• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.489-499
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• 2015

Background : Plants belonging to 5 species of the genus Eleutherococcus are currently distributed in the Korean peninsula. The traditional medicine 'Ogapi', derived from Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus and other related species, and 'Gasiogapi', derived from Eleutherococcus senticosus, are frequently mixed up and marketed. Therefore, accurated identification of their origins in urgently required. Methods and Results : Candidate genes from nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) of Eleutherococcus plants were analyzed. Whereas the nrDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were useful in elucidating the phylogenetic relationships among the plants, the cpDNA regions were not as effective. Therefore, a combined analysis with nrDNA-ITS was performed. Various combinations of nrDNA and matK were effective for discriminating among the plants. However, the matK and rpoC1 combination was ineffective for discriminating among some species. Based on these results, it was found that OG1, OG4, OG5, OG7, GS1, GS2, and GS3 were derived from E. sessiliflorus. In particular, it was confirmed that GS1, GS2, and GS3 were not derived from E. senticosus. However, more samples need to be analyzed because identification of the origins of OG2, OG3, OG6 and GS4 was not possible. Conclusion : The ITS2, ITS5a, and matK combination was the most effective in identifying the phylogenetic relationship among Eleutherococcus plants and traditional medicines based on Eleutherococcus.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.108-114
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• 2017

Background: The study was conducted to investigate the distributions of faecal bacteria in commercial oriental medicine herb products. Methods and Results: A survey was conducted on the microbial contamination levels and antimicrobial specificity of Bacillus cereus and other microbes using 106 oriental medicine herb products on sale in Seoul. Pouring and isolation methods such as standard plate counts were used to identify the bacteria. The isolated bacterias included coliforms, Bacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Listeria spp.were identified by using gram staining and an API (analytical profile index) kit. Antimicrobial drugs discs were determined by CLSI (clinical and laboratory standards institute). Conclusions: The bacterial isolates present in the herbal medicines included 98 coliforms, 45 Bacillus spp., 29 Enterococcus spp., and 2 Listeria spp. Among these, there were nine Bacillus cereus strains, one Enterococcus faecium strain, and one Enterococcus faecalis strain present. The 9 Bacillus cereus strains were tested for susceptibility to 36 types of antibiotics products by the disc diffusion method. The strains showed resistance to 13 of these antibiotic products and semi-resistance to 5 antibiotic products. On the basis of these results, any oriental medicine herb product can be assumed to be contain resistant or semi-resistant bacterial strains. Therefore, we suggest prescribing guidelines and special management for the use of antibiotics in farms producing oriental medicine herb products.

• 생약학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.237-242
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• 2017

In this study, to investigate of safety for Benzo(a)pyrene in medicinal herb, 8 kinds of selected commercial herbal medicines (Rehmanniae Radix, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Amomi Tsao-Ko Fructus, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Cyperi Rhizoma, Magnoliae Cortex, Scutellariae Radix, Scrophulariae Radix) were analysed using the high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector and assessed the health risk. The levels of benzo(a)pyrene were from non-detection to $28.1{\mu}g/kg$, and the average was $3.6{\mu}g/kg$. Based on a nationwide survey of the consumption of medicinal herb by the Korean population, we estimated the potential risk from the ingestion of benzo(a)pyrene. The estimated daily intake of benzo(a)pyrene was 1.6 ng/kg b.w./day for group only know the daily average intake of medicinal herb. The MOE (margin of exposure) of benzo(a)pyrene for estimate of health risk was $1.93{\times}10^5$. Therefore, health risk from benzo(a)pyrene through intake of herbal medicine was considered negligible.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2008년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.37-51
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• 2008

인삼은 재배적지에 대한 선택성이 매우 강한 식물이며, 기후 토양 등의 자연환경이 적당하지 않으면 인삼의 생육이 곤란하고, 생육이 가능하더라도 생산된 인삼의 형태, 품질 및 약효에서 현저한 차이를 나타내고 있다. 이러한 인삼의 식물학적 특성이 우리나라에서는 최적의 환경조건으로 인정되어 고려인삼은 세계적으로 최고의 품질로 높이 평가되는 이유이다. 하지만 실질적인 인삼의 생리활성물질에 대한 연구는 서구열강 및 일본에 의해 대다수 연구, 발표되었으며 또한 인삼의 우수성을 인정하여 넓은 영토와 수많은 과학적 지식으로 고려인삼의 우수한 품질을 앞서가려 하고 있는 것이 현실정이다. 특히 중국의 넓은 인삼재배면적에서 값싸게 생산된 인삼이 한국시장을 위협하고 있으며, 미국과 캐나다에서 수많은 연구비를 투자하여 자국삼인 화기삼의 홍보를 대대적으로 함으로서 전세계의 인삼시장의 변화를 유도하고 있고, 호주, 뉴질랜드에서도 청정인삼을 내세워 한국 및 전세계 인삼시장을 잠식해가고 있다. 이런 변화에 의하여 한때 인삼의 종주국으로 전세계의 인삼시장을 석권했던 한국의 고려인삼이 과거의 위상을 점차 잃어 가고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 인삼재배면적이 경쟁국과 비교해 상대적으로 열세인 한국의 고려인삼이 선택할수 있는 방법은 비록 생산은 적더라도 고부가가치인삼을 생산하여 명품화로 가야 할 것으로 생각된다. 명품화를 위해서는 우선 고려인삼의 효능을 밝혀 고기능성을 입증해야하고, 재배생산단계에서부터 농약, 중금속등에 노출되지 않고 병에 자유로운 청정재배를 통해 명품화를 이룩해야 하며, 특히 제품의 생산 및 유통단계에서 표준화를 통해서 전세계의 소비자가 믿고 사용할수 있도록 해야 할 것이다. 또한 인삼에만 함유된 인삼사포닌(ginsenoside)은 배당체로서 여러 미생물에 의하여 당사슬이 끊어짐으로서 새로운 사포닌이 등장하게 되는데 이러한 사포닌이 각종 함암, 면적, 치매, 관절등에 탁월한 효능을 보임으서 많은 연구들이 진행중에 있으며, 특히 인삼에만 함유된 것으로 알고 있었던 ginsenoside가 돌외(한약재명 칠엽담)에도 함유되어 있고 일부 성분은 미생물을 통해서 변환시킴으로 서 값비싼 인삼사포닌을 생장이 빠르면 비교적 값싼 돌외 사포닌으로부터 생산할수 있게 되었다. 본 세미나에서는 각종 미생물을 이용하여 인삼의 사포닌을 변환시키고 돌외 사포닌인 gypenoside를 ginsenoside로 변환시켜 대량생산할 수 있는 방법을 제시하고자 한다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.124-129
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the residual contents of sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) in commercial medicinal herbs in Korea in 2012. Among a total of 136 samples of 16 different kinds of herbs, 86 samples (15 Kinds) were domestic, and 50 samples (14 Kinds) were imported. Sulfur dioxide in the samples was measured by a modified Monier-Williams method. Of the 136 samples, 17 samples (12.5%, 6 Kinds) failed to meet the regulations for sulfur dioxide residues of KFDA in medicinal herbs. Among 17 unsuitable samples, 7 samples (8.1%, 3 Kinds) were domestic, and 10 samples (20.0%, 6 Kinds) were imported. The highest amount of sulfur dioxide residues was 3,167.94 mg/kg (Lycii Fructus) in the domestic samples. The detection frequency of sulfur dioxide by medicinal herb parts used, Rhizoma 25.7%, Flos 20.0%. Cortex 12.5%, Radix 15.3%, Fructus 7.6%, p-value 0.011. This results will be used as a basic data for the future legislation on the quality estimation and safety of medicinal herbs.

• 생약학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.146-150
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• 2020

Amomum Tsao-ko used as a traditional oriental herbal medicine, is indigenous to several Asia countries. This study was carried out to investigate the contamination by Benzo(a)pyrene in Amomum Tsao-ko Fruit of Medicinal Herbs. 20 samples of Amomum Tsao-ko Fruit were evaluated for the Benzo(a)pyrene contamination. They were analyzed for Benzo(a)pyrene using high-performance liquid chromatogrphy(HPLC)-fluorescence detection and the positive samples were confirmed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The levels of Benzo(a)pyrene were from 9.2 to 95.5 ㎍/kg and the average was 40.6 ㎍/kg. There are no Benzo(a)pyrene standards for Amomum Tsao-ko Fruit of Medicinal Herbs. These data will be used as a basic data for the future legislation on the regulation and control of benzo(a)pyrene of Amomum Tsao-ko Fruit of Medicinal Herbs.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.67-74
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• 1991

동양에서는 생약을 주로 한약조제에 많이 이용되고 있으나 서양에서는 신의약품 개발과 제조에 이용되고 있다. 그러나 최근에 와서는 국내외를 막론하고 제약업계에서 양약의 제조와 신의약품 개발에 치중하여 생약의 수요가 증가하고 있다. 따라서 당국에서는 계획생산에 대한 지도와 자금지원, 품종관리, 재배 및 신의약품개발에 대한 연구지원, 수입통제에 의한 농민보호등 제도적 지원을 강화하여 우리나라 주종 재배약초의 자포자기적인 생산기피현상을 막아야 할 것이다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.1109-1115
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• 2004

This study was investigated the residual contents of sulfur dioxide on the 373 kinds of herbal medicine distributed from Korea, China, and Japan. A modified Monier-Williams method was described for the determination of $SO_{2}$ contents in herbal medicines. The residual contents of $SO_{2}$ were not detected at 221 products$(59.8{\%})$ in total 373 products. Regardless of region, $SO_{2}$ contents were not found at Farfarae Flos, Zizyphi Spinosi Semen, Castanea crenata, and Strychni Ignatii Semen. But it's found at Asparagi Radix, Codonopsitis Radix, Lilii Bulbus, and Kaempferiae Rhizoma of every region collected the samples. Also, $SO_{2}$ contents were not detected at the herbal medicines which collected cultural fields of dometic. $SO_{2}$ contents ranged 11$\~$3990 mg/kg(mean 152 mg/kg) at domestic samples, 11$\~$3440 mg/kg(mean 603 mg/kg) at imported samples. After treated with water wash and hot water extraction, the reduction rates of sulfur dioxide were appeared with $24.4{\%}\~68.7{\%}\;and\;83.8{\%}\~100.0{\%},$ respectively. These data will be used to establish a criteron of residual sulfur dioxide in herbal medicines.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.811-817
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• 2006

We were carried out to monitor pesticide residues in herbal medicine. In Korea Pharmacy, these are no critics for pesticides except 5 kinds of organic chlorines (BHC, DDT, Aldrin, Endrin, Dieldrin) and heavy metals. We analysed 53 kinds of pesticides consisted of 14 kinds of organochlorines, 20 kinds of organophosphoruses, and 19 kinds of pesticides estimated endocrine disruptor on 373 samples consisted with 30kinds of herbal medicine. In this study, Domestic, Chinese and Japanese herbal medicines were tested with GC/ECD, GC/NPD and then confirmed with GC/MSD. Recoveries were 75$\sim$l10% in ECD detector and 76$\sim$97% in NPD detector. Detection limits were 0.004$\sim$0.064ppm in ECD detector and 0.006$\sim$0.094ppm in NPD detector. Organochlorines and others were not detected in samples.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.345-360
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the content of sulfur dioxide residues in medicinal herbs in Seoul in 2009. Sulfur dioxide in the samples were determined by Monnier-Williams's modified method. A total of 1,821 samples of 205 different types of herbs were collected from Kyung-Dong Herb markets and Oriental medicine hospitals in Seoul. Of these samples, 642 samples were domestic, and 1,179 samples were imported. Of the 1,821 samples, 61 (3.3%, 31 types) failed to meet the regulations for sulfur dioxide residues of KFDA in medicinal herbs. Among these 61 unsuitable samples, 17 (7 types) were domestic, and 44 samples (26 types) were imported. The content of sulfur dioxide in the domestic medicinal herbs ranged from 0 to 809 mg/kg, while those in imported medicinal herbs ranged from 0 to 4,481 mg/kg. Approximately 84.6% of the samples contained less than 10 mg/kg of sulfur dioxide and about 10.0% of samples contained more than 30 mg/kg of sulfur dioxide.