• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.406-414
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• 2012

This study was designed to investigate the effect of fucoidan on the activation of macrophage and on induction of apoptosis in AGS cell. To measure the activity of macrophages, NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ assays were performed in Raw 264.7 cell. Treatment with fucoidan significantly increased production of NO and TNF-${\alpha}$, indicating activation of macrophages. The result of MTT assay shows that cell viability was significantly decreased in a dose and time-dependent manner. Fucoidan increased to enhance mitochondrial membrane permeability, as well as the cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Fucoidan decreased Bcl-2 and XIAP expression, whereas the expression of Bax was increased in a time-dependent manner compared to the control. In addition, the active forms of caspase-9 were increased, and the inactivation of Akt was decreased in a time-dependent manner. Caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-FMK, canceled the apoptosis of fucoidan, expression of Bax and caspase-9 were decrease. These results indicate that fucoidan induces activation of macrophage and apoptosis through activation of caspase on AGS cell.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.172-178
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate abiotic and biotic environmental factors affecting homoharringtonine (HHT) contents of Cephalotaxus koreana, whereby, to provide basic information of high value-added industry production of HHT as a promising anti-cancer agent. For correlation between abiotic environmental factors (soil moisture, soil pH, habitat density and temperature) and HHT contents, the contents were highly correlated with soil moisture (0.77) and soil pH (-0.68). For multiple regression analysis of relationship between abiotic environmental factors (soil moisture and soil pH) and HHT contents, soil moisture appeared to be strongly affecting the contents relatively due to being significant at only its regression coefficient ($26.48^{***}$). For the effect of biotic environmental factors (damage index) affecting HHT contents, the contents was quadratic with equation of $H=278.23+1242D-398.87D^2$, also, damage index had strong effect on the contents. Finally, for the result of the most influencing an environmental factor on HHT contents, both damage index and soil moisture were suitable in second polynomial regression, also, damage index ($R^2=0.73^{***}$) was turned out to be more influencing factor than soil moisture ($R^2=0.67^{**}$) on HHT contents relatively. Therefore, we predict that HHT contents in the trees of Cephalotaxus koreana is produced as a chemical defense mechanism triggered by a stress-related damage of fungi or insects.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.272-277
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• 2006

This study was undertaken to determine whether the 9 herbal complex induces apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and adriamycin-resistant MCF7/adR cells. Ethanol extracts of Bojungbangamtang (BBTE) and acidic polysaccharide of Red Ginseng (GIN) induced cell death in both MCF-7 and MCF7/adR cells. Ethanol extracts of Bojungbangamtang and acidic polysaccharide of Red Ginseng also induced $G_2/M$ cell cycle arrest and increased TUNEL positive cells in MCF7/adR cells. In addition, flow cytometric analysis revealed the decreased expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in ethanol extracts of Bojungbangamtang and acidic polysaccharide of Red Ginseng treated MCF7/adR cells. Similarly, decreased protein levels of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance associated proteins-1 were also determined by immunocytometry in ethanol extracts of Bojungbangamtang treated MCF7/adR cells. Taken together these data indicate that ethanol extracts of Bojungbangamtang and acidic polysaccharide of Red Ginseng inhibit the function of ABC transporters such as multi drug resistance associated proteins (MRPs) and P-glycoprotein as well as induce apoptosis in MCF7/adR cells. Thus, these data suggest that ethanol extracts of Bojungbangamtang and polysaccharide of Red Ginseng can be candidates for the treatment of multidrug-resistant MCF7/adR cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.430-441
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• 2021

Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) are terpenoids found mostly in the Asteraceae family and are known for their strong cytotoxic properties, among other notable bioactivities. Some STLs, such as artemisinin and mipsagargin, are already commercially available and are used to fight malaria and tumor growth, respectively. Although the interest in STLs was low for a time after their discovery due to their toxic nature, past decades have witnessed a soar in STL-based studies focused on developing novel pharmaceuticals via chemical diversification. These studies have reported several promising physiological effects for STLs, including lower toxicity and diverse modes of action, and have demonstrated the antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antiprotozoal, phytotoxic, antitumor, and antiaging properties of STLs. STLs are mainly considered as valuable natural molecules for the fight against cancer since most STLs induce death of different types of cancer cells, as shown by in vitro and in vivo studies. Some STLs can also enhance the effects of drugs that are already in clinical use. Medicinal chemists use various STLs as starting molecules for the synthesis of new STLs or different bioactive compounds. All these developments warrant future research to provide more information on STLs, their bioactivities, and their mode of action. In this context, this review has summarized the bioactivities of some of the widely studied STLs, namely artemisinin, costunolide, thapsigargin, arglabin, parthenolide, alantolactone, cynaropicrin, helenalin, and santonin.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 2019

Ultrasound sonication along with microbubble (MB) could enhance drug delivery to promote the absorption of anticancer drugs into cancers in a noninvasive and targeted manners. In this study, we verify the acute drug delivery enhancement (within an hour) of two representative focused ultrasound driven drug delivery enhancement methods (MB and Doxorubicin-coated Nanoparticle complex (MB-NP) based). Experiments were conducted using in vivo mouse model with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Ultrasound generated by single-element 1 MHz focused ultrasound transducer was delivered in pulsed sonication consisted of 0.125 msec bursts at a pulse repetition frequency of 2 Hz for 20 seconds without a significant increase in local temperature (less than $0.1^{\circ}C$) or hemorrhage. Doxorubicin concentrations in tumors were improved by 1.97 times in the case of MB-NP, and 1.98 times by using Doxorubicin and MB separately. These results indicate anticancer drug delivery based on MB and MB-NP can significantly improve the effect of anticancer drugs delivered to tumors in a short time period by using low-intensity focused ultrasound.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.663-679
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• 2023

This review analyzes research trends related to new drug development using artificial intelligence from 2010 to 2022. This analysis organized the abstracts of 2,421 studies into a corpus, and words with high frequency and high connection centrality were extracted through preprocessing. The analysis revealed a similar word frequency trend between 2010 and 2019 to that between 2020 and 2022. In terms of the research method, many studies using machine learning were conducted from 2010 to 2020, and since 2021, research using deep learning has been increasing. Through these studies, we investigated the trends in research on artificial intelligence utilization by field and the strengths, problems, and challenges of related research. We found that since 2021, the application of artificial intelligence has been expanding, such as research using artificial intelligence for drug rearrangement, using computers to develop anticancer drugs, and applying artificial intelligence to clinical trials. This article briefly presents the prospects of new drug development research using artificial intelligence. If the reliability and safety of bio and medical data are ensured, and the development of the above artificial intelligence technology continues, it is judged that the direction of new drug development using artificial intelligence will proceed to personalized medicine and precision medicine, so we encourage efforts in that field.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.205-213
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• 2009

Objectives : Cancer incidence is increasing in all countries and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in patients undergoing chemotherapeutic agents have been a clinically serious problems. So far therapeutic options for CIPN patients are limited and no confirmed methods have yet been established for dealing with peripheral neuropathy. Therefore this review is to provide an evidence-based summary of oriental medicine and CAM (complementary and alternative medicine) neuroprotective and treatment therapies which have gone through clinical trials. Methods : An overview of the domestic and international papers of adult clinical trials relating management of only CIPN symptoms through 1990 to present were searched by electronic databases. Search key words were chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, chemotherapy toxicity & herb, chemotherapy toxicity & acupuncture, chemotherapy toxicity & CAM. Only English and Korean written papers were reviewed. Total 25 papers were reviewed in this study, 18 papers were retrieved by electronic search. Results : Clinical studies of managing CIPN were rare, two acupuncture clinical studies and four herb medicinal studies were found. Rest of 19 papers were about other CAM clinical studies. Total 25 papers were analyzed, and all interventions were focused on their pain control efficacy. Other 24 trials of potential therapies except one proved to be effective for CIPN, however some described to be inadequate positive or sufficient negative. Conclusions : As most of the studies were pilot studies, interventions for the prevention and treatment of CIPN have to go through prospective confirmatory studies, such as larger scale randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled clinical trials must be done for the safe and effective use of proposed therapies. Also standard measurement scales have to be developed for the better clinical study of CIPN.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.276-286
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• 2024

In the present study, we investigated whether a mixture of fucoidan and Crepidiastrum denticulatum extract (FCE) had the potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of cancer treatment. The results demonstrated that FCE significantly reduced cell viability and induced the release of LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) and DNA fragmentation in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, FCE treatment also increased the protein expression level of p53, the release of cytochrome c, and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, FCE dose-dependently increased protein expression levels of Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 and -9. However, FCE decreased the protein expression level of Bcl-2. These results suggest that FCE inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic pathway. The present study demonstrates that FCE can be used as an anti-cancer agent for liver cancer based on apoptosis mechanism.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.129-139
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• 2003

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of glycogen storage disease (GSD) type 1 with particular reference to hepatic adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, and to analyze risk factors affecting the development of hepatic adenoma in GSD type 1. Methods: Forty-three GSD type 1 patients (31 males and 12 females, mean age $13.9{\pm}6.4$ years) were analyzed retrospectively. Hepatic adenoma was detected on abdominal USG and diagnosed on histologic examination. Clinical profiles were compared between patients with hepatic adenoma (n=16) and age-matched controls without hepatic adenoma (n=16). Results: 1) Of 43 GSD type 1 patients, 16 (37.2%) had hepatic adeoma. Hepatic adenoma was detected at the age of mean $14.2{\pm}4.1$ years (range: 7.9~25.7 years). Fourteen (87.5%) adenomas were multiple at detection. 2) Comparison of the clinical profiles between adenoma group and non-adenoma group revealed that age at first introduction of uncooked cornstarch treatment was significantly late in adenoma group compared with non-adenoma group ($9.1{\pm}5.2$ years vs. $3.0{\pm}1.8$ years, p=0.003). Portocaval shunt surgery was performed in 11 (68.8%) patients in adenoma group and 3 (18.8%) in non-adenoma group (p=0.004). Hepatic adenoma developed mean $5.8{\pm}4.2$ years after shunt operation. 3) One patient was diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma at the age of 25.7 years. Conclusion: Hepatic adenoma is an important late complication of GSD type 1 with the risk of malignant transformation. Early introduction of cornstarch therapy with strict metabolic control is needed to prevent the development of hepatic adenoma in GSD type 1.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.227-237
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• 2003

Purpose: The human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, K562, expresses the chimeric bcr-abl oncoprotein, whose deregulated protein tyrosine kinase activity antagonizes via DNA damaging agents. Previous experiments have shown that nanomolar concentrations of herbimycin A (HWA) coupled with X-irradiation have a synergistic effect in inducing apoptosis in the Ph-positive K562 leukemia cell line, but genistein, a PTK inhibitor, is non selective for the radiation-induced apoptosils on $p210^{bcr/abl}$ protected K562 cells. In these experiments, the cytoplasmic signal transduction pathways, the Induction on a number of transcription factors and the differential gene expression in this model were investigated. Materials and Methids: K562 cells in the exponential growth phase were used in this study. The cells were irradiated with 0.5-12 Gy, using a 6 Mev Linac (Clinac 1800, Varian, USA). Immediately after irradiation, the cells were treated with $0.25/muM$ of HMA and $25/muM$ of genistein, and the expressions and the activities of abl kinase, MAPK family, NF- kB, c-fos, c-myc, and thymidine kinase1 (TK1) were examined. The differential gene expressions induced by PTK inhibitors were also investigated. Results: The modulating effects of herbimycin A and genistein on the radiosensitivity of K562 cells were not related to the bcr-abl kinase activity. The signaling responses through the MAPK family of proteins, were not involved either in association with the radiation-induced apoptosis, which is accelerated by HMA, the expression of c-myc was increased. The combined treatment of genistein, with irradiation, enhanced NF- kB activity and the TK1 expression and activity. Conclusion: The effects of HMA and genistein on the radiosensitivity on the K562 cells were not related to the bcr-abl kinase activity in this study, another signaling pathway, besides the WAPK family responses to radiation to K562 cells, was found. Further evaluation using this model will provide valuable information for the optional radiosensitization or radioprotection.