• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.64-71
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• 2022

In this study, fire and egress simulation was conducted for the egress safety evaluation of the nursing hospitals. A fire simulation was performed with or without the smoke exhaust system using the FDS, and the available safe egress time (ASET) of the nursing hospitals was calculated. In addition, an egress simulation considering the characteristics of occupants and egress delay time was performed using Pathfinder, and the required safe egress time (RSET) was calculated. By comparing the ASET and RSET, the egress safety of the nursing hospital with or without a smoke exhaust system was evaluated according to the number of egress guides and the egress delay time. The simulation results show that the number of casualties increased as the egress delay time increased, and the required safe egress time decreased as the number of egress guides increased. In addition, it was found that if a smoke exhaust system with the capacity specified in the KFPA is secured, the available safe egress time can be greatly increased and the number of casualties can be greatly reduced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Disaster Information Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.83-84
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• 2022

이 연구에서는 건축물 화재 시, 허용피난시간을 예측하기 위한 예측모델을 개발하는 것을 목표로 한다. 실제 건축물을 대상으로 화재시뮬레이션을 수행하여 FDS 데이터베이스를 구축하였으며, FDS데이터를 학습하여 설계단계에서 건축물 특성을 학습변수로 하여 기계학습을 통해 ASET을 도출하는 예측모델을 제안하였다. 예측모델은 학습데이터와 비교하였을 때 0.9 이상의 높은 R²값을 나타내었다.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.111-120
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• 2021

When a fire occurs in a commercial building, the evacuation route is complicated and the direction of smoke and flame is similar to that of the egress route of occupants, resulting in many casualties. Performance-based evacuation design for buildings is essential to minimize human casualties. In order to apply the performance-based evacuation design to buildings, it requires a complex fire simulation for each building, demanding a large amount of time and manpower. In order to supplement this, it would be very useful to develop an Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) prediction model that can rationally derive the ASET without performing a fire simulation. In this study, the correlations between fire temperature with visibility and toxic gas concentration were investigated through a fire simulation on a commercial building, from which databases for the training of artificial neural networks (ANN) were created. Based on this, an ANN model that can predict the available safe egress time was developed. In order to examine whether the proposed ANN model can be applied to other commercial buildings, it was applied to another commercial building, and the proposed model was found to estimate the available safe egress time of the commercial building very accurately.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.28-36
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• 2024

In this study, an analytical evaluation of evacuation safety in typical road tunnels was conducted. The Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) was employed to perform fire simulations with varying fire sizes to determine the allowable evacuation time in road tunnels. Additionally, evacuation simulations were performed using Pathfinder, considering the width of barrier doors and the spacing of evacuation passageways, to calculate the required evacuation time. A comparison between the allowable and required evacuation times was conducted to assess the impact of fire size, passageway spacing, and barrier door width on tunnel evacuation safety. The results from the fire and evacuation simulations indicated that an increase in fire size and passageway spacing, along with a decrease in door width, resulted in an increase in the number of casualties. Conversely, increasing the barrier door width to more than 1.2meters led to a reduction in casualties as passageway spacing increased.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.253-260
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• 2015

In this study, using the FDS as the fire simulation and evacuation simulations of the Pathfinder, set the main control room of the building to the fire point fire safety assessment studies were carried out. At first the quantitative result such as distribution of visibility as time passing, distribution of temperature, distribution of CO density produced results using fire-simulation and evacuation-simulation was carried out based on the result that produced the final safety evaluation result as being calculated of evacuation time. As the risk increased with the distribution of visibility at the result of fire-simulation, evacuation-simulation was carried out using the result. Finally the result was made 127.9 sec that everyone could evacuate. The numerical results are analyzed in case of the places in the building required safe egress time for safety a as the analysis to be no more than available safe egress time was analyzed to be secured. The results of this safety evaluation represent that more smooth evacuation safety performance can be secured by linking the event of fire firefighting equipment as a result of simulating the worst conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Disaster Information Conference
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• 2023.11a
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• pp.347-348
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• 2023

본 논문에서는 실제 규모 데이터센터의 3D 모델링을 기반으로 대상 공간별 화재 시나리오를 선정하여 화재 및 피난 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. FDS와 Pathfinder는 full coupling 방식을 사용할 수 없는 한계가 있으며 semi coupling의 경우 가시화에는 도움이 되나 결과에 영향을 주지 않는다. 따라서 재실자의 피난 상황 시 경로에 대한 안전성과 화재 위험 노출 정도를 시각적으로 분석하는 것이 가능한 semi coupling과 시뮬레이션 결과 데이터 분석을 병행하여 수행하였다. 전산실의 경우 서버의 기능상실 한계 온도가 32도이기 때문에 서버 기능 정지 상황에 도달하는 시간을 중점적으로 분석하였다. 전산실은 업무 및 고객 서비스와 관련된 모든 데이터들을 저장하기 위해 항시 기동 되어야 하는데 전산실 내 화재가 발생할 경우 1~2분 이내 서버 기능이 정지되는 상황이 발생하였다. 따라서, 서버가 안전하게 계속 동작하기 위해서는 전력 계측 및 제어 케이블 열화, 서버 장치의 건전성이 유지되어야 하며 초기 화재를 빠르게 감지하여 진압하여야 한다. 피난 시뮬레이션의 경우 가시도를 상실하게 되는 시간이 약 195초(5m 미만) 인근으로 인원이 해당 층을 완전히 벗어나는 데 걸리는 시간이 약 125.6초였던 것을 보면 대피하기에 충분한 허용 피난시간(ASET)을 확보하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.84-90
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• 2019

In this study, a fire and evacuation inside an electronic equipment room in environmental energy facilities were conducted and evaluated using a numerical analysis method. In the fire simulation, the visual distance, temperature distribution, and CO concentration distribution were analyzed using FDS. Based on the results, the Pathfinder program, which is an evacuation simulation, was used to calculate the evacuation time of the occupants and derive an evacuation safety evaluation. As a result, the Available safe Egress time (ASET) of P-01 and P-05 was 203.3 and 398.6 s, respectively. For the Required safety Egress time (RSET) results, all evacuees were evacuated at all points and the safety of the evacuee was secured this simulation showed that the safety evaluation is based on the non - operation of the fire - fighting equipment to improve the safety, making it possible to secure better evacuation safety performance owing to the fire of other fire - fighting facilities.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.43-55
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• 2013

Recently, the research to visualize and to reproduce evacuation situations such as terrorism, the disaster and fire indoor space has been come into the spotlight and designing a model for interior space and reliable analysis through safety evaluation of the life is required. Therefore, this paper aims to develop simulation model which is able to suggest evacuation route guidance and safety analysis by considering the major risk factor of fire in actual building. First of all, we designed 3D-based fire and evacuation model at a subway station building in Incheon and performed fire risk analysis through thermal parameters on the basis of interior materials supplied by Incheon Transit Corporation. In order to evaluate safety of a life, ASET (Available Safe Egress Time), which is the time for occupants to endure without damage, and RSET (Required Safe Egress Time) are calculated through evacuation simulation by Fire Dynamics Simulator. Finally, we can come to the conclusion that a more realistic safety assessment is carried out through indoor space model based on 3-dimension building information and simulation analysis applied by safety guideline for measurement of fire and evacuation risk.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.50-59
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• 2018

Recently, huge life losses occurred in the elderly long-term medical care fires due to lack of escape safety. As part of the measures to enhance the effectiveness of fire escape safety, while they prolong the available safe egress time (ASET) of non fire compartments, a measure to shorten fire-fighter's arrival time by fire alarm notifying device should be implemented in these facilities. The four categories from the aspects of fire prevention/protection engineering were provided with the necessary component technologies for carrying out these helper-guided evacuations. Fire prevention engineered technology was presented by two provisions; one for ensuring small compartment sections by installing the fire rated wall between bed rooms and another for ensuring the fire retardant or/and non-flammable performance of finishing materials. Also fire protection engineered technology was presented by two items; one for imposing cooling effects by sprinklers and another for providing automatic fire alarm notifying functions to fire stations. In order to improve the escape safety of these facilities in Korea, alternative revisions may presented by considering insufficient provisions in the architectural/fire law provisions by analyzing the provisions of Japanese and domestic laws in detail.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.48-54
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• 2012

In order to study on the evacuation risk when connate fires caused by vertical fire spread of the exterior occurs, the egress simulations based on the relevant scenarios has carried out. As a result of it, ASET (permitted evacuation time) was reached in between 550 to 650 seconds in entire floors after vertical smoke spread from fire of combustible exteriors. In particular, ASET was 358 seconds in the first floor, 490 seconds in the six floor and 473 seconds in the tenth floor. In addition, five floors of all levels, the 1st floor, the 6th floor and the 28th floor ~30th floor, show RSET (minimum evacuation time) which is bigger than ASET as evacuation risk. This result presents occupants in high rise buildings with more than 15 floors might not be able to egress of them using staircases due to huge population attempting to evacuate simultaneously. Particularly, 699 people in the upper levels by smoke from the first floor are having difficulty escaping this building since ASET on the first floor adjacent to the ignition point was 358 seconds which is relatively reached fast. Considering a prevention method of the fire and smoke spread, architects have to use non-combustible exterior in the building's facade to be required as an active fire protection system.