• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.801-811
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to find out how land cover and planting of an urban park influence temperature. Field research on the land cover and planting status was conducted for Bundang Central Park in Sungnam-si. 30 study plots in the site were selected to closely analyze land cover type and planting structure. The temperature was measured 10 times for each plot. Land coverage type, planting type, planting layer structure and green space area (the ratio of green coverage, GVZ) were chosen as factors impacting temperature and statistics were analyzed for the actual temperature measured. Analysis on how the land coverage type influences temperature showed that planting site had a low temperature and that grassland and paved land had a high temperature. When it comes to planting type, the temperature at the land planted with conifers and broad-leaved trees was low, while the temperature at grassland and paved land was high. With regard to planting layer structure, canopy and canopy-underplanting type showed low temperature, while grassland and paved land showed high temperature. An analysis on the relation between green space area and temperature found out that both ratio of green coverage and GVZ had a high level of negative correlation with the temperature measured. According to regression model of green space area and the temperature measured, for every 1% increase in the ratio of green coverage, temperature is expected to lower by $0.002^{\circ}C$. Also, for every $1m^3/m^2$ increase in GVZ, temperature is expected to go down by $0.122^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.308-319
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study is to identify distribution patterns of hydrophytes in the Mokpo wetland in relation to the depth of water. Sample surveys were conducted based on plant species distribution status and water depths at 274 spots. This study also developed a detailed depth distribution map for Mokpo wetland, which was never done in any previous studies. Through this study, it was found that the average depth of the wetland was 77cm (${\pm}29cm$) and the maximal depth was 157cm. The outer edge was no deeper than 60cm and the center approximately 120~130cm in depth, forming a concave bowl-like shape. This research confirmed inhabitation of 6 types of submerged plants (Verticillate hydrilla, Vallisneria natans, Najas graminea, Potamogeton cripus, Ceratophyllum demersum, and Potamogeton brechtoldi), and three types of floating leaved plants (Euryale ferox, Hydrocharis dubia and Trapa japonica) in the surveyed areas of the wetland. The distribution of these hydrophytes showed a statistically significant difference (${\chi}^2=982.2$, df = 8, p < 0.01), which confirms the fact that distribution varies based on environmental conditions. The most frequently observed species was Trapa japonicas at 244 times, and it showed a distribution pattern by which coverage increased with greater depth, as was also seen in the case of Potamogeton cripus. Five species-Euryale ferox, Hydrocharis dubid, Verticillate hydrilla, Najas graminea, and Ceratophyllum demersum-showed a negative correlation to depth, by which coverage decreased with increasing depth. It has been shown that fundamentally, the distribution of hydrophytes based on depth is affected by ecological factors, but also reflects the environmental properties of Mokpo wetland.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
• /
• 1997.07a
• /
• pp.258-259
• /
• 1997

1. 외국어로서의 영어 교육에 있어서 발음 지도는 어느 정도의 영어 수준에 도달하기를 기다릴 필요없이 가능한 한 저학년에서부터 직접 지도되어야 한다. 즉 영어 교육은 영어 발음 교육부터 시작되는 것이 가장 바람직하다. 어느 정도의 수준 높은 문법 이론을 알고 있는 (대)학생들이라도 발음에 관한 한 많은 연습이 요구되는 경우가 흔히 있다. 바꿔 말하면 이러한 학생들은 그들이 갖고 있는 문법 지식만큼 발음에 대한 적극적인 구사력도 당연히 발휘할 수 있어야할 것이다. 영어 교육을 강조할 때 문장 구조와 어휘 교육이 중요시된다면 발음 또한 조기 교육 단계부터 영어 교육 프로그램의 필수불가결한 요소로 인식되어야 한다. 그렇다면 제일 처음 무엇을 어떻게 시작 해야할 것인가\ulcorner 흔히 음소(phoneme)라는 말의 최소 단위부터 시작하여 자음군(consonant cluster)과 같은 음 결합체를 가르친 다음 단어 강세(word stress)를 다루며, 마지막으로 문장 강세(sentence stress), 리듬(rhythm), 억양(intonation) 등을 포함함 이음말(connected speech)을 가르치는 순서가 될 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 이러한 방법이 이론상 논리적이긴 하지만 실제로 영어를 외국어로 배우는 우리 학생들에게는 얼마나 효과를 거둘 수 있는지 매우 의심스렵다. 오히려 가장 유익한 순서는 기본 억양 과 같은 적절한 표현과 함께 주어진 화맥 속에서의 의미 있는 문장 강세를 가르치고 그 다음에 그에 수반되는 중요한 소리의 발음을 지적해 주는 것이다. 예를 들면 Give it to him과 같은 구조를 교사가 구두로 제시할 때 단어 하나 하나를 강조한 나머지 너무 천천히 말하게 되면 전체 문장의 발음을 오히려 어렵게 만들어버린다. 중요한 것 은 기본 의사소통에 필요한 부분에 초점을 맞추는 일이다. 개별 단어에 부수되는 문제점은 '보충 지도'(remedial teaching)로 교정이 가능하다. 2. 우리의 초등학교 영어 교육의 현황을 고려할 때 비록 발음 지도가 쉬운 일은 아니지만 미래 지향적 결과를 기대할 때 우선 두 가지를 생각할 수 있다. 첫째로 현재의 교육대학교의 교사양성에 있어서 영어교육의 교과과정을 염두에 두지 않을 수 없다. 1981년도부터 교육대학교가 4년제가 명실공히 영어과로 운영되기는 수년밖에 되지 않는 실정이다. 현재의 교과과정도 현장에서 영어교육을 담당하기에는 불충분할 뿐만 아니라 영어발음에 관한 뚜렷한 과정이 없는 실정이다. 혼히 외국인 강사가 담당하는 이른바 영어회화 시간이 곧 발음 시간도 될 수 있다고 생각하기 쉬우나 이것은 전적으로 별개의 문제이다. 따라서 체계적인 발음 교육을 할 수 있는 교과과정이 되기를 바란다. 3. 앞에서 언급했듯이 4년제 이전에 졸업한 현직 교사들은 재학 중 영어 발음에 관한 지도를 받아본 적이 없다. 여기서 중요한 것은 이들 교사들에게 적절하고도 충분한 발음 교육을 시켜야 하는 연수 과정이다. 소리로 듣고 말해야 하는 초둥 영어 교육에 서 교사의 발음에 관한 지식은 그 중요성을 아무리 과대평가해도 지나치지 않을 것이다. 문제는 연수 내용이다. 적어도 현재까지 실시되어 온 초둥영어교육 담당자 연수 교과목 내용은 핵심을 찾기 힘들 정도로 교파목이 다양하고 산만하다. 따라서 예를 들면 영어발음 지도에 관한 과목도 마지못해 끼워 넣는 식의 과목 배정이다. 여기에 고작 할당된 시간은 많아야 4시간 정도이다. 대학에서 한 학기에도 부족한 영어 발음을 아 무런 배경 지식도 없는 초등 교사들에게 4시간 동안 무엇을 어떻게 가르칠 것인가\ulcorner

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 2010

In this study, damages due to the aircraft noise were examined in more than 190 elementary, middle and high schools near the airports in Korea, and the persecutory idea forecast model was established using the quantification theory type II. Via the survey of 1,012 teachers in the schools, a class interference forecast model was established, and the noise characteristics of five areas, four military/civil common-use airports and one shooting range, were examined. The following conclusions were made from the study. WECPNL values in the five military/civil common-use airports showed that all of them were Class 1 or 2 affected areas, which indicated that they had serious aircraft noise problems to be addressed. The most influential factor in the aircraft noise persecutory idea model was the distance between the airport and the school. It showed a positive relationship at a distance of less than 5 km, and a negative relationship at a distance of 10 km or more. The number and time of aircraft noise exposure as well as the types of airports and window structures had strong influences. The forecast model had a correlation ratio of 0.56, which indicates that it is highly appropriate. In the class interference factor analysis, the time and number of aircraft noise exposure were strong influential factors, and the results varied according to the service duration and sex of teachers. This model had a correlation ratio of 0.61, which indicates it is highly appropriate.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.39 no.1 s.115
• /
• pp.41-51
• /
• 2006

The influence of land use and pollutant source on water quality was investigated using 3-yrs monitoring data major influent stream in Hwaong reservoir watershed. The seven water quality station (N1, N2, J1, J3, J4, E2, E3) were used analysis of land use and pollutant effect, and six water quality station (N3, N4, J2, J5, E1, E4) were used analysis of waster quality status. Water quality parameter were positively correlated with residential and forest, negatively with paddy and upland especially during dry period. During wet period, correlation between land use and water quality was less apparent. Population and livestock density was correlated well to water quality parameter than just number of population and livestock. The watersheds studied are mainly non-urban and their land uses are similar to typical watershed of other estuarine reservoirs, therefore, the correlation developed in this study might be helpful to manage other estuarine reservoir watersheds.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.389-395
• /
• 1996

This survey was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the chemical components of groundwater in the plastic house area cultivated with horticulture crops. The data were evaluated with depth of groundwater, topography and years of cultivation as major factors. $NO_3-N$ content of groundwater was higher at waterside(Alluvial plain) than Inland plain(Alluvial plain), local valley & fan or mountain foot area, and also was detected the highest concentration in 6-10m depth well. The contents of $NO_3-N$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ in groundwater were increased with cultivation years. The ionic composition (${\sum}A/{\sum}C$ : ratio between total equivalant of anions and cations) of groundwater decreased with depth and was higher at waterside(alluvial plain) than other topography. The $NO_3-N$ content was negatively correlated with pH whereas it was positively correlated with $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $Cl^-$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.227-234
• /
• 2010

To see the influence of bird species by the change of temperature in city, we have carried out bird census 22 times for 6 years from 2003 to 2008 in Worldcup Park, Seoul. And we analysed the correlation between the temperature of Seoul and wildbirds. 15 orders, 38 families and 102 species were confirmed to have existed. We could find that Hypsipetes amaurotis gradually turned out to have increased with statistical significance for 6 years. To analyze the relationship between the temperature of Seoul and wildbirds, we have chosen 31 bird species observed more than 30% in frequency and proceeded the regression analysis. The survey shows that with the temperature rise the number of the resident birds such as Pica pica, Parus palustris, Anas platyrhynchos and Anas poecilorhyncha and the migratory birds such as Buteo buteo has declined. These 5 species have a possibility to be decreased as a global climate warming and maybe move to another habitat. In contrast, Oriolus chinensis and Falco tinnunculus are characterized into the species that increased due to the rising temperature. So they have a posibility to increase and expand their habitat. This survey shows that temperature rise can cause to change the composition of bird species. And 7 bird species related with the change of temperature have a great possibility as a indicator of the climate change.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
• /
• 1996.10a
• /
• pp.141-149
• /
• 1996

본 연구의 목적은 우리나라의 경제협력개발기구(OECD) 가입에 따라 당면하게 될 '제조물 책 임법(product liability law) 이라는 법률적 체계에 능동적으로 대처하기 위한 전략적 방안을 수립 하는데 있다. 또한 OECD 회원국들의 제품안전 정책을 분석하여 OECD 가입에 따른 우리나라의 제품 안전 정책의 방향을 제시하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 첫째, 대부분의 회원국에서 실시 되고 있는 제조물 칙임법의 시행 현황에 대하여 조사하였으며 둘째, 결함이 있는 제품으로 부터 소 비자를 보호하기 위해 예방적인 조치로 시행되고있는 제품안전에 관한 정책을 살펴보았다. 본 연구 결과, OECD 자체의 통일된 제조물 책임법안은 없고 가입국들이 독자적으로 제정, 시행하고 있으며 회원국에 따라 세부규정에차이가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 그러나 회원국간에 경제 행위에 영향을 미치는 모든 규제들을 국제 기준으로 통일 시키자는 논의가 활발한 가운데 제조물 책임법 또한 그 범위에 포함될 것으로 전망되었다. 제품안전 정책의 경우, 대부분의 회원국들이 제품 사용중 발생 하는 각종의 안전 사고들을 예방하기 위해안전사고 정보수집 체계를 통하여 엄격한 제품감시 체계를 운영하고 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한 사용의 안전성을 고려한 광범위하고도 진보적인 기술을 요구 하는 제품 안전기준을 설정하고 있었다. 따라서 우리나라가 OECD에 가입할 경우, 선진 회원국의 수준에 부합되는 제조물 책임법의 제정 및 시행뿐만 아니라, 제품의 안전성을 국제적인 수준으로 향상시키기 위한 체계적인 정책수립이 시급한 과제인 것으로 나타났다. 뇌파 측정은 수행 전후 비교 결과 " .alpha. " 노출 비율이 수행 전보다 수행 후가 다소 높은 비유로 나타났으며, 특히 영어 단어 암기력은 평균적으로 크게 상승되는 것으로 나타났다. 정성적 분석 결과에서는 많은 심리적 변화 상태가 나타나고 있지만 전체적으로 마음의 안정감, 몸의 긴장 이완에 따른 건강 상태 유지, 수업 집중도 향상 등이 나타났다. 위와 같은 종합 적 분석 결과에 따라, 본 연구는 제조 현장의 생산성 향상 및 품질 향상과 연계하여 작업자의 작업 집중도 향상, 작업자의 육체적, 심리적 변화에 따른 생산성 및 품질 향상 변화 정도 등의 산업공학(인간공학) 제 분야의 여러 측면에서 연구 및 적용이 가능하리라 사료된다.l, 시험군:25.90$\pm$7.16mg/d1, 47% 감소)를 나타내었으며, 시험군의 AUC는 대조군에 비해 39% 감소하였고, 혈중 아세트알데히드의 농도는 투여 60분후 시험군(3.96$\pm$0.07nmo1/$m\ell$)이 대조군(6.45$\pm$0,64nmo1/$m\ell$)에 비해 유의성 있는 감소(39%)를 나타내었으며, 시험군의 AUC는 대조군에 비해 48% 감소하였다 한편, 시험관내 에탄올 대사 효소에 대한 바이오짐의 효과를 검색해본 결과 바이오짐(2.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/assay)에 의해 Aldehyde dehydrogenase(1.5unit/assay)의 활성이 14% 증가되었다. 본 연구의 결과로 볼 때, 비지니스 및 바이오짐은 음

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.207-216
• /
• 2015

The study was conducted to determine the effects of forest restoration methods and stand structure on solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, soil temperature, and soil water content, based on volume, in forest stand after forest fire. The changes of the micro-climate elements in naturally and artificially restored forest after forest fire were measured in Goseong and Samcheok, Gangwon province. Pinus spp. were commonly appeared in ridges, barren lands or planted areas of the study sites while the other areas were dominated by Quercus spp. In the early stage, trees in the naturally regenerated site grow better than the trees in artificially rehabilitated site. However, the growth ratio rapidly decreased by time passed in natural regeneration area. The environmental conditions (solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, soil temperature and soil water content) were significantly different by the regions and the methods (p<.05). However, the coefficients of variations of the environmental conditions were not significantly different at 95% confidence level. As the coverage and tree height in crown layer increased, the relative humidity and soil water content were increased while the temperature and solar radiation were decreased. Especially, the relative humidity, solar radiation, and soil water content were clearly affected by the tree height and coverage ratio ($R^2$ means from 0.628 to 0.924). Even though the data should have collected at least more than 5 years in meteorological analysis, the two year results show some clear relationship between forest structure and microclimate elements.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.16 no.12
• /
• pp.5-12
• /
• 2015

Since blasting noise is impact noise, it will give a sudden shock to the human. In the case, such as the blast vibration, it has given aging buildings and livestock great damage to move the vibration along ground in nearby regions. In this study, the influence of the blasting generated during excavation was analyzed for effects on regional. A couple of field and laboratory surveys about geological were carried out to figure out the geological ratio in the study-performed area. Blast vibration noise was compared to the domestic and abroad case studies and each of the institutions permissible standards established the most appropriate criteria in site condition. The vibration velocity of blasting vibration exploits the values which were measured from test blasting on the ground in order to examine blasting effect. Considering the blasting point as the shortest distance from safety facilities (farms, private houses, etc.), the examination of the influence range, which was derived from the vibration velocity of blasting vibration, was performed to figure out how the point affected the safety facilities. Three-dimensional numerical analysis was performed a time history analysis in order to analyze the behavior of the structure for a dynamic blast load, which was determined in three directions of the blast vibration value. The results of three-dimensional numerical analysis and the blasting effect of blasting vibration estimation equation blasting vibration of impact circle with accompanying test blasting were compared. And the analysis confirmed similar results figures.