• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.123-130
• /
• 2018

The present study aims to investigate how Korean EFL learners' views of form-focused instruction, integrated and isolated FFI (form-focused instruction), are related to their beliefs about grammar and attention and how different these relationships are between high and low proficiency levels and between males and females in Korean college contexts. The findings indicated the participants' strong preference for integrated FFI, which was significantly correlated with two factors, attention in English class and English proficiency. On the other hand, the isolated FFI was strongly correlated with their beliefs about grammar learning, that is, independent learning of grammar and importance of learning grammar rules. In conclusion, the integrated FFI was associated with students' proficiency and attention, while the isolated FFI was related to their views of grammar learning. In conclusion, it is suggested that we need to use integrated FFI in Korean EFL contexts considering students' levels of proficiency and attention.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.435-443
• /
• 2018

This study explores the effects of different Focus-on-Form Instruction (FFI) on improving learners' grammatical knowledge development and observes how the learners apply the knowledge to their output. A total of 112 college students were placed into three groups: 35 input-enhanced group students, who received visually enhanced input reading materials, 41 output-enhanced group students, performing dictogloss tasks, and 46 control group students given traditional grammar instruction. All the participant students took pre/post grammatical tests and completed pre/post writing tasks, which aimed to look into how the target grammatical structures were used in writing. The research findings indicated that both input-enhanced and output-enhanced FFI were effective on learners' language form learning and made contribution to their writing. Based on the findings, this study suggests that the elaborate design of combination of both FFI can maximize learners' language form learning.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.19 no.9
• /
• pp.307-316
• /
• 2021

This study aims to explore the effects of deductive FFI and inductive FFI in L2 learners' grammatical achievement and their reaction to the grammar instruction. 84 students were placed into three groups: 29 given deductive FFI(DG), 28 receiving inductive FFI(IG), and 27 with traditional instruction(CG). All students completed pre/post tests and questionnaires, and took a delayed post test 9 weeks after the treatment. For statistical anlayses of all the quantitative data, a one-way ANOVA, paired samples T-test, and repeated measures ANOVA were performed. The results indicated that both deductive and inductive FFI affected learners' grammatical achievement and their achievement was sustained over time. Deductive FFI was more effective than inductive FFI, whereas the IG students more positively changed their attitudes and perceptions to the grammar instruction. These findings of the study imply that FFI should be valued in an Korean EFL classroom, which would contribute to further longitudinal research for its sustainability.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
• /
• 2007.10a
• /
• pp.54-61
• /
• 2007

양화문 안의 강 양화사와 약 양화사가 전제적/비전제적 해석과 관련된 영향권 다툼의 과정에서도 약 양화사가 주어이든 목적어이든지 표면 형태에서 VP로부터 멀리 떨어져 있는 경우에는 전제적 해석만을 받게 되어 양화문에 중의성이 발생하지 않는다. 그런데 타동사의 목적어나 비대격 주어 등의 약 양화사가 초점에 민감한 경우에 비전제적 해석이 가능하게 되어 중의적인 문장이 될 수 있다고 본다. 표면구조상 VP 밖에 위치한 약 양화사라도 초점화 되면, 초점투사를 통하여 논리 형태에서 형성된 초점의 영향권(초점 구문) 안에 들어있게 되며, 이때의 초점이 가지는 영향권은 핵 영향권과 일치한다. 즉, 초점은 안에 있는 약 양화사가 핵 영향권 안에서 비전제적으로 해석되도록 하는 동력으로 작용한다고 볼 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.31-40
• /
• 2017

As 3D cell culture has recently become possible, it has been able to observe a 3D shape of cell and volume. Generally, 3D information of a cell should be observed with a special microscope such as a confocal microscope or an electron microscope. However, a confocal microscope is more expensive than a conventional microscope and takes longer time to capture images. Therefore, there is a need for a method that can reconstruct the 3D shape of cells using a common microscope. In this paper, we propose a method of reconstructing 3D cells using the focus estimator value from multi-focal fluorescence images of cells. Initially, 3D cultured cells are captured with an optical microscope by changing the focus. Then the approximate position of the cells is assigned as ROI (Region Of Interest) using the circular Hough transform in the images. The MSBF (Modified Sliding Band Filter) is applied to the obtained ROI to extract the outlines of the cell clusters, and the focus estimator values are computed based on the extracted outlines. Using the computed focus estimator values and the numerical aperture (NA) of the microscope, we extract the outline of the cell cluster considering the depth and reconstruct the cells into 3D based on the extracted outline. The reconstruction results are examined by comparing with the combined in-focus portions of the cell images.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.93-100
• /
• 1995

3구면경계에서 aplanat 조건을 해석적으로 유도하고 이를 바탕으로 3종의 3차수차가 보정된 3구면 경계의 형태 및 존재영역을 조사하였다. 실상을 맺으면서 aplanat 저건을 만족하는 3구면경계는 유효초점거리가 양수인 경우 PPN, NPP, PNP 형태의 해가 존재하였으며 N은 볼록 거울, P는 오목 거울을 나타낸다. 유효초점거리가 음수인 경우 NPN, NPP, PNP, NNP형의 4종류의 형태가 존재하였다. 3종의 3차수차가 보정된 3구면경계에서 astigmatic aplanat는 실상을 맺는 해가 존재하지 않았다. Flat field aplanat는 PPN, PNP, NPP형태의 해가 존재하였고 distortion free aplanat의 경우는 PPN, PNP, NPN, NPP, NNP형의 해가 존재하였다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2009.06a
• /
• pp.53-56
• /
• 2009

반사와 굴절이 합쳐진 새로운 형태의 하이브리드 태양광 집광 장치로 기존 집광 장치에 비해 초점 거리가 짧게 설계되었다. 프레넬 렌즈 형태의 굴절부와 프레넬형의 다수의 포물선 반사경이 공통으로 후면 초점(rear focus)을 가지도록 배치하여 기존 프레넬 렌즈만으로 구성된 것보다 선형 집광의 경우는 3배, 점 집광의 경우는 10배 이상 집광비를 높일 수 있다.아울려 이를 이용한 선형 집광형 발전 시스템과 점형 집광 장치는 나름대로 장점을 가진다.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.269-276
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to review empirical research on Form-focused instruction (FFI) in Korean language education from a critical perspective to better understand the effectiveness of FFI. To achieve this goal, several databases were searched to locate relevant experimental and quasi experimental studies published in peer-reviewed journals. Out of 66 studies collected, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies were then analyzed in terms of subjects, target grammar, treatment, measurement, and the learning outcomes of different techniques. In general, several types of FFI techniques had positive effects on helping learners acquire Korean as a second or foreign language. The results of the study will provide a conceptual framework which identifies the major factors affecting the effectiveness of FFI. The results will also be able to inform future meta-analytical research of existing studies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2010.06a
• /
• pp.164-164
• /
• 2010

점광원 가정법은 광학계의 초점거리를 LED die 표면의 중심점으로 설정하고 LED 패키지의 발산형태는 이상적인 점광원으로 가정하여 설계하는 방법이며, 가초점 설계법은 focal smear라고 불리우는 초점영역의 가초점을 기준점으로 잡아 설계를 시행하는 방법이다. 실제 LED에서 빛이 발산하는 부분은 점광원이 아닌 부피를 가지고 있는 형태이기 때문에 점이외의 면에서 발생하는 오차와 가초점 영역 설정을 통한 설계는 결과에 오차를 발생시키게 된다. 따라서 구조 분석 실험 장비를 이용한 LED내부 구조를 분석한 후 이를 시뮬레이션 설계에 적용한 결과 기존 설계법에 비해 약 5%의 오차범위를 줄일 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.16 no.10
• /
• pp.6475-6482
• /
• 2015

The purpose of the study was two folded: to examine whether form-focused instruction (FFI) with corrective feedback (CF) is effective for the acquisition of the target linguistic forms and to find out the extent to which of the students' perceptions as well as their attitudes towards English instruction that they received. Tests and questionnaires were implemented to 122 Korean EFL students from eight classes enrolled in an English communication course. They were randomly assigned to three groups: the input-based group, who received typographical input enhancement materials, so-called the TIE group, the output-based group, who performed dictogloss tasks, so-called the DICT group, and the control group (CG). The data analysis was made on both tests and questionnaires by using SPSS 21.0 for Windows. The study found that different types of FFI with CF contributed to the improvement of students' grammatical knowledge and both the TIE and DICT task group students positively changed their perceptions and understanding as well as their attitudes towards the English instruction given, and students in all groups preferred pair work activities. In addition, most of the TIE and DICT students showed their interest and satisfaction with English class, whereas the CG group students did not. Based on the findings, this study suggested that well-planned and properly-chosen FFI in the form of pair work activities should be applied in classrooms with consideration of students' instructional preference in Korean EFL contextual settings.