• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.189-195
• /
• 1988

This study aimed to investigate the autonomic innervations of human vas deferens and the effect of diazepam, a benzodiazepine sedative antianxiety drug, on the smooth muscle contractility of vas deferens. The specimens were obtained from healthy volunteers undergoing elective vasectomy with local anesthesia. The muscle preparation did not show any spontaneous contraction, but showed a good contraction induced by norepinephrine exerting the strongest response at $33^{\circ}C$. Phentolamine inhibited the norepinephrine-induced contraction concentration-dependently. Isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist evoked a considerable extent of contraction, and this contractile activity was antagonized by propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Acetylcholine induced a dashing contraction of the human vas deferens, and atropine, a muscarinic receptor blocking agent abolished the acetylcholine-induced contraction. Diazepam inhibited the norepinephrine-induced contraction in a concentration dependent manner. These results suggest that the smooth muscle of human vas deferens has cholinergic muscarinic and beta adrenergic receptors as well as the predominant alpha adrepergic receptor. Diazepam inhibits the motility, especially norepinephrine-induced contraction of human vas deferens.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.195-204
• /
• 1982

Semi-empirical MO calculations, EHT, CNDO/2, MINDO/3, and MNDO met hods, were performed on various geometries of n-butane, n-alkyl radical and tetramethylene diracal (triplet) in order to compare eigenvalue and eigenvector properties with those obtained by STO-3G method. All methods predicted the same relative order of stabilities of various geometries for n-butane; geometrical preferences were found to be dominated by one-electron factor, ${\pi}$-orbital energy changes being more impotant in the semi-empirical methods. The hyperconjugative energy changes accompanying structural changes from $(n-{\sigma}{\ast})_{trans}$ to (n-{\sigma}{\ast})cis were underestimated in the EHT, CNDO/2 and MINDO/3, whereas those were overestimated in the MNDO. The net destabilizing effect of $(n-{\sigma}{\ast})_{trans}$ structure was mainly due to the large internuclear energy involved in the structure. Through-space interaction between $n_1$ and $n_2$ orbitals of diradical caused energy gap narrowing of ${\Delta}E_{sp}$ and ${\Delta}{\varepsilon}={\varepsilon}_0$-${\varepsilon}_{av}$; through-space interaction had opposing effect to that of through-bond interaction. Due to the less severe neglect of differential overlaps in the MNDO, this energy gap narrowing effect appeared amplified in the MNDO. In general orbital properties were found to be reproduced satisfactorily, but eigenvalue properties were not, in all the semi-empirical methods especially when ${\sigma}-{\sigma}{\ast}$ and n-$n-{\sigma}{\ast}$interactions were involved.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.412-420
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to assess the anterograde amnesic effect of Midazolam administrated by intranasal and oral route. Fifteen healthy volunteers(ASA I) were administrated with placebo, oral Midazolam(15mg), intranasal Midazolam(0.25mg/kg) every 2 weeks. First picture cards were shown to volunteers before medication. At 15, 30, 45 minutes, other picture cards were shown to volunteers. BP, $SpO_2$ and sedation scores were measured. After 24 hours, the volunteers were questioned about their memory of pictures. To assess amnesic effect, recall and recognition test were performed using a series of picture cards designed for this purpose. The obtained results were as follows; 1. Compared to placebo, Midazolam group(oral and intranasal) experienced a significant anterograde amnesic effect(P<0.01) 2. There was no difference between oral and intranasal Midazolam(P>0.01). 3. Anterograde amnesic effect of oral and intranasal Midazolam group began at 15minutes. It became increasingly, oral Midazolam group experienced extremely amnesic effect at 45minutes, intranasal Midazolam group was at 30minutes. 4. After 30minutes of Midazolam administration, anterograde amnesia of oral Midazolam group is more effective than intranasal Midazolam group.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.409-414
• /
• 2008

Purpose : To assess the prevalence of hyponatremia in epileptic children receiving carbamazepine or oxcarbazpine, we investigate serum sodium changes according to age, serum carbamazepine level, and daily oxcarbazepine dosage, and the prevalence of symptoms of hyponatremia. Methods : We reviewed the clinical data of the 197 children receiving carbamazepine and/or oxcarbazepine with or without antiepileptic therapy. And these were classified into the carbamazepine treated patients (group I), oxcarbazepine treated patients (group II), and carbamzepine or oxcarbazepine with other antiepileptics treated patients (group III). Potentially predictive values for development of hyponatremia were examined in each group: age, plasma level of carbamazepine and daily dosage of oxcarbazepine. We assessed the symptoms of hyponatremia. Results : The overall prevalence of hyponatremia was 20.8% (group I, II and III : 17.9%, 22.6%, and 21.8%, respectively), and the prevalence in groups II and III compared with controls (P<0.03) was significantly lower. The changes of serum sodium levels relation to age were not significantly different. The changes of serum sodium levels by increasing of serum levels of carbamazepine and dosage of oxcarbazepine were statistically significant (P<0.01). Among the 41 patients who had biochemical hyponatremia, the prevalence of hyponatremic symptoms was 17.1%. Conclusion : Hyponatremia may occur relatively more frequently with oxcarbazepine or combined other antiepileptics than carbamzepine therapy only. Age of children receiving carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine was no predictive value for occurrence of hyponatremia. The patients whose serum level were less than 125 mEq/L showed more severe clinical symptoms than any other study groups.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.18 no.2 s.60
• /
• pp.79-90
• /
• 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate how the psychological factors of human interrelation or human socialization are associated with the visual design based on sociological and psychological theories. To accomplish this goal, human socialization was examined on the basis of physiology, philosophy, and psychology. Then a case study was employed to assess how they function in the area of visual design. In literature, the sources of psychological factors of human socialization were categorized into 11 items including the sexual hedonic pursuit. These items were used for the evaluation of 40 printed media advertisements, all of which were the winners of the Korea Advertising Awards from 1994 to 2003. As a result, it was revealed that most advertisements responded to the items of adaptive value and cultural imprinting as biological bases. Also, it was discovered that the existential foundation of advertising has been based on mutual distrust and the payoff matrix as a mind of social unrest. In conclusions, it was illustrated that future advertising will remain based on adaptive value, cultural imprinting, social learning, and imitation learning, as long as advertising continue to hold its reason for existence.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.382-395
• /
• 1992

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in central nervous system and produce sedative, antianxiety and muscle reaxing effects via $GABA_A$ receptor or $GABA_B$ receptor. Recently it is known that GABA is widely distributed throughout peripheral organs and may playa physiological role in certain organ. The vas deferens is innervated by species-difference. These study, therefore, was performed to investigate the mode and the mechanism of action of GABA on the norepiniphrine-, ATP- and electric stimulation-induced contraction of vas deferens of rat. Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The smooth muscle strips were isolated from the prostastic portion and were mounted in the isolated muscle bath. PSS in the bath was aerated with 95/5%-$O_2/CO_2$ at $33^{\circ}C$. Muscle tensions were measured by isometric tension transducer and were recorded by biological recording system. 1. GABA, muscimol, a $GAB_A$ agonist, and baclofen, a $GABA_B$ agonist inhibited the electric field stimulation(EFS, 0.2Hz, 1mSec, 80 V, monophasic square wave)-induced contraction with a rank order of potency of GABA greater than baclofen greater than muscimol. 2. The inhibitory effect of GABA was antagonized by delta aminovaleric acid(DAVA), a $GABA_B$ antagonist, but not by bicuculline, a $GABA_A$ mtagonist. 3. The inhibitory effect of baclofen was antagonized by DAVA, but the effect of muscimol was not antagonized by bicuculline. 4. Exogenous norepinephrine(NE) and ATP contracted muscle strip concentration dependently, but the effect of acetylcholine was negligible : and GABA did not affect the NE-and ATP-induced contractions. 5. GABA, baclofen and muscimol did not affect basal tone, and GABA did not affect the NE-and ATP-induced contractionsm 6. EFS-induced contraction was including 2 distinctable components. The first phasic component was inhibited by beta gamma-methylene ATP(mATP), a desensitizing agent of APT receptor and the second tonic component was reduced by pretreatment of reserpine(3 mg/Kg, IP). 7. GABA inhibited the EFS-induced contraction of reserpinized strips, but not the mATP-treated strips. These results suggest that in the prostatic portion of the rat vas deferens, adrenergic and purinergic neurotransmissions are exist, and GABA inhibits the release of ATP via presynaptic $GABA_B$ receptor on the excitatory neurons.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.43-53
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study is to reduce the anxiety factors of fires by following evacuation tips in case of fire in an apartment household. This study analyzed the moderating effects of the control offices' competence in control on safety awareness and fire response. The study results were as follows. First, the residents and control staff's safety awareness had a positive effect on the fire response performance. This indicates that the higher the residents and control staff's safety awareness level, the higher the fire responsive performance. Second, the higher the control offices' control competence level, the better the apartment residents and control staff's safety awareness had a positive effect on the fire response performance. These results indicate that the higher the control office heads' leadership, the higher the apartment residents' housing satisfaction and that the more communicative the control office heads' attitude toward the residents, the better their attitude had a positive effect on the fire response performance. Lastly, the control offices' control competence was analyzed to have a moderating effects on the effect of the apartment residents and control staff's safety awareness level on the fire response performance. These results showed that the change in the model's R² value showed an increasing trend in stages as the value increased more in the stage 2 than the stage 1 and even more in the stage 3 with the interaction terms of the moderating variables added. For this reason, the control offices' control competence which was a moderating variable was analyzed to have a moderating effect on the effect of residents and control staff's safety awareness level on the fire response performance.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.18-32
• /
• 2013

Objectives: In this research, the effect of Gyogam-dan (GGD) on depression and immunity were assessed in ovariectomized rats subjected to repetitive stress. GGD is the prescription consisting of Poria cocos and Cyperi Rhizoma. Methods: Ovariectomized rats were repeatedly stressed over a 2-week period. After GGD (100 or 400 mg/kg) were orally administered, Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and forced swimming test (FST) were performed to evaluate depressive and anxiety response. As well, the change of corticosterone (CORT) and the change of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in blood serum and in brain were mesured. Results: 1. In the EPM, there were no statistically significant differences among the groups. 2. In the FST, immobility time significantly decreased in rats of each experiment group compared with the control group (p<0.01). 3. Serum CORT level were decreased in 400 mg GGD group (p<0.05). 4. On IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-4 measurement in the serum and brain, there were not significant increase or decrease compared with the control group. Conclusions: These results suggest that GGD is effective to reduce depression-behavior in ovariectomized rats. However, GGD do not has significant efficacy to reduce anxiety-behavior in EPM test. Measurement of serum CORT level reveals significant decrease and it shows anti-depressant like effect. Results on immunity are not significant.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.117-130
• /
• 2005

Objective : Generation after generation, by Oriental medicine literatures, Soyo-san has been used as a clinical prescription that is important to climacteric syndrome, and also has been used extensively to psyco-neurotic problems, melancholia and stress symptoms. The experimental study of Soyo-san's effect has been reported, but the effect of herbal acupuncture solution by Soyo-san is not reported yet. Thus the purpose of this experiment is to test whether Herbal acupuncture of Soyo-san have anti-stress or antidepressant effects in the menopause or not. Methods : Female Sprague-Dawley(240-260g) rats were used. Temperature controlled within $20-25^{\circ}C$. Water and food not limited, and Manipulated the day and night 12 hours each. In the experiment, enforced Morris water maze after immobilization stress for 5 minutes, and operating Herbal acupuncture of Soyo-san 30 minutes before stress every day during 7 days. Flowed through by 4% paraformaldehyde and fixed brain tissue after test of 7 days. Results : 1) As a result of the acquisition test, Soyo-san group was recognized by significant difference compared to Ovx group and the retention test Soyo-san group increased significantly compared to Sham and Ovx group. 2) Soyo-san group showed that the degree of revealation of Tyrosine hydroxylase decreased comparing to Ovx group in ventral tegmental area and that of Choline acetyltransferase increased comparing to Ovx group in CAI region of Hippocampus. Conclusion : As a result of this experiment to grasp those effects on postmenopausal depression or learing disability and memory disorder, the possibility of Herbal acupunture by Soyo-san is warranted as a suitable treatment to relieve women's monopausal depression and those of stress reaction, improving tearing disability and memory disorder.