than 400 patient's beds conducted over 13 months of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome using the same registry protocol. Results : 1. In the 12 months of the registry, 167 patients were enrolled at the 24 hospitals. 2. The mean age was 56.5 years (${\pm}17.2$ years) and there was a 1.9:1 ratio of males to females. 3. Sepsis was the most common risk factors (78.1%), followed by aspiration (16.6%), trauma (11.6%), and shock (8.5%). 4 The overall mortality rate was 71.9%. The mean duration was 11 days (${\pm}13.1$ days) from the diagnosis of ARDS to the death. Respiratory insufficiency appeared to be a major cause in 43.7% of the deaths followed by sepsis (36.1%), heart failure (7.6%) and hepatic failure (6.7%). 5. There were no significant differences in mortality based on sex or age. No significant difference in mortality in infectious versus noninfectious causes of ARDS was found. 6. There were significant differences in the pulse rate, platelet numbers, serum albumin and glucose levels, the amounts of 24 hour urine, arterial pH, $Pa0_2$, $PaCO_2$, $Sa0_2$, alveolar-arterial oxygen differences, $PaO_2/FIO_2$, and PEEP/$FI0_2$ between the survivors and the deaths on study days 1 through 6 of the first week after enrollment. 7. The survivors had significantly less organ failure and lower APACHE III scores at the time of diagnosis of ARDS (P<0.05). 8. The numbers of organ failure (odd ratio 1.95, 95% confidence intervals:1.05-3.61, P=0.03) and the score of APACHE III (odd ratio 1.59, 95% confidence interval:1.01-2.50, P=0.04) appeared to be independent risk factors of the mortality in the patients with ARDS. Conclusions : The mortality was 71.9% of total 167 patients in this investigation using the definition of American-European Consensus Conference on 1992 year, and the respiratory insufficiency was the leading cause of the death. In addition, the numbers of organ failure and the score of APACHE III at the time of diagnosis of ARDS appeared to be independent risk factors of the mortality in the patients with ARDS.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.1200-1206
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• 2003

Purpose : This study was conducted for the use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), by comparing the early use of non-invasive nasal CPAP with low intermittent mandatory ventilation(low IMV) and endotracheal CPAP in weaning a mechanical ventilator from infants with moderate respiratory distress syndrome(RDS). Methods : Thirty infants in the study group, with moderate RDS from November 2001 to June 2002, were administered surfactants and treated with the mechanical ventilator, and applied the nasal CPAP in weaning. Thirty infants of the control group, from January 1999 to September 2001, were applied low IMV and endoctracheal CPAP in weaning. Results : There were no significant differences in the characteristics, the severity of clinical symptoms, the initial laboratory findings and settings of the mechanical ventilator. After weaning, the study group showed no significant changes in $PaCO_2$. However, the control group showed a slight $CO_2$ retension after one and 12 hours. Twenty eight infants(93.3%) of the study group and 24 infants(80%) of the control group were successfully extubated. The primary cause of failure was apnea. There were no significant differences in the duration of weaning and the mechanical ventilator treatment between the groups. Complications in weaning were related to the fixation of nasal CPAP and the mechanical problems caused by endotracheal tube. Conclusion : Aggressive weaning is possible for moderate RDS, in which the nasal CPAP was used without the low IMV and the endotracheal CPAP process. It had no difficulties. In conclusion, the nasal CPAP is an adequate weaning method for moderate RDS.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.139-145
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• 2018

It is the first step to survive cardiac arrest for the general public to recognize cardiac arrest rapidly. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effective method of education by analyzing the degree of cardiac arrest recognition after performing the agonal breathing education in a video lecture or instructor-led lecture. The study subjects were assigned to either a video lecture or instructor-led lecture in a randomized way and were compared after the education according to the degree of recognition of cardiac arrest in the randomized controlled study. The study was conducted from October 30, 2015 to October 31, 2015. And the study subjects were 104 youths aged 15 years or older, of which 52 were selected as the experimental group and the remaining 52 as the control group. The results did not show a significant difference between these two groups when the subjects are given the video lecture where patients showed no reaction or sign of breathing(p=0.741). However, in the video lecture where there was no reaction of patients but still sign of agonal breathing, 43 people(82.7%) in the experimental group and 33 people(63.5%) in control group have successfully performed CPR and there has been a significant difference (p=0.006). Therefore, we could conclude that video lecture was more efficient than instructor-led lecture when teaching CPR.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

Quality attributes of welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) as affected by harvest timing (November, December 2006 and January 2007) and storage temperature (5, 10 and $20^{\circ}C$) were investigated in terms of respiration rate, weight loss, decay rate, color, hardness, sensory quality. A higher respiration rate was found when welsh onions were harvested later and storage temperature was higher. A smaller weight loss was observed in welsh onions that were harvested in November and stored at temperature of $5^{\circ}C$, demonstrating a 9.35% reduction. In other words, there were a minimum difference of 2.15% and a maximum difference of 9.92% between the weight loss in test samples harvested in November and those of test samples harvested in other months. The decay rate was higher in welsh onions harvested in January. The degree of color was more stable in test samples kept at temperature of $5^{\circ}C$ than those kept at higher temperature (10 and $20^{\circ}C$). There were, however, no significant differences in color changes among test samples harvested at different times of the year. Thus color change is closely associated with temperature. Also, welsh onions were harvested in November and stored at temperature of $5^{\circ}C$ showed a good sensory quality.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 2009

Purpose : This study aimed to determine the influence of low-dose oxygen ($FiO_2$ <25%) therapy through nasal cannulae on the progress and prognosis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) as well as methods of preventing ROP. Methods : Our subjects comprised premature infants (gestation period <37 weeks; birth weight <1,750 g) born in Daegu Fatima Hospital between February 1, 2001 and January 31, 2006. We retrospectively reviewed and analyzed the medical records of 273 patients who were available for eye examination and follow up over 6 months. Results : The factors maximally influencing the occurrence of ROP were low gestation age and low birth weight. We observed that the incidence of ROP increased with the increasing duration of low-dose oxygen therapy. ROP onset was delayed during ongoing oxygen therapy; however, rapid progression of ROP occurred after the discontinuation of oxygen therapy among premature infants up to the prethreshold stage. Conclusion : To prevent of occurrence of severe ROP and its rapid progression, the period of low-dose oxygen therapy needs to be shortened. Moreover, frequent eye examinations should be performed after the discontinuation of oxygen therapy.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.67-74
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes of position might effect the convergence pulmonary function of the 20s men of mild intellectual disabilities with obesity. Ten subjects of mild intellectual disabilities with obesity(fat group) and ten contrary subjects without obesity(control group) were participated in the experiment. Subjects were assessed for their pulmonary function by using Fit mate according to the position changes(supine position, 45 lean sitting position, 90 sitting position). One-way repeated ANOVA analyzed each region data of pulmonary function of both the fat group and the control group according to their position changes. The result of the experiment showed that the 20s men of mild intellectual disabilities with obesity have lower pulmonary function than the contrary subjects in the each given posture. In comparison with three experimental positions, supine position was the lowest in the pulmonary function. This study showed the 20s men of mild intellectual disabilities with obesity have lower function of pulmonary volume than the control group, and thus, it suggests that the pulmonary functional data of 20s men of mild intellectual disabilities with obesity in this experiment can be used as a basic respiratory one for the various exercise programs in the area of the physical activities.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.527-533
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) application and heat treatment on fruit quality of 'Fuji' apples during CA storage. AVG ($75mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) was applied to 'Fuji' tree at 150 and 175 days after full bloom (DAFB) and the fruit were harvested at 185, 195, and 205 DAFB, respectively. Respiration rate and ethylene production of fruit applied with AVG were greatly reduced more than those in control. Flesh firmness and acidity of fruit applied with AVG were higher than those in control. Flesh browning occurred in all of the control fruit regardless of harvest date. However, AVG-treated fruits were free of flesh browning except for late harvested fruits. At 185 DAFB, 'Fuji' apples were harvested and prestorage heat treatment was done for 3 days at $38^{\circ}C$ and 6 hours at $46^{\circ}C$. Heat treatment at $38^{\circ}C$ and $46^{\circ}C$ prior to CA storage greatly reduced respiration rate and ethylene production. The incidence of flesh browning were 35%, 14%, and 5%, in control fruit, heating at $38^{\circ}C$ and $46^{\circ}C$, respectively. The titratable acidity was lower at heated apple than at controlled one.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.475-480
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different feeding level of TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients) on the generation of main greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane in Hanwoo cows. The diet TDN (kg) adjusted to achieve ADG of 0 g/day (Control), 200 g/day (T1), and 400 g/day (T2) of the maintenance level TMR (Total Mixed Ration) delivered twice a day at 08:30 and 17:30. Cow are housed in a respiration chamber and the environmental temperature was maintained at $20^{\circ}C$. The gases were measured for 24 hours using the multi-detector instrument Mamos-300. The analyzed methane emissions of T1 and T2 were 33.5% and 69.6% higher than control, respectively, and the carbon dioxide emissions were 21.1% and 40.6% higher than control. Also, the hourly pattern of carbon dioxide and methane production were showed very similar emission. Gas production showed peak after 1 hour of feeding and this gap was wider in the afternoon than in the morning hours. It is clearly conducted that $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ emissions were different by limited intake levels of feed.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.148-153
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• 2005

Purpose : The aim of this study was to determine the reference ranges of serum albumin levels depending on the gestational ages of preterm infants. We also intended to compare the mean serum albumin levels between groups of preterm infants that did not develop clinical disorders later, and groups that did develop clinical disorders such as respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, apnea and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. We also examined the significance of serum albumin as a predictor for the development of clinical disorders. Methods : The records of 208 neonates with gestational ages from 23 weeks to 41 weeks were reviewed retrospectively. The mean albumin concentrations with reference ranges by gestational ages were determined. Statistics for each two of group were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to model odd ratio, and 95 percent confidence interval as a mean of the association between predictors and outcome. Results : Serum albumin levels were at 23-24 weeks gestation was 2.36 g/dL, rising to 3.43 g/dL in full term babies. There were significant mean differences between the clinical groups and control groups for each clinical disorder such as respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity and apnea in premature babies of 30-36 weeks of gestation. Low serum albumin appeared to be associated with increased risks of clinical disorders. Conclusion : The normal serum albumin levels in preterm infants should be defined according to the gestational ages. Lower albumin levels increase the risks of the later development of clinical disorders, which are common in premature infants.