• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.573-600
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• 2009

Currently, the Free Trade Agreement(FTA) promoting regionalism or bilateralism has been increasingly concluded, which is against multilateralism of the WTO. The adoption of the TRS under the FTA carries various issues from the rationale of its existence to its contents. To explain these contradictory issues between the WTO and the FTA, this paper studied on the TRS by analyzing present cases and negotiation results of the TRS under the FTA and comparing them under the WTO. The TRS under the WTO agreement is limited only to antidumping, countervailing duties and safeguard as the agreed concept. When the negotiations of the FTA are on the process, it is necessary to adopt the TRS depending on the negotiating party countries of the FTA after considering fully the economic situations of Korea and the need of protection for the domestic industries. Currently, Korea has entered into the FTA with several countries and most of the agreements with respect to the TRS maintain and observe the right and duty in the WTO agreement and when necessary, in some of the FTA agreements, they have changed parts of the TRS. Consequently, it is needed to establish the basis for application of the TRS. Also, additional application of the SSG provision to some sensitive goods is highly recommended.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.307-330
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to estimation of Technical Barriers of Trade(TBT) between Korea and China. TBT is one of the key issues in which both governments are interested since the Korea-China FTA negotiations had launched in 2012. In this paper, we aggregate nine country HS codes from World Bank and AIO codes from JETRO. Our estimation model based on modified price wedge approach differentiate previous researches in the sense that it covers all manufacture industries and uses nine country data set. Estimation results confirm the importance of TBT showing that TBT high ranking items significantly overlap high ranking export items. We also find that the size of Chinese TBT are much larger than that of Korean TBT, implying that Korean government needs smart and well prepared strategy for key items in TBT/FTA negotiation with Chinese government.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.281-291
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• 2013

This study is design to provide basic directions that Korea can take in forestry negotiation of Korea- Vietnam FTA. Trade trends and characteristics of forestry sector are figured out and the competitiveness of main products are analyzed. The trade amount between Korea and Vietnam is $207,260 thousand. Korea exports nontimber products to Vietnam, while she mainly imports wood products. The average import value of wood products during recent five years accounts for 88% of all value from Vietnam. The export items are not various, and the export value is small. The amount of imports, however, which are mainly composed of low price wood products, is relatively big. The results of analysis say that three items of Korean forest products have competitiveness, while Vietnam has eleven items. According to the study it is recommended that a sawn wood and a plywood should be classified as sensitive products to minimize and to take a long term tariff reduction.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.423-453
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• 2010

This study aims at quantifying potential economic effects on the Korean economy of a China-Korea FTA and a Japan-Korea FTA using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Most of the previous studies on them used static CGE models. Key findings of this study are that a China-Korea FTA would lead to a higher increase in Korea's exports and economic growth than a Japan-Korea FTA and that both a China-Korea FTA and a Japan-Korea FTA would cause additional trade deficits to Korea, which would be minuscule compared to Korea' economic trade volume. Since potential economic impacts on Korea's industry output and exports by sector of a China-Korea FTA and a Japan-Korea FTA are forecast to be complementary, i.e., major sectors which would run trade deficits from a Japan-Korea FTA would run trade surpluses from a China-Korea FTA, a simultaneous pursuit of both a China-Korea FTA and a Japan-Korea FTA would be more desirable and beneficial to Korea. This study shows that a dynamic CGE model which can take explicit account of international capital mobility and ownership is required for more precise estimation of effects of the FTAs.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.489-510
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• 2011

Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the Korea, of the one part, and the EU and its member states, of the other part, has been effective, as of 1 Jul 2011. EU enlarged its members up to 27 countries including Romania and Bulgaria in 2007, and stood up as the second largest trading partner to the Korea right after the China. FTA, generally, shows the several different figures according to the countries concerned on the agreement The EU has long history and cultural, educational assets. In addition to that, the EU also has economical, industrial bases. Therefore, the EU seeks fruitful profits utilizing its intellectual property rights. There are copyrights and related rights, trade marks, geographical indications, designs, and patents, etc. on the Chapter 10. intellectual property rights of the Korea EU FTA. Among them, the others except geographical indications seem to be somewhat the terms advantageous to the Korea. It is possible to ask further requirements to the Korea in the years to come because the EU member countries are very much interested in the practical profits of intellectual property rights. Thus, it would be essential tasks for us to review the intellectual property rights protection and features of the Korea EU FTA.

• The Korea Swine Journal
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• v.29 no.11 s.339
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• pp.184-188
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• 2007

시장 개방의 가속화로 어려움이 한층 가중되고 있는 요즘 한.미 자유무역협정(FTA) 협상 타결에 이어 유럽연합(EU)과의 FTA 협상이 진행 중이다. 이처럼 거센 시장 개방 환경에서 살아남으려면 우리 양돈산업의 경쟁력 향상이 절대적으로 요구된다. 이를 위해서는 철저한 사양관리와 환기관리를 통한 폐사율의 감소와 생산성 향상은 우리 농가들에게 필수적으로 요구되고 있는 항목이다. 저온진입기, 즉 동절기로 진입하는 요즘에는 보온으로 인한 환기불량과 추위로 인한 생체기능이 떨어지기 때문에 전반적인 질병에 대한 저항력이 감소되어 질병 발생 가능성은 어느 계절보다 크다. 양돈농가의 생산성 저하로 인한 경제적 피해를 최소하화기 위해서는 돼지의 호흡기질병 예방을 철저히 하고 농장의 단열과 환기시설 점검을 통한 효율적인 대책에 만전을 기해야 성공적인 양돈을 기대 할 수 있을 것이다. 높은 폐사율을 극복하고 부족한 환기관리와 시설은 꼼꼼한 컨설팅으로 보완하여 생산성 향상에 노력하고 있는 충남 당진 순성농장(대표 박중호)을 찾아가 보았다.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.491-516
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to research the situation of Technical Barriers of Trade(TBT) between Korea and China and analyze a pending issue such as a regular TBT notifications and specific trade concerns informed to WTO/TBT committee by Korea and China and seek the Countermeasures for Technical Barriers of Trade in Korea-China FTA. Generally, in case of a regular TBT notifications, "a protection of human health or safety" and "protection of the environment" are drawn a main articles from TBT committee data. And in case of a specific trade concerns, "international standard" and "transparency" are drawn a important factor from the said data. Henceforth those kinds of articles shall be an issuable matters for negotiation of Technical Barriers of Trade in Korea-China FTA. The results of the study indicate mainly that as Countermeasures of Korea for Technical Barriers of Trade in Korea-China FTA, Korean government level requires to withdraw an exclusive technical regulation of China and supports to improve Chinese technology for safety of products. Korean enterprises should develop products to meet an environment regulation and Korean government should support finance incentive, tax incentive to enterprises. Besides, regarding new international standard it is necessary for Korean side to dominate a relative regulation. First of all, it is important to secure a strength of capability and human resource for international standard activity. For improving a conveyance of notification information and transparency between Korea and China, it is efficient to establish a mutual direct network of notification.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.83-138
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• 2017

Korea-China FTA entered into force on the 20th of December 2015, and one year elapsed after its effectuation as the FTA with China, our country's largest trading partner. Therefore, this study looks at the trends of air transport trade between Korea and China, and examines the contents of concessions to the air transport services sector in Korea-China FTA, and analyzes the impact on the air transport sector by Korea-China FTA, and proposes our country's aviation policy direction in order to respond to such impact. In 2016 the trends of air transport trade between Korea and China are as follows : The export amount of air transport trade to China was 40.03 billion dollars, down by 9.3% from the last year, and occupied 32.2% of the total export amount to China. The import amount of air transport trade from China was 24.26 billion dollars, down by 9.1% from the last year, and occupied 27.7% of the total import amount from China. The contents of concessions to the air transport services sector in Korea-China FTA are as follows : China made concessions to the aircraft repair and maintenance services and the computer reservation system services with limitations on market access and national treatment in the air transport services sector of the China Schedule of Specific Commitments of Korea-China FTA Chapter 8 Annex. Korea made concessions to the computer reservation system services, selling and marketing of air transport services, and aircraft repair and maintenance without limitations on market access and national treatment in the air transport services sector of the Korea Schedule of Specific Commitments of Korea-China FTA Chapter 8 Annex. The impact on the air transport sector by Korea-China FTA are as follows : As for the impact on the air passenger market, in 2016 the arrival passengers of the international flight from China were 9.96 million, up by 20.6% from the last year, and the departure passengers to China were 9.90 million, up by 34.8% from the last year. As for the impact on the air cargo market, in 2016 the exported goods volumes of air cargo to China were 105,220.2 tons, up by 6.6% from the last year, and imported goods volumes from China were 133,750.9 tons, up by 12.3% from the last year. Among the major items of exported air cargo to China, the exported goods volumes of benefited items in the Tariff Schedule of China of Korea-China FTA were increased, and among the major items of imported air cargo from China, the imported goods volumes of benefited items in the Tariff Schedule of Korea of Korea-China FTA were increased. As for the impact on the logistics market, in 2016 the handling performance of exported air cargo to China by domestic forwarders were 119,618 tons, down by 2.1% from the last year, and the handling performance of imported air cargo from China were 79,430 tons, down by 4.4% from the last year. In 2016 the e-commerce export amount to China were 109.16 million dollars, up by 27.7% from the last year, and the e-commerce import amount from China were 89.43 million dollars, up by 72% from the last year. The author proposes the aviation policy direction of Korea according to Korea-China FTA as follows : First, the open skies between Korea and China shall be pushed ahead. In June 2006 Korea and China concluded the open skies agreement within the scope of the third freedom and fourth freedom of the air for passenger and cargo in Sandong Province and Hainan Province of China, and agreed the full open skies of flights between the two countries from the summer season in 2010. However, China protested against the interpretation of the draft of the memorandum of understanding to the air services agreement, therefore the further open skies did not take place. Through the separate aviation talks with China from Korea-China FTA, the gradual and selective open skies of air passenger market and air cargo market shall be pushed ahead. Second, the competitiveness of air transport industry and airport shall be secured. As for the strengthening methods of the competitiveness of Korea's air transport industry, the support system for the strengthening of national air carriers' competitiveness shall be prepared, and the new basis for competition of national air carriers shall be made, and the strategic network based on national interest shall be built. As for the strengthening methods of the competitiveness of Korea's airports, particularly Incheon Airport, the competitiveness of the network for aviation demand creation shall be strengthened, and the airport facilities and safety infrastructure shall be expanded, and the new added value through the airport shall be created, and the world's No.1 level of services shall be maintained. Third, the competitiveness of aviation logistics enterprises shall be strengthened. As for the strengthening methods of the competitiveness of Korea's aviation logistics enterprises, as the upbringing strategy of higher added value in response to the industry trends changes, the new logistics market shall be developed, and the logistics infrastructure shall be expanded, and the logistics professionals shall be trained. Additionally, as the expanding strategy of global logistics market, the support system for overseas investment of logistics enterprises shall be built, and according to expanding the global transport network, the international cooperation shall be strengthened, and the network infrastructure shall be secured. As for the strengthening methods of aviation logistics competitiveness of Incheon Airport, the enterprises' demand of moving in the logistics complex shall be responded, and the comparative advantage in the field of new growth cargo shall be preoccupied, and the logistics hub's capability shall be strengthened, and the competitiveness of cargo processing speed in the airport shall be advanced. Forth, in the subsequent negotiation of Korea-China FTA, the further opening of air transport services sector shall be secured. In the subsequent negotiation being initiated within two years after entry into force of Korea-China FTA, it is necessary to ask for the further opening of the concessions of computer reservation system services, and aircraft repair and maintenance services in which the concessions level of air transport services sector by China is insufficient compared to the concessions level in the existing FTA concluded by China. In conclusion, in order to respond to the impact on Korea's air passenger market, air cargo market and aviation logistics market by Korea-China FTA, the following policy tasks shall be pushed ahead : Taking into consideration of national air carriers' competitiveness and nation's benefits, the gradual and selective open skies shall be pushed ahead, and the support system to strengthen the competitiveness of air transport industry and airport shall be built, and entry into aviation logistics market by logistics enterprises shall be expanded, and the preparations to ask for the further opening of air transport services sector, low in the concessions level by China shall be made.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.1
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• pp.102-112
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• 2008

The main purpose of this study is to provide informations by comparing and analyzing tariff structures for the upcoming FTA negotiation between Korea and China. China is the biggest trade partner of Korea, sharing 33% of total trade value of forest products. However, import takes majority of trade value and it grows constantly. The results of FTA negotiation may have large impacts on Korean forest industry. The conclusions indicate that China subdivides items more complicatedly, and impose lower tariffs on forest products except stone than Korea. Besides, China has tariff escalation system that imposes lower duties on raw material than the manufactured, and also charges different rates of tariff on items of the same heading number according to the degrees of manufacturing. Furthermore, Korea imposes adjustment duties and didn't grant concessions on plywood and board items for protection of domestic industries, however, China already made concessions on all items. As a result of this, it will be unavoidable for Korea to increase import value from China, and tariff removal will have more negative impacts on Korea than China.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.139-157
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the competitiveness of the logistics industry of three countries - Korea, China and Japan - by looking into their logistics industry structure and the related regulations. For this aim, the paper examined the modal distribution of transportation, transport infrastructure, freight cost structure and regulation in transport sector in these countries. Furthermore, this study suggests some proposals for the further cooperation to bring sustainable progress in the logistics sector across Northeast Asia. The main suggestions of this paper are as follows: First, Korean government needs to strategize its options in the logistics industry, the most competitive in the country’s service sector, in upcoming FTA negotiations with China and Japan. Second, Korea needs to foster Busan into a strategic point for the Rail Ferry System and Road Feeder System. Third, Korea should participate in establishing shuttle flight service in Northeast Asia amid exploding flight demand from active economic interchange and tourism industry development.