• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.191-216
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• 2007

This study focuses on the problem of feminization of poverty that is formed within family relations. In order to approach this question, this study analyses the process of becoming poor through the life stories of ten woman are now heads of a household. There are differences among the study participants in the process of becoming a member of a low-income class. I have classified them into two groups depending on the routes they are led into the low-income class; one is the continuation of poverty group, and the other is the new members of the low-income class group. The continuation of poverty group is the case where they have been poor since their childhood and are still poor in their adulthood. The new members of the low-income class group is the case where you have become a low-income class sometime around divorce. The difference of the groups are related to the differences of the ways the power relationships work within a family. Women head of a household are prone to poverty because of the discrimination in formation, distribution and control of resources in their original family and their family formed by marriage. The norm of male breadwinner worked as a discrimination device. But this kind of discrimination device showed differences in their workings according to class. The continuation of poverty group experienced exclusion in the gendered responsibility of supporting the family and maintaining the family, whereas the other group experienced exclusion through the gendered nature of the distribution and control of resources. By showing that the presupposition of discussions on the poverty of woman head of a household is false, these findings challenge the existing view that as long as 'The Family' is maintained women will not be poor.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.319-343
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• 2009

This paper considers some kinds of socio-spatial constraints and strategies for overcoming them which immigrant workers in Korea have experienced in their work-place and life-space, with an analysis of questionnaire data and of direct interview materials on them. Though they appear somewhat satisfactory or positive with their work-place, this can be seen as a hypocritical or false attitude rather than a real one: they are forced to work with long hours (more than 70 hours per week) and rigid controls in the other' territory. Their daily life-spaces also are severe: they can be hardly embedded in an existing community with a sense of place due to serious institutional and interaction constraints, even though they seem to have a basic mobility to survive in life-spaces. In order to escape or alleviate such local constraints, they try to constitute multi-scalar (local, trans-regional, and transnational) networks, and to find informations and means to resolve or cope with them. However, this kind of endeavors of immigrant workers to make a trans-national network and social space has a limitation for them to be free entirely from constraints, which might be strengthened with a lack of geographical knowledge of them. Then immigrant workers in Korea live ineluctably with not only hybrid national identity but also with disturbed local identity in an aliened workplace and life-spaces.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.137
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• pp.323-356
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• 2016

The present study examines Nietzsche's critique of Schopenhauer with regard to the problem of morality and the basis thereof. Schopenhauer's philosophy that each written life as objectification of the will, had an important impact on the early development of Nietzsche's philosophy. But nevertheless Nietzsche criticized Schopenhauer because he denies life in the value of earthly life. Schopenhauer asserts that life is a painful matter because the blind govern all life, and pushes. But unlike Nietzsche, Schopenhauer buoyed the meaning of life, which increases again with the will to power and carry out. Of course there is some resemblance between Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, namely equiprimordiality as both distance themselves from the traditional philosophy that characterizes the man as a rational being and understands. They both destruct the idea of philosophy as a science, and try together to build another philosophical horizon. But in terms of interpretations of life and morals, they have taken different paths. According to Schopenhauer, our life is ultimately sad and agonizing. To overcome this situation, we must deny the will to live and renounce it absolutely. He believes that the moral can eliminate the displacement of the blind will to live and overcome. But in comparison, Nietzsche claims that morality or any moral act is always driven out of resentment. But this resentment is nothing more than a revenge or retribution, which was invented by the weakness. But according to Nietzsche, the feeling of resentment clear will to live. The present paper examines whether Nietzsche's moral critique of Schopenhauer is possible and if so, such a moral critique of Nietzsche can be performed.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.147
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• pp.261-281
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• 2018

This paper will cover recent discussions on the risks of human being due to the development of artificial intelligence(AI). We will consider AI research as artificial narrow intelligence(ANI), artificial general intelligence(AGI), and artificial super intelligence(ASI). First, we examine the risks of ANI, or weak AI systems. To maximize efficiency, humans will use autonomous AI extensively. At this time, we can predict the risks that can arise by transferring a great deal of authority to autonomous AI and AI's judging and acting without human intervention. Even a sophisticated system, human-made artificial intelligence systems are incomplete, and virus infections or bugs can cause errors. So I think there should be a limit to what I entrust to artificial intelligence. Typically, we do not believe that lethal autonomous weapons systems should be allowed. Strong AI researchers are optimistic about the emergence of artificial general intelligence(AGI) and artificial superintelligence(ASI). Superintelligence is an AI system that surpasses human ability in all respects, so it may act against human interests or harm human beings. So the problem of controlling superintelligence, i.e. control problem is being seriously considered. In this paper, we have outlined how to control superintelligence based on the proposed control schemes. If superintelligence emerges, it is judged that there is no way for humans to completely control superintelligence at this time. But the emergence of superintelligence may be a fictitious assumption. Even in this case, research on control problems is of practical value in setting the direction of future AI research.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.126
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• pp.295-320
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• 2013

This thesis amis to demonstrate basically that language has the potential enough to be able to determine human's belief, attitude and behavior for Spinoza. As long as the language could be conceived with the potential to do, then it is very important in human community. And it is through dynamic and changeable, not fixed state, that meaning of this language is revealed. For Spinoza, even sign and its meaning compose one language system, but both of which are different from the other community. Because language as sign used in a specific society is articulated expression of body image, each imagination as idea is necessarily followed by its sign. This fact makes us say that language express imaginal knowledge. But language should not be considered as an means to express adequate idea of it. By the reason that order of meaning is only determined by the connection of signs, and that of meanings, each meaning of sign is not fixed. In this respect, certain meaning is changeable on account of changing new order of ideas. Through re-arranging new order of meaning, language could express more adequate and better idea than before. but what the most important fact is that it is not sufficient to express adequate idea by the means of language. Power of language determining human's belief and attitude does not depend on whether meaning of sign is true or not, but on hegemony of order of meaning. with this regard, this world could be seen as battle area of conflicting for orders of meaning. The more members accept newly created rational thought through newly arranged words, the more new views of value gain power. Solidarity of man using common language can change the world. For this purpose, first step depends on freedom of thought, freedom of deliverance of thought in which spinoza insists through A Theological - Political Treatise.

• Trans-
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• v.11
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• pp.65-95
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• 2021

Grotesque, which has often emerged as a breakthrough in Western art to protest rational and classical pure beauty, is often seen in modern art. Grotesque, along with the concept of pendulum, appears in infinitely expanded forms across cultures, arts, and society. In particular, transformed body images through deformatization and deformatization of the body are interpreted as strong rejections that seek to break away from formalized beauty. The main purpose of this study is how the body reproduced through body deformation, distortion, and bonding in Dimitris Papaioannou's work can be interpreted within the grotesque category. To this end, he examines the Grotesque discourse and modern meaning underlying the interpretation of the work and identifies how the fragmented and expanding body, which is currently actively discussed in the dance world, has an interaction with Grotesque. It selects , , , and , which are the main attributes of the grotesque, focus on conflicting familiarity, life, hatred, and beauty. Based on this, we would like to confirm that in contemporary dance, the reconstructed body reveals concealed things rather than expressing an unrealistic fictional world, and seeks new possibilities beyond boundaries as well as reconsider existing aesthetic views.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.133-140
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• 2023

The origin of texts we refer to as literary or artistic may be imagination, but many are based on experiences. In fact, experiences can be the source of artistic imagination since imagination often builds upon experiences. Therefore, the act of verbalizing human experiences using them as raw material can become a great form of art. Transforming past experiences into stories and infusing them with vitality inevitably requires a creative process of reconstruction, which is essentially a literary process. As such, 'Personal Narrative' holds significance as a literary process that weaves facts into stories and shapes them into forms. Individual experiences are stored as personal memories, and these 'personal memories' continuously generate stories. Collections of individual stories are stored as multiple memories, which gradually form 'collective memories' with distinct social and cultural inclinations through the passage of time and invisible yet potent societal and cultural censorship. The problem lies in the fact that individuals may tend to align their own memories with the inclinations of collective memory rather than simply recalling what they personally experienced. In the context of actual history, personal memories and collective memories communicate with each other, producing non-fictional content close to reality and sometimes manifesting as fiction content enriched with imagination. 'Personal Narrative' holds a significant genre as one genre of non-fiction content within our culture.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-45
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• 2000

Objectives : The present study was performed to reveal differences between female and male cases of alopecia in their alopecia related variables such as patterns of hair loss, psychiatric characteristics, associate illnesses, and methods of treatment, and to use them as basic materials for proper management and early prevention of the alopecia prone cases. Methods : In order to analysis the gender difference in hair losses, the subjects were divided into two subgroups as the 51 cases of female alopecia and the 42 cases of male alopecia, who had visited to the department of psychiatry consulted from the department of dermatology, Yongsan hopital, ChungAng University, Seoul, Korea, from January 1998 to December 1998. In data analysis, the subjects were statistically assesed by chi-squre test and analysis of varaiance, through SPSS-$PC^+$ 9.0V. Results : 1) Female subjects were more likely showed lower socio-economical level including lower eonomical level, lower educational level, or lower occupational level in their parent's job, were more likely to have larger number of siblings and to have many sisters comparison to the male cases. 2) Female subjects were more likely visited to the department of dermatology, more history of alopecia in their female family members, lesser history of alopecia in their male family members, more loss of hairs in vertex or frontal region of scalp, lesser loss of hairs in occipital region, and lesser nail changes in comparison to the male cases. 3) Female subjects were more suffered from intra-familial conflicts and economical changes, or their introverted personality makeup, lesser likely suffered from changes of business and health changes, and showed lesser conflicts related with poorer adaptaion in their job life. 4) Female subjects were more likely diagnosed as depression or conversion disorders, more frequently complaint anxiety symptoms or depressive symptoms, higher level of anxiety index, lesser complaint somatization or obsessive compulsive symptoms, and lesser diagnosed as anxiety disorder in comparison to the male cases. 5) Female subjects were more likely tended to show personality makeup such as the introverted, the lie, the repressed, or the feminine trends than the male cases. 6) Female subjects were more significantly treated by antianxiety drug such as etizolam and dermatological therapies include tretinoin, and lesser treated by clotiazepam and prednicarbonate in comparison to the male cases. Conclusion : From the facts that The most important factors in developing hair loss in the female subjects in comparison to the male cases seems to be closely correlated with the serious psychopathology such as the presence of mental disorders including depression, the presence of complaining anxiety or depressive symptomatology, the presence of stressful life events such as intrafamilial life changes, and the presence of personality makeup such as the introverted, the lie, the repressed, or the feminine trends, the authors confirmed that dermatologists act as the primary care physician are in a unique position to recognize psychiatric comorbidity and execute meaningful intervention for female patients with the alopecia with psychiatrists.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.5 no.1 s.9
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• pp.93-123
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• 2005

This work has following two research goals. First, IVF treatments that have been recently going on in Korea are reexamined from the perspective of women's reproductive rights. Second, the intimate connection between IVF and therapeutic cloning research, in that remnant embryos and eggs that have been secured through IVF treatments have served as a main source of supply for therapeutic cloning research, has been emphasized. The fact that the influencing power of tradition on Korean families and women and IVF techniques eventually joined their hands in support of therapeutic cloning research is noted. Analysis of experiences of infertility by women in the realms of family, medical care during IVF treatment, and therapeutic cloning research that requires continuous supply of eggs leads to following conclusions. First, in the realm of family, infertile women were not only relegated to the status of abnormality but pressured to question their own womanhood. Under this circumstance, IVF treatment helped to reinforce the traditional concept of biological motherhood, thus categorizing married women giving birth to babies and married women who can't or refuses to do so to 'normal ones' and 'abnormal ones' respectively. Second, in the realm of medical care an infertile woman could rediscover her own body during the process of IVF treatment. By going through the processes of hormone treatment, implantation, conception, miscarriage, and so on, she could realize that her own body is understood in diverse ways to her, her family, and the medical profession. Third, in the realm of the state, IVF treatment that was serving as the main supplier of research materials for therapeutic cloning research has been able to avoid controversy in public discourses since the latter has emerged as a signifier of new national economic workhorse for the 21st century. As therapeutic cloning research went into high gear, the status of women as egg providers began to assume a political dimension. Women as egg providers are called upon to take on a paradoxical role as patriotic contributors to national economy on the one hand and as guardians of sacred 'life' on the other hand. The direction and progress of the research will depend on the ways that women comply, compromise, and/or resist the contradiction brought about by being assigned to assume these two identities: the one as a member of the nation requested to serve as a part of national economic development project, even though considered ineligible for financial recompense, and the other one as a guardian of sacred 'life,' even though she have to serve the research that is allowed to create a 'life' to destroy a 'life.'

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.40
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• pp.111-131
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• 2015

An unusual success engendering loyalty among cult fans in the United States, Mamoru Oshii's 1995 cyberpunk anime, Ghost in the Shell (GITS) revolves around a female cyborg assassin named Motoko Kusanagi, a.k.a. "the Major." When the news came out last year that Scarlett Johansson was offered 10 million dollars for the role of the Major in the live action remake of GITS, the frustrated fans accused DreamWorks of "whitewashing" the classic Japanimation and turning it into a PG-13 film. While it would be premature to judge a film yet to be released, it appears timely to revisit the core achievement of Oshii's film untranslatable into the Hollywood formula. That is, unlike ultimately heteronormative and humanist sci-fi films produced in Hollywood, such as the Matrix trilogy or Cloud Atlas, GITS defies a Hollywoodization by evoking much bafflement in relation to its queer, posthuman characters and settings. This essay homes in on Major Kusanagi's body in order to update prior criticism from the perspectives of posthumanism and queer theory. If the Major's voluptuous cyborg body has been read as a liberating or as a commodified feminine body, latest critical work of posthumanism and queer theory causes us to move beyond the moralistic binaries of human/non-human and male/female. This deconstruction of binaries leads to a radical rethinking of "reality" and "identity" in an image-saturated, hypermediated age. Viewed from this perspective, Major Kusanagi's body can be better understood less as a reflection of "real" women than as an embodiment of our anxieties on the loss of self and interiority in the SNS-dominated society. As is warned by many posthumanist and queer critics, queer and posthuman components are too often used to reinforce the human. I argue that the Major's hybrid body is neither a mere amalgam of human and machine nor a superficial postmodern blurring of boundaries. Rather, the compelling combination of individuality, animality, and technology embodied in the Major redefines the human as always, already posthuman. This ethical act of revision-its shifting focus from oppressive humanism to a queer coexistence-evinces the lasting power of GITS.