• Composites Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.42-53
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• 2000

A study has been made to establish an optimum condition in the surface treatment and curing method that is important for the fabrication of Al 7075/CFRP laminates. PAA(Phosphoric Acid Anodizing) provided a good adhesive strength and FPL(Sulfuric / Sodium Dichromate Acid Etching) had a similar adhesive strength with PAA. On the other hand, the poor adhesive strength was shown on vapor degrease and CAA(Chromic Acid Anodizing). By using the atomic force microscope(AFM), it was found that the PAA oxide surface obviously had a greater degree of microroughness as compared to vapor degrease, CAA and FPL treated surfaces. These results support the concept of a mechanical interlocking of the adhesive with-in the oxide pores as the predominant adhesion mechanism. In curing methods, the adhesive strength of co-curing method was higher than that of secondary curing method. With respect to stability of specimen shape, the secondary curing method was better than co-curing method. DMA(Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) test revealed $T_g$ in curing times over 60 min is nearly same, so it is estimated they will have similar degree of curing and joint durability in using FM300M adhesive film.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.605-611
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• 2019

The fuel sloshing due to the rapid manoeuvre of the aircraft causes significant loads on internal components, which may break components or piping. In particular, a significant load is applied to the joint of the external fuel tank by sloshing movement, which may affect the safety of the aircraft when the joint of the external fuel tank is damaged. Therefore, in order to improve the survivability of aircraft and crew members, the design of external fuel tanks, and joints should be performed after evaluating the sloshing load through a numerical analysis of the fuel sloshing conditions. In this paper, a numerical analysis was performed on the sloshing test of the external fuel tank for rotorcraft. ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) technique was used, and the test conditions specified in the U.S. Military Specification (MIL-DTL-27422D) was applied as the conditions for numerical analysis. As a result of the numerical analysis, the load on the joint of the external fuel tank was calculated. Moreover, the effects of sloshing movement on structural soundness were assessed through analysis of stress levels and margin of safety on metal fittings and composite containers.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.15-21
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• 2021

Electrically powered airplanes can reduce CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel use and reduce airplane costs in the long run through efficient energy use. For this reason, advanced aviation countries such as the United States and the European Union are leading the development of innovative technologies to implement the full-electric airplane in the future. Currently, the research and development to convert existing two-seater engine airplanes to electric-powered airplanes are underway domestically. The airplane converted to electric propulsion is the KLA-100, which aims to carry out a 30-minute flight test with a battery pack installed using the engine mounting space and copilot space. The lithium-ion battery installed on the airplane converted to electric propulsion was designed with a specific power of 150Wh/kg, weight of 200kg, and a C-rate 3~4. This study confirmed the possibility of a 30-minute flight with a designed battery pack before conducting a flight test of a modified electrically propelled airplane. The battery performance was verified by dividing the 30-minute flight profile into start/run stage, take-off stage, climbing stage, cruise stage, descending stage, and landing/run stage. The final target of the 30-minute flight was evaluated by calculating the battery capacity required for each stage. Furthermore, the flight performance of the electrically propelled airplane was determined by calculating the flight availability time and navigation distance according to the flight speed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.64-73
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• 1998

In twin spool aero-engine, there may be a S shaped annular duct between high pressure and low pressure spools. The flow passing this S shaped duct experiences the flow acceleration and deceleration due to the convex and concave surface of the duct as well as the increase of blockage according to the boundary layer growth along the surfaces. So, the high pressure compressor which is located behind the S shaped duct is influenced by the non-uniform flow field generated by the geometry of inlet duct. To study the influence of the S shaped duct on the centrifugal stage, performance tests were implemented for the compressor with straight cylindrical inlet duct and with S shaped inlet duct, respectively. The test results showed that the performance, such as pressure ratio and efficiency, of the compressor with S shaped duct was worse than that of the compressor with cylindrical duct. And the compressor with S shaped duct had reduced maximum flow rate around design speed. To investigate the cause of performance degradation, flow anlaysis was performed for the impeller in front of which is located S shaped annular duct. The result of CFD showed the strong acceleration of the flow in the axial direction around the inducer tip region which caused the increase of relative mach number and the decrease of incidence angle of the flow.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.797-807
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• 2014

The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is one of the most important oceanic environmental factors in determining the change of marine environments and ecological activities. Satellite thermal infrared images can be effective for understanding the global trend of sea surface temperature due to large scale. However, their low spatial resolution caused some limitations in some areas where complicated and refined coastal shapes due to many islands are present as in the Korean Peninsula. The coastal ocean is also very important because human activities interact with the environmental change of coastal area and most aqua farming is distributed in the coastal ocean. Thus, low-cost airborne thermal infrared remote sensing with high resolution capability is considered for verifying its possibility to extract SST and to monitor the changes of coastal environment. In this study, an airborne thermal infrared system was implemented using a low-cost and ground-based thermal infrared camera (FLIR), and more than 8 airborne acquisitions were carried out in the western coast of the Korean Peninsula during the periods between May 23, 2012 and December 7, 2013. The acquired thermal infrared images were radiometrically calibrated using an atmospheric radiative transfer model with a support from a temperature-humidity sensor, and geometrically calibrated using GPS and IMU sensors. In particular, the airborne sea surface temperature acquired in June 25, 2013 was compared and verified with satellite SST as well as ship-borne thermal infrared and in-situ SST data. As a result, the airborne thermal infrared sensor extracted SST with an accuracy of $1^{\circ}C$.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.194-194
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• 2011

현대 사회에서 차량을 비롯한 선박, 항공기와 같은 각종 수송수단들은 그 용도와 형태도 다양하고 널리 보급되어있을 뿐만 아니라 각 분야에서 없어서는 안 될 필수품이 되어 있다. 그러나 수송수단의 수와 활용빈도수가 증가함에 따라 그로 인한 차량화재, 선박화재 그리고 항공기화재 등과 같은 특수화재의 발생에 따른 재산 및 인명피해의 문제점들도 함께 늘어나고 있는 실정이다. 2009년 기준, 1년 동안의 전체 화재발생건수 47,071건 가운데 차량화재의 발생건수가 5,958건으로서 전체의 12.6% 정도를 차지하였다. 그뿐만 아니라 차량 내장재의 주 재질은 가연성을 지닌 열가소성 합성수지들로서 화재가 발생하였을 경우, 다량의 가연성 가스 및 독성가스를 방출하기 때문에 인명 및 재산 피해를 증가시키는 문제점을 갖고 있다. 하지만 아직까지도 이와 같은 수송수단에 대한 화재를 예방하거나 피해를 최소화할 수 있는 화재진압대책 등에 관한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하고 과학적이며 체계적인 대응방안을 수립하기 위한 기초 자료를 확보하고 이를 통한 수송수단의 화재안전성을 분석하고자 각종 수송수단에서 사용되는 오일을 대상으로 연소특성 분석 및 화재하중에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 분석 대상 오일은 연료용과 부속용 오일로 크게 분류되며, 연료용 오일로는 차량용 경유와 휘발유 그리고 군용차량용 경유, 항공기용 백등유와 제트유, 선박용 고유황경유 등을 선정하였다. 부속용 오일로는 브레이크오일, 파워오일, 엔진오일, 자동변속기오일, 수동변속기오일을 대상으로 각각 일반용과 고급형 2가지씩 시료를 선정하여 분석을 수행하였다. 분석방법은 대상오일들의 기초물성을 고찰하기 위해서 비중계를 이용하여 각 시료들의 비중을 측정하였으며, 문헌으로부터 끓는점, 어는점 및 점도 등을 조사하였다. 또한, 대상오일들의 착화특성을 살펴보고자 콘칼로리미터와 인화점 측정기 및 발화점 측정기 등을 이용하여 발열량, 착화시간, 발연량, 발화점, 인화점 등을 측정하였다. 대상오일들의 물성 및 착화특성에 대한 측정결과를 살펴보면, 비중은 $725.8{\sim}1072.0kg/m^3$ 정도의 값을 나타냈고, 인화점은 영하의 인화점을 갖는 휘발유의 경우, 장비의 특성상 분석이 곤란하여 측정하지 못하였으며, 다른 시료들은 $45.3{\sim}266.6^{\circ}C$정도의 값을 나타냈다. 발화점은 $325.7{\sim}600.6^{\circ}C$정도의 값을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이와 같은 결과들을 활용하면 차량, 선박, 항공기 등에 대한 화재발생과 관련된 화재안전성을 분석하고 이를 통한 수송시스템의 화재에 대한 예방 및 대응 방안의 효율성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.271-280
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• 2019

We investigated the control efficacy and phytotoxicity of unmanned aerial vehicle-applied pesticides against the insect Spodoptera exigua, a major emerging pest in Chinese cabbage. Phytotoxicity was investigated in cabbage and 7 crops cultivated in the perconducted on 8 surrounding crops including Chinese cabbage at 1 to 2 times the recommended pesticide dosage. We treated cabbage fields with spinetoram suspension concentrate (16×), methoxyfenozide, sulfoxaflor suspension concentrate (16×). Then, we used water-sensitive paper to measure the distribution pattern of falling pesticide particles and the degree of coverage. Two of the pesticides showed 97% control efficacy, however, control efficacy might differ in resistant populations. Phytotoxicity was not observed in Chinese cabbage and the 7 surrounding crops treated with 1 to 2 times the recommended pesticide dosage. Analysis of the distribution pattern of falling pesticide particles revealed that breeze caused particle diffusion. Thus, wind is an important factor affecting the uniform treatment and diffusion of multicopter-applied pesticides. It follows that setting optimal conditions is necessary for effective control and treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.788-795
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• 2013

A magnesium bipolar plate whose surface was protected by thinly deposited silver layer was investigated as an alternative to existing graphite bipolar plate of PEM fuel cells. Thin silver layer of $3{\mu}m$ was deposited on a magnesium alloy substrate by physical vapor deposition (PVD) method in an environment of $180^{\circ}C$. A number of tests were conducted on the fabricated magnesium based bipolar plates to determine their suitability for use in PEM fuel cell stacks. The test on corrosion resistance in the same pH condition as in a PEM operation demonstrated the layer protected the magnesium alloy substrate, while unprotected substrate suffered from severe corrosion. The contact resistance of the fabricated bipolar plate was less than $20m{\Omega}-cm^2$ which was superior to the conventional bipolar plates. A single cell was constructed using the fabricated bipolar plates and power output was measured. Due to the enhanced conductivity caused by low contact resistance, slight increase was observed in current density and output voltage. With low density of the magnesium substrate and ease on machining, the weight reduction of the stack of 30~40 % is possible to produce the same power output.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2014

There is a big risk of bullet impact because military rotorcraft is run in the battle environment. Due to the bullet impact, the rapid increase of the internal pressure can cause the internal explosion or fire of fuel cell. It can be a deadly damage on the survivability of crews. Then, fuel cell of military rotorcraft should be designed taking into account the extreme situation. As the design factor of fuel cell, the internal fluid pressure, structural stress and bullet kinetic energy can be considered. The verification test by real object is the best way to obtain these design data. But, it is a big burden due to huge cost and long-term preparation efforts and the failure of verification test can result in serious delay of a entire development plan. Thus, at the early design stage, the various numerical simulations test is needed to reduce the risk of trial-and-error together with prediction of the design data. In the present study, the bullet impact numerical simulation based on SPH(smoothed particle hydrodynamic) is conducted with the commercial package, LS-DYNA. Then, the resulting equivalent stress, internal pressure and bullet's kinetic energy are evaluated in detail to examine the possibility to obtain the configuration design data of the fuel cell.

• Journal of the korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.10-14
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• 1987

우리나라는 이제 그동안의 꾸준한 노력의 결과로 자동차 수출국으로 발돋움하고 있으며 이 분야 에서으 선진국과의 경쟁이 점점 치열해질 전망이다. 이러한 세계 시장에서의 경쟁 대열에서 탈 락되지 않기 위해서는 무엇보다도 제품 품질의 향상, 원가의 절감 등이 이루어져야 할 것이며 이 에 대한 노력을 게을리 해서는 안될 것이다. 한편 이와는 별도로 좀더 다른 각도에서 자동차 공업의 방향을 고찰할 필요가 있다. 즉 미래에도 계속해서 현재의 왕복동 내연기관이 자동차 구동용으로 사용될 것인가 하는 점이다. 엔진의 성능 향상, 연비의 감소, 엄격한 배기가스 규 제에의 대처 등에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있지만 기술개발에는 한계가 있으며 제품은 점점 복잡하게 되어 결국은 제품가격 및 A/S 비용이 상승되는 역효과를 나타낼 가능성이 높다. 이에 세계적인 자동차 제조회사에서는 오래전부터 새로운 방식의 미래형 자동차 engine 개발에 착수 하였으며 계속적인 연구를 진행하고 있다. 이러한 미래형 자동차 engine의 대표적인 것으로 gas turbine engine이 있다. 가스터어빈이라 하면 우선 항공기용의 jet engine을 생각하게 된다. 그 외에 발전용으로 가스터어빈은 이용되고 있으며 근래 다시 등장한 자동차용의turbocharger 역시 가스터어빈의 한 응용분야라고 할 수 있다. turbocharger의 경우는 내연기관의 출력향상을 주 목적으로 내연기관에 부착되어 이용되고 있는 반면에 gas turbine engine은 기존의 내연기관을 대체하여 자동차 구동용으로 이용되는 점에 그 차이가 있다. 아직은 실용화되징 않았지만 미래형 자동차 기관으로서의 이용가능성이 높은 gas turbine engine을 다음에 간략히 소개하고자 한다. 생산량과 하천수에 의한 생산량과의 비는 풍건물의 경우 0.6, 매물의 경우 0.5였으며 감자의 경우는 0.2이하였다. 4. 염분용수 관개구와 하천수 관개구의 모든작물에서 풍건물 생산량과 축배량 사이에는 강한 직선적인 관계를 보였다. 보리, 감자의 작물 생산량과 축배량사이에도 선형의 관계가 성립되었으나, 밀과 옥수수의 매물 생산량과 축배량사이에는 곡선적인 관계를 나타내었다..18cm)에 필적되는 연평균 4.16cm로 나타났다. 5. 전체 시험구로부터으 연평균 토양유실량은 Sharpsburg 점질양토에 대한 S.C.S 한계허용치 10ton/ha/year 이내로 나타났다. 비처리구에서의 토양유실량은 평균 2.56ton/ha/year로 높게 나타난 반면 3개의 서로 다른 추리구인 비수구, 초생수로구 및 Bromegrass구에서는 각각 0.152, 0.192 및 0.290ton/ha/year로 낮은 결과를 가져왔다. 6. 평균 침전량에 대한 L.S.D. 검정 걸과 전시험구중 비처리구가 고도의 유의차를 나타낸 반면 비수구, 초생수로구 및 Bromegrass 목초구 간에는 아무런 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 7. 농지보전 처리구인 배수구와 초생수로구는 비처리구에 비해 낮은 침두 유출량과 낮은 토양유실량을 나타내었다.구보다 14% 절감되는 것으로 나타났다.작용하는 것으로 사료된다.된다.정량 분석한 결과이다. 시편의 조성은 33.6 at% U, 66.4 at% O의 결과를 얻었다. 산화물 핵연료의 표면 관찰 및 정량 분석 시험시 시편 표면을 전도성 물질로 증착시키지 않고, Silver Paint 에 시편을 접착하는 방법으로도 만족한 시험 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.째, 회복기 중에 일어나는 입자들의 유입은 자기폭풍의 지속시간을 연장시키는 경향을 보이며 큰