• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.657-664
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated the relationships between the air quality (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, O₃) concentrations and local geographical characteristics (terrain heights, building area ratios, population density in 9 km × 9 km gridded subareas) in the Seoul metropolitan area. To analyze the terrain heights and building area ratios, we used the geographic information system data provided by the NGII (National Geographic Information Institute). Also, we used the administrative districts and population provided by KOSIS (Korean Statistical Information Service) to estimate population densities. We analyzed the PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and O₃ concentrations measured at the 146 AQMSs (air quality monitoring system) within the Seoul metropolitan area. The analysis period is from January 2010 to December 2020, and the monthly concentrations were calculated by averaging the hourly concentrations. The terrain is high in the northern and eastern parts of Gyeonggi-do and low near the west coastline. The distributions of building area ratios and population densities were similar to each other. During the analysis period, the monthly PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations at 146 AQMSs were high from January to March. The O₃ concentrations were high from April to June. The population densities were negatively correlated with PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and O₃ concentrations (weakly with PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ but strongly with O₃). On the other hand, the AQMS heights showed no significant correlation with the pollutant concentrations, implying that further studies on the relationship between terrain heights and pollutant concentrations should be accompanied.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.67
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• pp.203-236
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• 2017

The objective of this study is to suggest the transmission direction and tasks of Ssireum, and the conclusions are like below. First, Ssireum has been designated as a national intangible cultural heritage(No.131) in December 2016. Second, in the current status of preservation and spread of Ssireum, there is no system related to the transmission of Ssireum such as cultivation of professional manpower, and facilities, programs, and administration/finance for transmitting Ssireum. Third, based on the "Intangible Cultural Heritage Preservation & Promotion Act", the transmission direction of Ssireum was suggested. (1)The designation of a college to transmit Ssireum would be needed. (2)The Ssireum curriculum should be established. (3) It would be necessary to secure trainees for transmitting Ssireum. (4)The production of teaching materials for transmitting Ssireum would be needed. (5)It would be needed to secure training institutes designated in each region and also teaching personnels for transmitting Ssireum. (6)The research direction for the correct transmission of Ssireum should be set up. Fourth, based on the "Ssireum Promotion Act", the transmission direction of Ssireum was suggested. (1)It is urgent to complement provisions for transmitting Ssireum. (2)For the transmission of Ssireum, instead of the transmission direction of Ssireum as a national intangible cultural heritage in the standardized perspective, it would be necessary to seek for the joint transmission direction between South & North Korea for research & documentation of Ssireum that could be systematized/shared between South & North Korea, development/spread of contents for discovering the original form of Ssireum, and the establishment of a base of transmission system for the preservation/promotion of Ssireum through the academic/institutional exchanges regarding Ssireum between South and North Korea. Moreover, the overall and fundamental transmission measures for the education, transmission, research, record, and informatization of Ssireum, and the cultivation of professional manpower should be established. Fifth, the contents of institutional tasks for Ssireum are like following. (1)The institutional complementation of the "Ssireum Promotion Act" should be done for the domestic/foreign promotion of Ssireum. (2)For the integration of Ssireum organizations, the administrative system should be unified. (3)The standard technical system manual for Ssireum should be produced. (4)The 'Ssireum Transmission Center' should be built for the preservation and systematic transmission of Ssireum. (5)The selection of a college for transmitting Ssireum and the establishment of a system to cultivate Ssireum successors should be done. (6)It would be necessary to establish database(DB) for the use of Ssireum techniques essential for the transmission of Ssireum.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.71-86
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• 2024

Despite the increasing importance of urban parks' ecological functions in dealing with the climate crisis, ecological parks are not clearly defined in Korea's legal system. Numerous ecological parks created nationwide cannot be systematically designated and managed due to various legal bases and varying management authorities. It is important to clarify the legal status of ecological parks in order to lead the ecological paradigm shift of urban parks and to improve the natural park system for a comprehensive and integrated approach to protect the national ecosystem. To this end, related laws were analyzed to identify problems and to draw directions for legislative improvement. Through the literature review of relevant laws, acts, and ordinances, six major directions for improvement were suggested based on the analysis of problems. First, the legal status of ecological parks in the administrative dichotomy of the current park system is ambiguous, and ecological parks should be clarified through the revision of park-related laws. Second, an ecological park can be defined as a sustainable park created and managed in an ecological manner, promoting the protection and restoration of the ecosystem, conservation, and promotion of biodiversity, and balancing nature observation, ecological learning, and leisure activities. Third, the role of the state and local governments should be systematically revised to lead to a new park planning and management model through new governance. Fourth, since the characteristics of ecological parks are affected by individual laws, the possibility of overlapping ecological parks for other uses should be allowed. Fifth, detailed guidelines and standard ordinances need to be enacted to meet the goals, principles, and facilities of ecological parks. Lastly, along with the revision of the laws, ordinances by local governments also need to be more concrete. This study, which tracks various legal realities related to ecological parks, can contribute to policymaking that can systematize the foundation for the creation of ecological parks to preserve nationwide ecosystems and provide citizens with opportunities to experience and learn about nature.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.59-70
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• 2024

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze each country's infectious disease response capacities and, based on this, find areas for improvement in Korea's infectious disease management response. Methods: First, the capacity to respond to the COVID-19 infectious disease was analyzed by country using the SPAR scores of 96 countries around the world released by WHO in 2022. Second, we analyzed each country's specific COVID-19 quarantine performance using Our World in Data and the Global Health Security Index (GHSI). Results: First, the quarantine intensity index on January 24, 2021 was the highest in the Southeast Asia branch at 67.6, which had strong quarantine measures, and the lowest at 44.5 in the Africa branch. As of December 31, 2022, the quarantine intensity index in Europe was significantly lowered to 11.6. Second, the factor that influenced the SPAR indicator on the total number of patients per million population was national laboratory (C4), p=.027, and the factor that influenced the total number of deaths per million population was infection prevention and control (C9), p=.005., Risk Communication and Community Participation (C10) p=.040. The influential factor on GDP per capita was infection prevention and control (C9) p=.009, and the influential factor on GHSI was infection prevention and control (C9) p=.002. Conclusion: The research findings indicate that it was difficult to find a correlation between the SPAR, which is each country's self-assessment of their infectious disease capacities, and the number of COVID-19 cases or the intensity of pandemic responses. However, mortality rates, as well as factors such as the Global Health Security Index (GHSI) and national income, appear to be somewhat influenced. For future improvements in infectious disease management and response in our country, it is necessary to develop pandemic strategies that can reduce socio-economic costs based on more scientific and reliable data like JEE or GHSI, especially in preparation for potential unknown emerging infectious diseases. Based on this, proactive decision-making led by a control tower of experts and effective health communication are also required to respond to public health crises at a national level.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.27-44
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• 1999

Digital maps produced in Korea are various in scale and include a lot of geographic and attribute data. In this study, it is argued that, to reduce the production cost and the difficulties for renewal, it is necessary to establish the already nationally drawn 1:5,000 scale digital maps as the base maps and simplify them as much as the TIGER files in the U.S. The comprehensive data included in the digital maps in Korea are mostly land use information, which are supposed to be established separately from the digital maps. The land use information system could be maintained and updated cheaply and frequently at the local government level. In response to common needs, the land use information could be imported to GIS and used for analyses. As technologies and societies changes, the Census questions and methodologies should be changed for better uses. Along with GIS, the Census would be developed and processed more reliably and efficiently. Also, it is recommended for Korean government to develop the Census Tract and Block Group system. Current Eup, Myon, Dong as basic units for Census information may not be useful or effective for micro level urban analyses and public service planning activities because of their large population and land areas. It is recommended that optimum population of a Census Tract be 5,000 and a Block Groups 1,500, and one Census Tract includes 1~9 Block Groups. It is recommend that Census Tract and Block Group boundary lines be decided flexibly in light of population, physical features, socio-economic attributes, and tradition. For urban analyses using GIS, socio-economic census data, city government's information such as parcel data and building permit data, survey data, and satellite image data could also be used. The existence of Census Tracts and Block Groups as well as GIS could help for the data and methods to be useful for urban analyses and public service provisions.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.88-100
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• 2018

Methane emissions from rice paddies are the largest source of greenhouse gases in the agricultural sector, but there are significant regional differences depending on the surrounding conditions and cultivation practices. To visualize these differences and to analyze their causes and characteristics, the methane emissions from each administrative district in South Korea were calculated according to the IPCC guidelines using the data from the 2010 Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Census, and then the results were mapped by using the ArcGIS. The nationwide average of methane emissions per unit area was $380{\pm}74kg\;CH_4\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$. The western region showed a trend toward higher values than the eastern region. One of the major causes resulting in such regional differences was the $SF_o$ (scaling factor associated with the application of organic matter), where the number of cultivation days played an important role to either offset or deepen the differences. Comparison of our results against the actual methane emissions data observed by eddy covariance flux measurement in the three KoFlux rice paddy sites in Gimje, Haenam and Cheorwon showed some differences but encouraging results with a difference of 10 % or less depending on the sites and years. Using the updated GWP (global warming potential) value of 28, the national total methane emission in 2010 was estimated to be $8,742,000tons\;CO_2eq$ - 13% lower than that of the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report (i.e., $10,048,000tons\;CO_2eq$). The administrative districts-based map of methane emissions developed in this study can help identify the regional differences, and the analysis of their key controlling factors will provide important scientific basis for the practical policy makings for methane mitigation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.4-8
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• 1976

영양지도원(營養指導員)은 자신(自身)이 알고 있는 기술(技術)을 다른 사람에게 전달(傳達)하여 그 사람으로 하여금 지도원(指導員)이 원하는 방향(方向)으로 행동(行動)을 하도록 해야 한다. 따라서 다른 사람을 지도(指導)하려면은 우선 지도원 자신(指導員自身)의 우수한 자질(資質)"이 필요(必要) 하며 이를 위(爲)하여 기술자(技術者)로서의 연마(硏磨)와 겸(兼)하여 인간(人間)의 지도자(指導者)로서의 수양(修養)을 쌓아야 한다. 그리하여 영양개선(營養改善) 의 선도적(先導的) 점화자(點火者)로 "뒤에서 계속 미는" 지원자(支援者)로서의 역할(役割)을 수행(遂行)하여야 한다. (1) 현직능별(現職能別) 영양지도원(營養指導員)의 범위(範圍)를 보건소(保健所)의 보건지도원(保健指導員), 농촌지도소(農村指導所)의 생활지도요원(生活指導要員), 군면(郡面)의 행정지도요원(行政指導要員), 농협(農協)의 부여지도요원(婦女指導要員), 의료계(醫療界)의 의사(醫師), 간호원(看護員), 조산원(助産員), 학교(學校) 교육기관(敎育機關)의 교사(敎師), 영양사(營養士), 영리회사(營利會社)의 사원(社員) 등을 들 수 있다. (2) 지도대상(指導對象)과 그 장소(場所)는 공장(工場), 학교(學校), 훈련장(訓練場), 병원(病院), 복지시설(福祉施設)과 공동취사(共同炊事) 재해시등(災害時等)의 집단급식장(集團給食場)과 이를 이용(利用)하는 對象者(대상자) 도시(都市) 농촌(農村)의 일반가정(一般家庭)의 주민(住民), 그리고 교실(敎室)에서 학교교과목(學校敎科目)을 통(通)한 학생(學生)의 학습(學習) 새마을운동(運動) 공보시설(公報施設)을 통(通)하여 대중(大衆)에게 "지도(指導)를 지도원(指導員)이" 전개(展開)할 수 있다. (3) 지도방법(指導方法)은 일반적(一般的) 학교교육과정(學校敎育過程)의 교육방법(敎育方法)을 적용(適用)하되 교외교육(校外敎育)이라는 점(點)을 잊어서는 안된다. 현실적(現實的)으로 이론(理論)과 경험(經驗)을 병행활용(倂行活用)하며 영양학(營養學)의 연구결과(硏究結果)가 반드시 또 는 곧 가정생활(家庭生活) 개인생활(個人生活)에 적응(適應)되는 것이 아니며, 행동화(行動化)되지 않는 지식(知識)과 기술(技術)은 무용(無用)하게 되므로 "다고 말 할 수 있다. 따라서 영양개선(營養改善)을 지도(指導)하는 지도원(指導員)은 받아들이는 가정(家庭)이나 개인(個人)의 입장(立場)에서 여러 가지 여건을 파악 최대공약수(最大公約數)의 가능치(可能値)를 알아내서 지도(指導)해야 된다. (4) 영양지도(營養指導)는 기술(技術)이 ,포함(包含)되어 있기 때문에 기술(技術)의 전달과정(傳達過程)을 분석(分析)해야 되고 (5) 지도원(指導員) 자신의 무장(武裝)을 위(爲)하여 자신(自身)의 기술지도(技術指導) 방법(方法), 인간지도자(人間指導者)로서의 능력향상(能力向上)을 독서(讀書), 교육(敎育), 훈련(訓練) 을 통(通)하여 배워 기술자(技術者)로서 인간지도자(人間指導者)로서 전달자(傳達者)로 서의 교양(敎養)을 가져야 한다. (6) 지도원(指導員)의 활동성과(活動成果)는 지도원(指導員) 자신의 열의(熱意)와 받아들이는 사람의 열의(熱意)에 의(依)하여 좌우(左右)된다. 즉(卽) 지도원(指導員)의 열의(熱意)${\times}$피지도자(被指導者)의 열의(熱意)=지도성과(指導成果) $[L{\times}P=f(L{\cdot}P)]$로 나타난다. 결론적(結論的)으로 지도원(指導員)은 영양개선(營養改善)의 전문적(專門的) 각 요소(各要素)를 깊이 알고 이것을 다시 종합(綜合)하고 체계화(體系化)할 줄 알며 직능별(職能別) 각 지도원(各指導員)과의 상호(相互) 협조(協助)로 서로 보완(補完)하고 새마을 운동(運動)과 그 직장(職場) 또는 환경(環境)여건에 결부(結付)되고 현실적(現實的)으로 행동화(行動化)할 수 있는 단계적(的) 장단기계획(長短期計劃)과 평가방법(評價方法)을 숙지(熟知)하여 또 지도방법(指導方法)에 필요(必要)한 교재(敎材)를 충실(充實)히 준비하여 자신(自身)의 실력(實力)을 충분(充分)히 발휘할 수 있도록 하여 자기 열의(熱意)를 다하고" 영양개선(營養改善)의 선도적(先導的) 점화자(點火者)로서 "계속 뒤에서 미는" 지원자(支援者)로서 사명(使命)을 다할 때 그 역할(役割)을 다하는 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1194-1202
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• 2012

Remotely sensed satellite images can be applied to monitor and obtain land surface information on inaccessible areas. We classified paddy field area in North Korea based on on-screen digitization with visual interpretation using 291 RapidEye satellite images covering the whole country. Criteria for paddy field classification based on RapidEye imagery acquired at different time of rice growth period was defined. Darker colored fields with regular shape in the images with false color composite from early May to late June were detected as rice fields. From early July to late September, it was hard to discriminate rice canopy from other type of vegetation including upland crops, grass, and forest in the image. Regular form of readjusted rice field in the plains and uniform texture when compared with surrounding vegetation. Paddy fields classified from RapidEye imagery were mapped and the areas were calculated by administrative district, province or city. Sixty six percent of paddy fields ($3,521km^2$) were distributed in the west coastal regions including Pyeongannam-do, Pyeonganbuk-do, and Hwanghaenam-do. The paddy field areas classified from RapidEye images showed less than 1% of difference from the paddy field areas of North Korea reported by FAO/WFP (Food and Agriculture Organization/World Food Programme).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.88-99
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• 2012

This study was to analyze the changes made in the landscape cognition in Yong-in City for the past 10 years. For the analysis, the landscape plan in 2001, and the survey data collected for the new 2012-landscape plan were used. The questions on the survey covered the cognition of the current landscape status, the evaluation of landscape depending on the types of landscape, the understanding of each element on the landscape, the residents' cognition, etc. In the evaluation of the status on current landscape, Everland was ranked outstandingly high as a symbol and a representative place both in 2001 and 2012. The image of the overall city landscape was changed from the image of unique, diverse, grand-scale and well ordered in 2001, to the image of wide, disordered, common and realistic. As the evaluation of individual landscape types such as the view of the mountain, the surroundings of the tourist attractions, colors, etc, has improved overall. The image of the city has been evaluated to improve gradually, especially in the level of individual element. In the study of participating the willingness of residents, despite the interest in landscape has been continued, the attitude for the actual participation in the action plan or the restriction of property right has been changed into a negative side. For the direction of the landscape plan, the residents are more interested in the detailed subjects : such as the financial support, the night landscape plan, the improvement of the problems, etc. During the last 10 years, the changes on the landscape cognition in Yong-in City have changed more in detail and specifically, the cognitions on the local government and developers changed positively. However the reducion of the participants' willingness suggested a review on the policies and the projects of the landscape.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.116-130
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• 2019

In South Korea, forest fire occurrences are increasing in size and duration due to various factors such as the increase in fuel materials and frequent drying conditions in forests. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize the damage caused by forest fires by appropriately providing the probability of forest fire risk. The purpose of this study is to improve the Daily Weather Index(DWI) provided by the current forest fire forecasting system in South Korea. A new Fire Risk Index(FRI) is proposed in this study, which is provided in a 5km grid through the synergistic use of numerical weather forecast data, satellite-based drought indices, and forest fire-prone areas. The FRI is calculated based on the product of the Fine Fuel Moisture Code(FFMC) optimized for Korea, an integrated drought index, and spatio-temporal weighting approaches. In order to improve the temporal accuracy of forest fire risk, monthly weights were applied based on the forest fire occurrences by month. Similarly, spatial weights were applied using the forest fire density information to improve the spatial accuracy of forest fire risk. In the time series analysis of the number of monthly forest fires and the FRI, the relationship between the two were well simulated. In addition, it was possible to provide more spatially detailed information on forest fire risk when using FRI in the 5km grid than DWI based on administrative units. The research findings from this study can help make appropriate decisions before and after forest fire occurrences.