• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.281-313
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• 2016

Our Constitution obliges the state to protect the health of the people, and the Medical Law, which embodied Constitution, sets out in detail the matters related to open the medical institution and one of them is to prohibit the operation of multiple medical institutions In the past, there was a provision stipulating the same purpose. But because the Supreme Court interpreted that several medical institutions could be opened if the medical treatment was not made at the additional medical instition which was opened in the another doctor,s license, multiple medical institutions could be opened and operated. However, some health care providers opened the several medical institutions to another doctor's license just by the excuse of the business management and then did illegal medical cares like the unfair luring of patients, overtreatment, and commition treatment for more profits. So, the health rights of the people came to be infringed on. Accordingly, lawmakers amended the Medical Law for medical personnel not to open and to operate more than one medical institution. As the amended medical law prohibited a medical personnel to open multiple medical institution, some medical personnels insisted that the amended medical law is unconstitutional under which they could not be able to open and operate medical institutions on based on free investment and bring out the benefits of network hospitals. But the regulation to prohibit multiple institutions does not apply only to a medical personnel. Many other experts like lawyer and pharmacist can open only one office under such a restriction. If the regulation goes out of force, the procedure that multiple medical institutions should be opened and operated in the capacity as a medical corporation or a non-profit corporation does not have to be followed. And we should keep in mind that the permission for medical personels to open multiple medical institutions could lead virtually to commercial hospital. If in the nation with a very low rate of public medical service, If only a few medical personnels with capital own many medical institutions and operate commercially them, this could cause a falling-off in quality of medical service, ultimately infringe on the health rights and the life right of the people.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.97-108
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• 2005

Samples of water, soil, and sediment were taken from 10 streams near Andong, Korea in May 2004. To assess the degree of environmental pollution of each stream, chemical pollutants such as total notrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), chemical oxygen demand (COD), heavy metals, organophosphorus pesticides, organochlorine pesticides, and dioxin-like PCB congeners were analyzed by standard process tests or U.S. EPA methods. In addition, biomarkers originated from insect immune systems of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, were used to analysis of the environmental samples. Except Waya-chun stream showing T-N content of 9.12 mg/L, most streams were contaminated with relatively low levels of overall pollutants in terms of T-N, T-P, and COD, compared to their acceptable environmental levels designated by the Ministry of Environment. Contents of Pb and Cd in samples of each stream were much lower than environmentally permissible levels. However, several times higherconcentrations of Pb and Cd were found in locations at Mi-chun, Kilan-chun, and Hyunha-chun streams, in comparison with other streams. Diazinon, parathion, and phenthoate compounds among organophosphorus pesticides were detected as concentrations of 0.19, 0.40, and $1.13\;{\mu}g/g$, respectively, from soil sample collected in the vicinity of Mi-chun stream. On the other hand, 16 organochlorine pesticides and 12 dioxin-like PCB congeners, known as endocrine disrupting chemicals, selected in this study were not found above the limit of detection. Biomarker analyses using insect immune responses indicated that Waya-chun stream was suspected as exposure to environmental pollutants. Limitation and compensation of both environmental analysis techniques are discussed.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.195-209
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to identify the hazard analysis critical control point on food production and transportation flow, applied to home-delivered meals for the elderly. To carry out this study, 1) pan-fried oak mushroom and meat, soy sauce glazed hair tail, and roasted dodok were selected as high nutrient and preferred foods for the elderly and 2) time, temperature, and microbiological quality(standard plate count, coliform, Salmonella spp, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes) were measured at various phases of the home-delivered meal production and its transportation flows. The results of this experiments are as follows: The temperature measured at cooling phases during the home-delivered meal production flows was 19.2 ∼ 20.0$^{\circ}C$ for the pan- fried oak mushroom and meat and the roasted dodok and was 24.0 ∼ 25.2$^{\circ}C$ for the soy sauce glazed hair tail. These temperature were in the potentially dangerous zone. Microbiological analysis showed that S. spp. was higher in the raw ingredients, including oak mushroom, hair tail, radish, and dodok, than the standard limit. SPC was lower than the standard limit from cooking to transportation phase, but SPC increased significantly during the cooling and packaging phase. The level of coliform detected was far lower than the standard limit and was not detected at all during the transportation phase. Few S. spp. was detected in the pan-fried oak mushroom and meat, but was found in above standards limit during the wrap packaging phase in the soy sauce glazed hair tail and roasted dodok. The level decreased rapidly during the holding and transportation phase. Sal. spp., V. parahaemolyticus, S. spp., E. coli O157:H7, and L. monocytogenes were not detected. For the pan-fried oak mushroom and meat, the critical control points were during the purchasing and receiving of raw ingredients, cooling, and packaging phases. For the soy sauce glazed hair tail and roasted dodok, the critical control points were during the purchasing and receiving of raw ingredients, preparation, cooling, and packaging phases.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.267-277
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• 2014

The conventional performance-based design method for the solid-wall caisson breakwater has been extended and applied to the perforated-wall caisson. The mathematical model to calculate the sliding distance of a perforated-wall caisson is verified against hydraulic experimental data. The developed performance-based design method is then compared with the conventional deterministic method in different water depths. Both the expected sliding distance and the exceedance percentage of total sliding distance during the structure lifetime decrease with decreasing water depth outside the surf zone, but they increase with decreasing water depth inside the surf zone. The performance-based design method is either more economical or less economical than the deterministic method depending on which design criterion is used. If the criterion for the ultimate limit state is used, the former method is less economical than the latter outside the surf zone, whereas the two methods are equally economical inside the surf zone. However, if the breakwater is designed to satisfy the criterion for the repairable limit state, the former method is more economical than the latter in all water depths.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.16 no.6 s.73
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• pp.725-736
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• 2004

A new type of girder, called steel-confined prestressed concrete girder (SCP girder), has been developed, which maximizes the structural advantages of concrete, steel, and PS tendon, and improves on the shortcomings of steel plate girder, PSC I-girder, and preflex girder bridge for use in the construction of middle- or long-span bridges. To verify the propriety of design, structural safety, and applicability of this girder, a static load test was carried out (Kim et al.., 2002). Since the main damage typically sustained by steel bridges results from the fatigue caused by the repetition of traffic loads, fatigue safety must therefore be guaranteed in applying the SCP girder in the construction of real bridges. In this study, a fatigue test was carried out to investigate fatigue behavior and provide basic data for fatigue design. Based on the fatigue test, the fatigue safety of the girder was estimated. For the fatigue test, 10-m specimens were designed for a standard-design truckload (DB-24). A static load test was also performed before the fatigue test to analyze the structural behavior of the specimens. After the fatigue test, outer steel plates were removed to observe the condition of the concrete in the girder.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.281-308
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• 2012

The purpose of this article was to study how social workers' belief and behaviors with respect to ethical issues have changed during the past decade by comparing the results of studies carried out in 2001 and 2011, respectively. Focusing on dual relationship with clients, this article reviewed how social workers' belief and behaviors towards ethical issues have changed over the changing socio-demographic characteristics and varying properties of the organizations for which the workers provide services. To accomplish this purpose, we surveyed 356 social workers while the results of the survey was subjected to a comparative review with another research performed 10 years ago under a similar approach. Widely acknowledged during the survey was that the social workers appeared to have more rigid ethical standards compared to 10 years ago; however, they tended to be more permissive in certain issues such as bartering relationship and private relationship. In addition, according to the survey, belief and behaviors of social workers towards ethical issues varied depending upon their gender, education level, and the properties of the organization as seen in the survey in 2001 while the modalities have changed over the decade. Based on these results, it is suggested that the curriculum of social work ethics should be revised to reflect present field situation and inspire ethical sensitivity.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.327-338
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• 2014

The objective of this study is to enhance the effectiveness of Korean Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) program. Three main tasks are: to measure pollutant emissions of in-use light-duty diesel vehicles (LDVs); to evaluate the validity of existing smoke control scheme for low-smoke-emitting vehicles, which have diesel particulate filters, DPF, to meet stringent Euro-5 emission limits; and to assess the necessity and the benefit of $NO_x$ inspection, which is not involved in current I/M program. We measured second-by-second smoke, particulate and gaseous emissions of 27 LDVs using opacity smoke meter, photo-acoustic soot sensor, and portable emissions measurement system, respectively, under the Korean I/M test driving cycle, KD-147. We find that the DPF plays a key role in controlling soot, which can be considered as black carbon contained in particulate matter. Thus, from an I/M perspective, we believe smoke inspection strategies for Euro-5 diesel vehicles should be more focused on the capability of detecting DPF malfunctions or failures, in order to keep DPF properly functional. Fleet averaged distance-specific $NO_x$ emissions are consistently higher than corresponding emission limits, and the values are similar among pre-Euro-3, Euro-3, and Euro-4 vehicle fleets. These findings indicate that the $NO_x$ inspection should be incorporated into current I/M program in order to manage urban $NO_x$ emissions. This research allows the Korean I/M program keep pace with developments in vehicle technologies, as well as the increased emphasis on $NO_x$ with respect to air quality and human health.

• Clean Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.49-55
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• 2003

The generation of livestock wastewater in Korea amounts to $130,000m^3/day$, 0.43% of the total waste water volume, but which corresponds to 8.6% of total BOD loading. Furthermore this wastewater contains a large amount of nitrogen and phosphorus that are major causes of eutrophication in rivers and lakes. The average volume of livestock wastewater in a Korea's single farm is only $2.5m^3/day$, which necessitates development of a simple and economical process for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. Introduction of filtration method removes more than 90% of suspended solids. Subsequent application of reverse osmosis removes more then 95% of total nitrogen and phosphorus in the wastewater. The effluent of this treatment will yield less than 200 mg/L of total nitrogen and 1 mg/L of total phosphorous, which are lower than 260 mg/L of total N and 50 mg/L of total P, the regulation values of Ministry of Environment, Korea. Treating $2m^3/day$ of livestock wastewater was found to be feasible with the application of filtration and reverse osmosis and the electricity requirement was estimated to be about 30 Kwh/month.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.191-199
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• 2010

Introduction of Technology-Based Effluent Limitations (TBELs) concepts into Korea requires extensive and through analyses on the expected pollutants reduction effects and the cost factor for the industry side. In addition, the TEBLs should be optimized for the regulatory environments of Korea and be applied in a progressive manner to minimize the undesirable effects. It is also necessary to assess the contribution of each industrial categories's to the pollution of natural water bodies to find the priority of TEBLs application. For these purposes, the pollution loads of various industrial categories were analyzed using risk assessment indicator based on Toxic Weighting Factors (TWFs). First, the TWFs were calculated for the pollutants regulated using the method adopted by USEPA. And the effluent characteristics of the eighty two categories of industry in Korea were investigated. Although the analytical data on the wastewater from different industrial categories are relatively limited, the results from two previous studies were used. The first study, conducted by the National Institute of Environmental Research in 2001~2004, investigated the wastewater characteristics from 255 industrial sources covering the major 20 industrial categories. The second study includes more recent analytical data for the wastewater from 500 industrial sources, covering all the 82 industrial categories. In the result of the pollution loads analyses, the category of 'Synthetic and Chemical manufacture' was found to show the highest raw pollution load. On the other hand the category of 'Ion & Steel manufacture' was found to show the highest effluent pollution loads, which can be considered as the real impacts on natural water streams. The top five categories occupied 62.2% of the total effluent pollution loads. Through the analyses, the relative importances of each industrial categories and the priorities of TEBL-based pollution reduction were determined.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.175-181
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• 2015

Cyantraniliprole, which is an ananthranilic diamide insecticide that was developed by the DuPont Corporation, was registered in the Republic of Korea in 2012. It offers exceptional insecticidal activity on a broad range of Lepidopera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Isoptera. The maximum residue limits are set to pepper, peach, apple, sweet pepper, welsh onion, and so on (0.2~2.0 mg/kg). Therefore, an analytical method for determining cyantraniliprole residue in agricultural products was developed to ensure food safety. In previous studies, welsh onions were among vegetables included in the allium species, which is a representative plant with sulfur organic compounds. In this study, the analytical method was developed and evaluated for the elimination of sulfur compounds from the test solution of allium species during pesticide residue analysis. In order to inactivate the enzyme allinase and produce sulfur compounds, sample extraction was made in the base state pH 10 by reducing the activity of the enzyme. The recoveries of the developed method ranged from 81.9% to 83.2%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 10%. Therefore, based on the results, the method developed in this study is accurate and appropriate for use in cyantraniliprole determination. It will be used as the official method for managing the safety of cyantraniliprole residues in agricultural products.